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How did the lives of the Mexican-American women change when the Bracero Program was established? 

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How did the lives of the Mexican-American women change when the Bracero Program was established? 

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1.  Robert Barr standing on the back of a truck with Mexican workers tossing sugar beets into the truck.
2. This source was found in the Online Archive of California.

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How did Sojourner Truth’s position as a woman of color impact her role and ideals in the first wave of the women’s rights movement?

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How did Sojourner Truth’s position as a woman of color impact her role and ideals in the first wave of the women’s rights movement?

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Caitriona Hegarty
1) Sojourner Truth: "Ain't I A Woman?" from the Anti-slavery Bugle

2) This source is from the archives of the Library of Congress. This article containing an excerpt from Sojourner Truth's speech was released just a few days following her delivery, printed on June 21, 1851. This transcription of the speech by Marius Robinson is the first accurate publication of Truth's speech.  Truth was deeply connected to the anti-slavery movement due to her experience in the system, allowing her role as an activist for black women and uniting these activist groups. This source helps me to grasp tangible examples of the intersectionality Truth presented, as well as the public support for women's rights and Truth by the anti-slavery movement. I need to research the other initial presentations of the speech and how they differ from the transcription in the Anti-slavery Bugle.

3)  Humanities, National Endowment for the. “Anti-Slavery Bugle. [Volume] (New-Lisbon, Ohio) 1845-1861, June 21, 1851, Page 160, Image 4.” News about Chronicling America RSS. Ohio American Antislavery Society, n.d. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035487/1851-06-21/ed-1/seq-4/.

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How did the attack on Pearl Harbor effect nurses in the long run?

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How did the attack on Pearl Harbor effect nurses in the long run?

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1) "Pearl Harbor Letter" from Ella

2) This source is from the University Archives at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. The source that I used is a letter that was written from a nurse that was stationed in Oahu, HI during the attack on Pearl harbor. In the letter she goes on to explain what happened and what she was doing that morning before the attack. She stated how everyone thought they were safe in Hawaii but it was quite the opposite. Some conclusions that I was able to see from this letter is just how completely in shock everyone was an dhow fast paced they had to move in order to work their hardest to save lives. In the end of her letter, it talks about how gloomy and quite everything is but they are trying not to let it get the best of them. I think that this can help me with my research because it really shows how immediate everyone's reactions had to be while trying to remain calm. This also shows a small piece of what everyone who was involved went through. Not only trying to survive this heartbreak but also the family members and friends back home who might not have heard anything for a while. For Ella, the writer of this letter, this was the first time she was able to reach out in a week. Some general context that you should know for this piece is that on December 7th, 1941, Japan attacked America right in the heart of their preparation for war. Not only were soldiers harmed in this time but also civilians, both children and adults.
3) Koelsch, BA. “75 Years Ago: ‘Pearl Harbor Letter’ from Ella.” Spartan Stories, 2016, uncghistory.blogspot.com/2016/12/75-years-ago-pearl-harbor-letter-from.html.
posted by: emily o'donnell

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What has Billie Jean King done to advance women's sports and protect Title IX not only as an athlete but as a feminist? 

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What has Billie Jean King done to advance women's sports and protect Title IX not only as an athlete but as a feminist? 

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T ime for a Change: Women’s Athletics and the Women’s Movement” by Hollis Elkins.

This source is from the University of Nebraska. Elkins points out that feminists were completely against the idea of advocating for equality amongst men and women in sports. They thought their time and energy would be better spent advocating for issues such as equal pay. In the past female athletes never concerned themselves with politics or advocating for equal rights, until Billie Jean King took on a role as a feminist. With her platform, she advocated for issues such as equal pay amongst female and male tennis players. Her willingness to go against the social norm, and advocate for equality, filled the gap between feminist and female athletes. Understanding the history of the women's movement involvement in sports made me come to the conclusion that just being a woman and participating isn’t enough to warrant change. This article helped me understand how important athletes such as Billie Jean King are in invoking change, and the ways in which colleges and Universities try to demolish or disregard Title IX. Context I would need to understand this source is a general understanding of what Title IX is; how it protects women not just athletes.

