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1814-1815: Congress of Vienna (Vienna, Austria)

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1814-1815: Congress of Vienna (Vienna, Austria)

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The Congress of Vienna gathered major European powers to restore order after Napoleon's defeat. Key goals included restoring monarchies, redrawing borders, and maintaining a lasting peace. The diplomats aimed to prevent another widespread European conflict by establishing a 'balance of power.'

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1815: Prince Klemens von Metternich’s Leadership (Vienna, Austria)

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1815: Prince Klemens von Metternich’s Leadership (Vienna, Austria)

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Austrian statesman Metternich, often considered the 'architect of the peace,' led the Congress and championed conservative values, prioritizing stability and a resistance to political change. His diplomacy set the tone for much of 19th-century Europe.

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1815: Tsar Alexander I and the Polish Question (Warsaw, Poland)

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1815: Tsar Alexander I and the Polish Question (Warsaw, Poland)

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Tsar Alexander I of Russia sought a new Kingdom of Poland under Russian influence. While presenting himself as Europe's 'liberator,' his ambitions made other leaders wary of Russian expansion. The resulting compromise created the 'Congress Kingdom' of Poland.

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1815: Viscount Castlereagh and Britain’s Role (London, England)

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1815: Viscount Castlereagh and Britain’s Role (London, England)

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British Foreign Secretary Castlereagh pushed to maintain the European balance of power. He opposed territorial gains for Russia and France, ensuring Britain’s interests at home and abroad, especially with regard to colonial and naval strength.

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1815: Charles Maurice de Talleyrand’s Diplomacy (Paris, France)

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1815: Charles Maurice de Talleyrand’s Diplomacy (Paris, France)

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France’s clever diplomat, Talleyrand, navigated post-Napoleonic politics by arguing that France should help balance power. His efforts reintegrated France into the European state system rather than leaving it isolated or punished.

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1815: Prussia and Hardenberg’s Ambitions (Berlin, Prussia)

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1815: Prussia and Hardenberg’s Ambitions (Berlin, Prussia)

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Prussian Chancellor von Hardenberg negotiated for territorial expansion, particularly in Saxony and the Rhineland. Prussia emerged stronger from Vienna, gaining key lands for future German unification.

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1821: Greek War of Independence Begins (Peloponnese, Greece)

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1821: Greek War of Independence Begins (Peloponnese, Greece)

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Inspired by liberal nationalism, Greeks revolted against Ottoman rule. The conflict drew European attention, challenging the conservative order as Britain, France, and Russia eventually intervened to support Greek independence.

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1830: The July Revolution (Paris, France)

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1830: The July Revolution (Paris, France)

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A wave of liberal and nationalist uprisings began in France, toppling King Charles X. The July Revolution inspired further revolts across Europe and signaled cracks in the conservative order installed by the Congress of Vienna.