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Mathematics is a very challenging subject for some students and writing in math can make it more difficult for some. Writing using mathematical language can be difficult for students when they do not have a good foundation and understanding of mathematical concepts. To help students work through these challenging tasks and build writing skills teachers can try several different teaching styles and techniques. For example it might help for students to master other literacy skills in mathematics such as discussion and and listening. Students can benefit from analyzing content and having a group discussion to help get ideas flowing and make them more comfortable using mathematical language. Teachers can also talk through and write down their thoughts and steps using mathematical terms to help students see the though process they might use when solving problems. Teachers need to work with students to help guide them through these more challenging tasks because in math all students will have different levels of understanding and skills.

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Although writing may not seem to be important in mathematics it is actually one of the most important aspects of it. Being able to correctly express mathematical thoughts, ideas, and findings through written language is how mathematics gains significance and understanding from others. In the classroom it is essential for students to draw on their knowledge of mathematical language and writing skills to accurately articulate their understanding of course content. Students need to be able to put their ideas and thoughts into words in math classes for multiple reasons.  Word problems in math tend to ask for a solution and an explanation. Being able to see a students thought process in math is extremely important for teachers to help them and see their progress.  Another reason this is helpful for students is because they can look back on problems and see their original thoughts and why they took steps they did. In math students need explanations to make sense of it and guide their understanding. This will often come in a written format like in a textbook. Students should also be able to articulate their understanding by writing to others can learn from them as well such as classmates.

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Writing is defined as a higher order thinking skill that requires a wide variety of skills which include comprehension of vocabulary, organizational skills, text structure, and basic grammar and punctuation (Reading Rockets, 2020, para. 1). Writing is so important to a child's literacy skills because it shows they are capable of a variety of skills. Children begin writing at a young age by drawing and starting to create things. They are taught in elementary school how to write all the letters of the alphabet in both upper and lowercase. As they grow older and their skills in literacy grows as well they begin to become fluent and comprehend more. These skills then come together to help them begin to write something meaningful. As they are more comfortable with writing they start to learn particular techniques and skills to truly master this skill of writing.
Writing. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/writing

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When it comes to mathematical vocabulary it can be very difficult for students to fully comprehend each and every term. Although it may be difficult it is so important so as a teacher it is my responsibility to ensure that I am doing everything I can to help support them. All students are taught differently and have different levels of understanding when they enter a new classroom. Some students may even know a different definition or meaning of a vocabulary term than others. I can begin to support all students in my classroom by giving them a list of important terms for a lesson or unit and their corresponding definition of how they will be used. To help I can also give examples and real world applications to solidify their understanding. Depending on the grade level and the content I can make a lesson out of this and have students start by trying to define the words on their own. I can have them work with partners and bounce ideas off one another and then give them the definition and allow them to explore possible examples. On the other hand, if we are already in a unit and students are still struggling I can add these important terms to bell work or homework to reinforce their meaning and application. Lastly, if I notice individual students are struggling I can take time during class to break students out into groups and take more time to work with them one on one.

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Vocabulary is essential in mathematics because it helps students make sense of new content and apply their knowledge to solve and analyze problems. Students are very often taught new mathematical terms and language which they are expected to know the meaning of in order to complete activities and answer questions. In mathematics the vocabulary builds from each and every unit which it what makes it so important for students to know. In order for students to succeed with current content they must fully comprehend previous vocabulary terms because they will need to apply what they know to make sense of new content. When students are familiar and understand vocabulary they are easily able to apply their knowledge and solve problems. On the other hand, when students don't have a good understanding of vocabulary terms they will struggle to understand what is being asked of them and how to proceed with analyzing or solving problems.

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Vocabulary is defined as the words necessary for comprehension and communication skills often used in listening, speaking, reading, and writing (Reading Rockets, 2020, para. 2). Vocabulary and comprehension are very closely related to one another because in order to for someone to understand what is being read they must be familiar with the vocabulary terms being used throughout the text. Children are constantly being taught to engage with more complex texts as they grow older and their skills advance, which means they are always learning new vocabulary to help guide their understanding. Vocabulary is learned directly by instruction from teachers or indirectly by the our everyday experiences. Both are very effective ways of learning new vocabulary terms and help with reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills.
Vocabulary. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/vocabulary

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When teaching mathematics it is very common for a class to not be at the same level in terms of skills especially when it comes to comprehension of math. All students are taught different things by different teachers and some students struggle with mathematics so it is necessary to teachers to keep these things in mind. To help students comprehend mathematics teachers can create visual representations, give vocabulary needed for the unit, use different teaching styles, and check in with their students. Teachers need to be sure that they are on the same page as their students and understand their needs. It could be helpful to put students in groups or pairs to help them with mathematical comprehension. Students can help one another by explaining things in their own words or work together to decode a word problem because they may notice different key points. Overall, math is a very difficult subject for some students and each student has a different level of understanding as well as foundation. Teachers need to do their best to accommodate all students and create an environment where students can ask for help when needed.