(-Reiko Flores-Wong)
Elkins, Hollis. "Time for a Change: Women's Athletics and the Women's Movement." Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 3, no. 1 (1978): 22-25. Accessed April 14, 2021. doi:10.2307/3345986.

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How did Jane Manning James influence Mormon views on gender and race while she was a member of the Church?

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How did Jane Manning James influence Mormon views on gender and race while she was a member of the Church?

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1) Autobiography of Jane Manning James

2) This source is from the LDS Church History Library archive and is a collection of several images (one for each page of Jane's autobiography). From it, I can conclude that Jane’s sense of faith on her journey to Nauvoo often centered around charismatic gifts, particularly faith healing. In one instance, Jane's group healed a sick child, a task that church elders had previously failed at, indicating that Jane had an egalitarian view of faith healing. Jane also does not shy away from the racism she experienced on her travels, though she is careful to incorporate it into her religious testimony. Finally, from Jane’s recounting, I can conclude that she sought to depict Joseph Smith as a welcoming, relatively non-racist figure. This source helps answer my research question because it exemplifies Jane's attempts to exert influence through her writing, which implicitly expressed views that ran counter to prevailing ideas about race, gender and hierarchy in the church at the turn of the century. But to understand how Jane exerted influence through her writing, I need context for what those prevailing ideas were. Some sources that have been particularly helpful for contextualizing Jane's autobiography are those that examine white supremacy in the turn of the century LDS church, and the monopolization of charismatic gifts, such as faith healing, by a male church hierarchy. In light of those sources, the subtly subversive nature of Jane's writing is all the more apparent.

3) James, Jane Manning. Jane Manning James autobiography, circa 1902. Manuscript. Salt Lake City. From LDS Church History Catalog. https://catalog.churchofjesuschrist.org/assets?id=87811103-6a8f-496e-a68f-590604cdf5bc&crate=0&index=0 (accessed May 7, 2021)

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How did an increase in women’s education, along with an increase in rights at the state level, and a show of capable women in the workforce during WWI increase the odds for federal ratification of women’s suffrage?

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How did an increase in women’s education, along with an increase in rights at the state level, and a show of capable women in the workforce during WWI increase the odds for federal ratification of women’s suffrage?

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1) Advertisement demonstrating the reasons women should able eligible to vote in Washington

2) This source was found in the archives of the University of Washington libraries. It is a political sticker from the Richard F. Brush Art Gallery and was used in 1915 in Washington state to encourage support of women's suffrage. The document lays out eight strong reasons as to why women's suffrage should be supported in the ballot office. Also it references multiple presidents support for women's suffrage with even a quote from Teddy Roosevelt. I need to research the connection that Roosevelt and others had to this document and what their roles were in the suffrage movement.

3) Unknown. “Vote Yes For Woman Suffrage 1915: Political sticker. Courtesy of the Richard F. Brush Art Gallery. https://library.artstor.org/asset/28445671. Accessed 3/23/2021.

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How did women support their families and troops during the wars?

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How did women support their families and troops during the wars?

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1. Women in the Workforce During World War II
2. This source is from the National Archives and Records Administration. Men had to let go of their jobs in order to go to war, which allowed women to take on their role. It was a very big change for society since men and women had to change their views about females in the workforce. Women had to help in factories, helping with the production of materials used in the war. With the war, women proved they could work and it had long term effects. Females that with jobs became common and without them during the war, many things wouldn’t have been possible. This source helps answer my question due to it explaining how helpful women were during this time. Post war women had their own money saved up which allowed them to help their husband purchase homes. An important context I understood from this source, is how the war allowed women to be of help outside of their homes and how they continued to be in the workforce after things returned back to normal.
3.“Women in the Work Force during World War II.” National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration. Accessed May 8, 2021.
https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/wwii-women.html?_ga=2.80300563.526397350.1613801973-582058154.1613801973.

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How did Margaret Sanger’s educational standpoint on birth control affect American women?

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How did Margaret Sanger’s educational standpoint on birth control affect American women?

