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Cooperative learning has been used for hundred of years. Johnson and Johnson (2000) sated that it was meant to   achieve higher-level reasoning, retention,  achievement motivation and other variables.
Cooperative Learning is based on a variety of theories (Johnson and Johnson, 2000).
Below are some of the theories:
Anthropology

Sociology

Political Science

Economics

Psychology

Cognitive development

Behavioral Learning theory

Most of the earlier work on Cooperative Learning has been done by Roger and David Johnson. Their research dates back to the early 60's.

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- As an educator, I would like to continue to encourage and continue the use of cooperative learning in our schools.

- I've seen cooperative learning mostly used in secondary and intermediate elementary settings. I would like to explore how we can use cooperative learning in primary grade levels.
- As I was thinking about settings in which we could use cooperative learning, I thought about the online settings. This idea works well with older students, but I would also like to know more about the use of it with with elementary age children.

- How can we help educators find the balance between collaborative learning and cooperative learning in the classrooms?

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Cooperative learning can be applied to all levels of education. As children grow, they need to be motivated in different ways. Cooperative learning allows for students to work cooperatively with other peers increasing their motivation.

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Cooperative learning is not just group work. Cooperative learning has to involve a specific task with a structure. Students have roles that require their individual abilities in order to complete the task.

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One of the articles I came across while doing my research is Making Cooperative Learning Equitable by Elizabeth Cohen.  In this article Cohen (1998) talks about making cooperative learning equitable. She also gives strategies that we can use in our classrooms to help facilitate cooperative learning.

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Cohen's (1998) suggestions are the following: (1) the tasks must require multiple intellectual abilities, (2) the abilities must not be possessed by everyone, (3) everyone will have some of the abilities.

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Cooperative Learning Institute is a non profit that was established in 1987. This is their website where you can find  work from Roger and David Johnson. There are podcasts, videos, books, and articles on cooperative learning.

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The Cooperative Learning Institute is dedicated to increasing the use and study of cooperation in the classroom.

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Cohen, E.G., (1998). Making cooperative learning equitable. Educational Leadership, 56(1). 18-21.

Cohen, E.G., Lotan, R.A, Scarloss, B.A., and Arellano, A.R., (1999). Complex instruction: Equity in cooperative learning classrooms. Theory Into Practice, 38(2), 80-86.

Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T., Stanne, M.B., & Cooperative, M. (2012). Cooperative learning methods: A meta-analysis.

Sharam, S. (2002). Differentiating methods of cooperative learning in research and practice. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 22(1), 106-116.

Slavin, R.  (2015). Cooperative learning in elementary schools. International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education, 43(1), 5-14.

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This allows students/individuals to know that they are to work together. The task cannot be completed by one person because the person does not have all the required skills.

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Individual Accountability holds each member of the group accountable. The goals have to be clearly established.

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Simultaneous Interaction allows the members of the group to share support and encourage each other. Members of the the group also interact and share resources to achieve success.

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Students are assigned roles that ensure everyone is contributing to the task. All roles are equitable. Everyone is working together to achieve a task.

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According to Sharam (2002), cooperative learning is a term used to bring people together with a common profession or intellectual interest to create a space to share and exchange knowledge.
Cooperative learning can also be applied to the workforce and not just in education settings.

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Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T., Stanne, M.B., & Cooperative, M. (2012). Cooperative learning methods: A meta-analysis.

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There has been research that continues to explore cooperative learning. This a table that shows some of the research and models that address cooperative learning.