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Comprehension is closely related to mathematics because students will be asked to solve, analyze, and interpret various types of problems in math classes. Students must be able to apply their mathematical knowledge to make sense of word problems, equations, graphs, charts, and so much more. They must be able to draw on prior knowledge of math as well as other courses and real world experience to help them understand and comprehend what is being taught and what is being asked of them. Mathematical language may be difficult for some students to understand if they haven't had exposure to it before, so it may take longer to comprehend all aspects of math than to read a book. Students are constantly learning new vocabulary as well as new symbols which will help them comprehend several types of problems and begin analyzing and solving them. Similar to comprehension in reading, students who comprehend math are able to begin drawing images and gathering ideas on how to solve problems. Students should be gathering key ideas of word problems to help guide them in solving which means they must comprehend what is being asked of them and what is important.

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Comprehension is when you are able to understand what you are reading by making sense of the text and analyzing it (Reading Rockets, 2020, para. 1). Comprehension is key when it comes to literacy because it allows students to connect to what they are reading which makes the text more meaningful. As students begin to learn literacy skills, they tend to apply their prior knowledge of word structure, vocabulary, and life experience to make sense of the text and fully comprehend it. According to Reading Rockets, good readers are able to draw on prior knowledge, make inferences, self-monitor, form mental images, summarize and retell after reading (2020, para. 4-8). In order to do each of those things readers must be able to comprehend what they are reading or use those skills to help them. Being able to summarize, retell, or communicate what was read is a very important skill that takes time for readers to develop. Having the ability to communicate what was read is important because it shows the reader was able to truly comprehend the text.
Comprehension. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/comprehension

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When students are being taught mathematics it can be difficult for teachers to know the skills the students are bringing with them into the classroom. All students have been taught different skills and tricks to help them in math. It is especially difficult because teachers cannot be certain of how students were taught the early stages of mathematics and if they have a good foundation. Teachers need to be very patient with their students and ensure they are giving enough time for students to work through and understand the content. It can be very helpful to break students up into groups this way the teacher can work with smaller amounts of students at a time and give more attention where necessary. When working in a group setting the students can help one another and put math in their own terms.

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Becoming fluent in mathematics is different for all students. Mathematics can be a very challenging subject for some and it may take more time and effort for those students. For others their understanding of math may come more naturally. In the classroom it is very likely to have a variety of these students and when working with students of different skill levels it is important to allow students to work at their own pace, but also follow along with instruction. All students should be given more complex and thought provoking problems, but some may need more help arriving at an answer than others. As a teacher learns more about their students they should incorporate a variety of teaching styles and activities into the classroom. One thing math teachers can do to help students is to give them multiple representations of new things. This can be done by reading to the students, giving them a worksheet, giving them a visual such as a graph or chart, having them watch a video, and so much more. All of these different representations help students better understand new material and how to apply their knowledge.

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Fluency in mathematics is extremely important because it allows students to analyze problems, solve problems, and use reasoning skills. When students are fluent in mathematics they are able to accurately understand problems and put their skills use. Students that are fluent in mathematics have good fundamental math skills and language use. Students are more likely to think outside the box and take on more challenging tasks when they are fluent in mathematics. Students can use their knowledge to analyze data and problems using relevant language and show accurate calculations when necessary.

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Phonics can been seen in mathematics in multiple ways. Mathematics, like phonics, is organized, logical, and predictable in most cases. The skills that students are taught when learning phonics can be used in math to build mathematical fluency. Students need to be taught math in small increments like literacy skills in order to build their skills and slowly become fluent. When students are taught the meaning of mathematical terms and how to solve small problems at a time they become more familiar with math in general. When taught these skills they will be able to take a more complex math problem and be able to break it down with their prior knowledge. For example, when students are taught PEMDAS they are given structure and order to follow when solving equations. Students can apply this technique to multiple different aspects of mathematics and will help them become more fluent and tackle more complex problems.