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1. https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/eugenics-movement-in-the-united-states/sources/1628

2. This source is from the Digital Public Library of America, Eugenics Movement. This source was signed and written by Margaret Sanger with the suppose of reaching a potential representative for her new program and committee dedicated to expanding birth control education and services for African American women, the National Negro Sponsoring Committee. It is Margaret Sanger’s belief that the expansion and representation of African American women’s educational resources could potentially increase livelihood and general welfare of women and potential mothers. Using this source I can begin to draw conclusions that Margret Sanger, regardless of race, was an advocate and active representative for not only her own community but for far reaching and lasting goals as well. I think that this source has potential to support and answer my research question because it shows the lengths Sanger was going to and the confidence behind her mission in that she was able to rally together women of different racial and social backgrounds who knew little to nothing about sex education and reproductive rights. Her goal was to reach as many women as possible and educate them on topics regarding sex education and reproductive rights so that women everywhere could control their family sizes and open doors to women other than motherhood.

3. Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau (New York, N.Y.). “Letter from Birth Control Federation of America”. 1941-05. Retrieved from the Digital Public Library of America, http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b094-i160. (Accessed May 7, 2021.)

Posted by: Sara Galligani

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What effect did Cynthia Ann Parker's life have on socio-political climate of the frontier?

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What effect did Cynthia Ann Parker's life have on socio-political climate of the frontier?

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JOSHUA LOPEZ

1. The "Battle" at Pease River and the Question of Reliable Sources in the Recapture of Cynthia Ann Parker

2. This source is from the Southwestern Historical Society Quarterly and is a scholarly article authored by Paul H. Carlson and Tom Crum. This source is important to my research because its aim is to trace with accuracy the events of the recapture of Cynthia Ann Parker. Her story was one of the most popular abduction stories ever reported on in the history of the south west frontier land near the mid 19th century. Because of this, it is hard to distinguish fact from fiction in the recounting of events that transpired. This source contains many primary sources from interviews of people like Lawrence "Sul" Sullivan Ross who led the group who were involved in the recapturing of Parker. Whether or not the recapture of Parker took place in a battle or a massacre of the Comanche campground is of importance to my research. If it was a battle did Parker participate? If it was a massacre, did she testify later on when before a court hearing on her ability to receive a pension from the state? Her actions may or may not have affected the way frontiersmen and women viewed the Comanches and thus any other relationships with Native Americans at the time. Her actions unassertively had an effect on people and the government of Texas and the tracing of her stories and other's perception of it show that effect. If there's an example of official mandates regarding the treatment of Comanche's based on this singular event this document might say so.

3. CARLSON, PAUL H., and TOM CRUM. “The ‘Battle’ at Pease River and the Question of Reliable Sources in the Recapture of Cynthia Ann Parker.” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 113, no. 1 (July 2009): 32–52. doi:10.1353/swh.2009.0070.

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How did Clara Barton pave a way for women during the Civil War and establish the foundation of American Red Cross?

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How did Clara Barton pave a way for women during the Civil War and establish the foundation of American Red Cross?

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1. Doc. No. 287: Letter from Clara Barton, President of the American National Red Cross to Edward F. Fletcher, Mayor of Worcester

2. This source is from the US National Archive, American Red Cross. The conclusion that I can draw from this source is that this was a letter written by Clara Barton to Edward F. Fletch , Mayor of Worcester regarding how she wanted to inaugurate the American Red Cross throughout the United States to help treat people that may have been injured severely and needed assistance. With Barton reaching out to the Mayor, she wanted to promote her Educational Humanitarian work and bring it more attention and hope Edward would be able to do so because of how much of an impact this can be for people around the world. In doing so, Barton is seeking that the Mayor is able to bring this to the public and contribute to her movement with the Red Cross. This source could help me answer my research question because the letter is stating that having the American Red Cross would be a huge resource and Barton was very passionate about helping others as well as educating the workers to provide care. Barton wanted to take the time to educate people how to assist others in situations by providing the best care in case of an emergency without a doctor nearby. The context that I will need to understand the historical significance of this source is the connection between Clara Barton and Edward F. Fletch. Another thing is the aftermath of what Edward F. Fletch contributed to her movement on the American Red Cross.

3. “Doc. No. 287: Letter from Clara Barton, President of the American National Red Cross to Edward F. Fletcher, Mayor of Worcester, 1903” Records of the American National Red Cross, 1881 - 2008 , National Archives at College Park, MD.

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 How did Christine Jorgensen help shape our views on how we see transgender?

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 How did Christine Jorgensen help shape our views on how we see transgender?

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1.  “The Christine Jorgensen Story”

2. This source is from the Digital Transgender Archive, Christine Jorgensen collection.  Although the former GI soldier named Christine Jorgensen was not the first transexual individual, she was however the first well known transexual woman. In her time she did receive a lot of criticism and hate, but about 20 years later around the time this article came out, she had her first ever movie released about her. In this article, it mentioned how she is kind, graceous, and just overall a pleasant woman to be around. This is a key part of the article because not all articles favored or showed signs of respect to people like Jorgensen.  I feel like this source helps me answer my research question because it showed how over those 20 years, after her opening up about her sex reassignment surgery, she is now an inspiration to many in the transgender community, she is given her own movie, and most importantly she is aknowledge by people that she is a women.  The historical significance of this source is that transexual individuals are put in a better, more positive light then what they were in years ago. They are now getting recognition on the gender they identify as and are not badly ridiculed like before.

3. Cragin, Donald.  "'The Christine Jorgensen Story'."  Clipping.  1970.  Digital Transgender Archive,  https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/files/v118rd67s  (accessed May 07, 2021).

Posted by Marlene Quevedo :)

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How did black women’s role in social change (in contrast to white women) during the 1920s in America?

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How did black women’s role in social change (in contrast to white women) during the 1920s in America?

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1. Volume 75, Number 3: Good housekeeping. http://reader.library.cornell.edu/docviewer/digital?id=hearth6417403_1367_003#mode/1up

2. This magazine is from the Cornell University library digital collection. It is from a core electronic collection of books and journals (HEARTH), and it contains many other sources that have been published between the years 1850 and 1950. The ads included in the magazine are promoting women to dress in long dresses, there are ads for ingredients for cooking, an article on child-labor, and a tale about a woman with a broken heart. The things I mentioned specially stood out to me because they all help reinforce the stereotype of women belonging in a domestic sphere, with duties such as dressing well, cooking, and getting over a broken heart. This helps me because the goal of my research is to focus on how black women were impacted in the 1920s. This magazine was targeted to a white, middle-class woman audience, and helps me realize what the expectation was for women, in contrast of how black women were not held to the same standard.

3. Good Housekeeping 75, no. 3, September 1922.

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How did University Humanities Classes neglect the History of Black Queer Women in the '60s and '70s?

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How did University Humanities Classes neglect the History of Black Queer Women in the '60s and '70s?

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1. V. P. Franklin's Journal on the History of Women's Studies 1967-1974

2. This source is from JSTOR and it is a Journal from The Journal of African American History published in 2002 by the University of Chicago Press. This source is about the taught History of Black Women in college-level courses that provide quotes from Black feminists on their experience and education in Universities during the '60s and '70s. Black Queer Women were left out of the conversation in Queer, Gender, and African American/Ethnic studies. Some conclusions that can be found is that there was less inclusivity of Black intersectionality in these classes in the past and because of women like Angela Davis, Barbara Smith, and Francis Beales the study of Africana Womanism was born. The source provided supports my research question by providing evidence of ideology, first-hand experiences/events, and articles about the invisibility felt by Black Queer Women from the time. Arguing that these Humanities classes did not focus on intersectionality and had a hand in the loss of perspective. African American studies focused on men, Queer studies neglected lesbianism, and Gender and Women's studies center around white women. The blur between the lines of these separate issues and topics is often left out, particularly in the '60s and '70s before specialized courses like the ones we come across today. The context needed to answer this question is background knowledge about the Systemic Issues pertaining to Black People, Women, and Sexual Orientation in America. With an understanding of these 3 major problems, it becomes easier to understand how intersectionality plays a main role in how these women were treated in the '60s-'70s, the obstacles that were a result of these crossroads, and why collegiate level education is often misrepresenting their history.