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Reading Rockets defines fluency as "the ability to read a text accurately, quickly, and with expression" (2020, para. 1). When students can read fluently they are able to comprehend the text at the same time. Those who are not fluent take more time and focus on reading rather than the content being read. Some students may take more time when reading to decode each word or just occasionally, but those students are not fully fluent because they are not able to seamlessly read. Expression is important when it comes to fluency because that shows children are comprehending what they are reading and are able to show it. When children are simply reading the words and they have no emotion or expression, they might not be fully comprehending what is in front of them.
Fluency. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/fluency

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Phonics is when children are taught that each letter an be represented by certain sounds of spoken language. The relationships between written letters and spoken language are organized, logical, and predictable. Phonics should be introduced to children at a young age because it can help improve their spelling, reading, and word recognition. When children learn this they are able to become more familiar with a wider variety of words which helps them build their overall fluency. (Reading Rockets, 2020)
Phonics and decoding. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 31). Retrieved from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/phonics

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Ensuring all students are receiving an inclusive and equitable education is a teachers responsibility. When it comes to oral language and mathematics it is necessary for teachers to speak clear and make sure the information is concise. The teacher should also make sure to check with students to ensure they are following along. If they are not the teacher may want to rephrase the statement or repeat it slower and in different chunks of information. If students speak another language the teacher may need to get a translator or use a website to help translate to their preferred language to ensure they are getting the same information as their peers. Another thing teachers can do to ensure equity in oral language in the math classroom is having students work in small groups and explain information to one another in their own words. This is proven to be a good indication of whether students fully understand the material.

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Oral language is used in the mathematics classroom to give instruction, feedback, and assistance to students. Being able to understand oral language is crucial for students in the classroom because that is the most effective way for students and teachers to communicate with one another. As seen in this image from Reading Rockets listening comprehension is more outpaces reading comprehension from a young age and the gap does not close until teen years. Reading Rockets also states that children are able to listen and talk about more complex topics than they are able to read and write about (Reading Rockets, 2020). This is very helpful when it comes to mathematics because a lot of the material students learn at a young age can seem intimidating when written on paper, but when explained and talked about students are more receptive. Being able to teach students math through speaking and listening they will be able to comprehend more than if they were to immediately begin solving word problems.
Marta D. Collier, & Patricia Jones. (2020, July 16). Speaking and listening in content area learning. Reading Rockets. Retrieved from https://www.readingrockets.org/article/speaking-and-listening-content-area-learning

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Oral language is defined as the spoken language which includes listening and speaking. Oral language is how people communicate different ideas, feelings, and knowledge. Children begin to learn these skills at a very young age and this is the start to their reading, writing, and other comprehension skills (Reading Rockets, 2020).
Marta D. Collier, & Patricia Jones. (2020, July 16). Speaking and listening in content area learning. Reading Rockets. Retrieved from https://www.readingrockets.org/article/speaking-and-listening-content-area-learning

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Teachers must ensure to be inclusive when it comes to teaching mathematics and skills often used for phonological awareness may be different for all students. All students have different experiences learning phonological awareness so when using those skills in the mathematics classroom it can be challenging for students who struggled with those skills initially. In order for teachers to help students understand math and how different terms can have the same meaning we must have patience and fully explain why each term correlates to one another. To help students the teacher can use common real world examples that they would recognize to translate mathematics to simpler terms. The teacher can also use visuals to show a relation between multiple terms and definitions such as a graphic organizer. Another thing a teacher can do is to have students try to relate math to their lives to help them better understand and put math in their own terms.

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Phonological awareness relates to mathematics because students must put the same skills to use to understand and solve math problems. Students must be able to identify similarities in properties across different math topics. This correlates to identifying rhymes and different sounds. When breaking down a word problem students will be asked to look for key words which means being able to identify words that could resemble things such as add, subtract, multiply, and divide so they know what is being asked. Students will need to be able to identify the similarities in different words that have the same root and suffixes. For example students should be able to see the connection in million, billion, and trillion. In mathematics this happens very often and it's important for students to break down words and identify the significance of them. This same idea relates back to phonological awareness just at a different skill level and across and different discipline. Phonological awareness also relates to math because as different activity gets more complex it eventually becomes a new subcategory such as phonemic awareness. In mathematics as the subcategory gets more complex it branches off into a new subcategory such as Algebra 1 and Algebra 2, Calculus 1, Calculus 2, and Calculus 3, and so on. Lastly the most important relation is that phonological awareness is a crucial skill for students to have to comprehend mathematics as a whole.

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Phonological awareness is defined as the skills to help recognize the sounds of spoken language. Phonological awareness skills are purely based on hearing and having the ability to identify different sounds and syllables to create and understand different words. These skills include being able to differentiate between different rhymes, identify the number of syllables, and sentence segmentation. Phonological awareness has several different activities that increase in complexity which ultimately lead to phonemic awareness, which is the most sophisticated. Phonemic awareness is the ability to work with individual sounds of the spoken language. This includes blending sounds, segmenting words into sounds, and deleting and manipulating sounds (Reading Rockets, 2020).
Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Phonological and phonemic awareness. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/phonemic