3. Franklin, V. P. "Hidden in Plain View: African American Women, Radical Feminism, and the Origins of Women's Studies Programs, 1967-1974." The Journal of African American History 87 (2002): 441. Accessed May 7, 2021. doi:10.2307/1562475.

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How did the lives of the Mexican-American women change when the Bracero Program was established?

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How did the lives of the Mexican-American women change when the Bracero Program was established?

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1.  Mexican Labor and World War II: The Bracero Program

2. This source was pulled from the Digital Public Library of America and evidence was pointing to the fact that the mass majority of Braceros were men who cam up to work the farms and returned home once the harvest season was over. There is proof of Mexican women came up to the states to assist the men who were working by bookkeeping, managing the payroll, and doing more of the behind paperwork aspect of the job. The source also showed that men usually spent their time in the states in labor camps. There are exceptions with the fact that some came up with entire families which stayed at the farm owner's house or somewhere close. This source is crucial to my project because there are lots of pictures of the Braceros working, receiving paychecks, and even the area in which they lived in. There are also newspaper articles to show what the rest of the states saw when these Mexicans came up to work. Along with some background information about these pictures there are also specific dates and locations in which these pictures were taken. The evidence not well supported in this source is what specifically the women did if they were up, not real pictures of them but there was hints towards somethings they had done. I also need to look for the documents on specifics on the Bracero Program.

3.  Abbott, Franky. “Mexican Labor and World War II: The Bracero Program.” Mexican Labor and World War II: The Bracero Program | DPLA. Accessed May 8, 2021. https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/mexican-labor-and-world-war-ii-the-bracero-program.

By: Alyssa Huerta

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How did Dolores Huerta impact California farmworkers’ rights during her time in the United Farm Workers?

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How did Dolores Huerta impact California farmworkers’ rights during her time in the United Farm Workers?

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1) Dolores Huerta: Vice President of the United Farm Workers / interviewed by Maria Huffman. : Free Borrow & Streaming

2) This source is from the Pacifica Radio Archives. From this interview, I can conclude that Dolores Huerta, Vice President of the United Farm Workers (UFW), contributed to California's farmworkers’ rights. Huerta discusses that the UFW was the first union that had success in getting recognition as an actual union. Because of the huge boycotts that were led, Huerta and the union gained 8 union contracts, mostly wine companies. With the union contracts, workers had access to toilets, fresh and cold water, protective equipment, resting periods, a secure job unless there was a fair reason for being fired, and much more. This helps answer my research question because Huerta knew workers deserved better conditions as they worked very hard, and how unfair it was that farmworkers were not treated humanely by the growers. She worked tirelessly until union contacts were given to the farmworkers. The context that I need to know is that farmworkers were not covered under the punitive section and were able to be a part of secondary boycotts. With Secondary boycotts, the UFW could ask workers handling the products of the growers not to handle them.

3) “Dolores Huerta: Vice President of the United Farm Workers / interviewed by Maria Huffman.” February 23, 1968,  From the Internet Archive, Pacifica Radio Archives. https://archive.org/details/pacifica_radio_archives-BB3554 (accessed Feb. 18, 2021).

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How did Esther Peterson impact the Equal Pay Act of 1963? 

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How did Esther Peterson impact the Equal Pay Act of 1963? 

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1) REMARKS ON SIGNING EQUAL PAY ACT OF 1963, 10 JUNE 1963
2) This source is from The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library And Museum, Papers of John F. Kennedy. Presidential Papers. President's Office Files. This source is super insightful on the strength that it offers both context into what the Equal Pay Act of 1963 aimed to accomplish, as well as represents a turning point in the fight for gender equality within the workforce. From this source I can conclude that John F. Kennedy was supportive and actively involved in improving the quality of labor conditions and wages for women in the United States. An especially encouraging aspect of this source is John F. Kennedy’s written display of gratitude towards all the individuals involved in the formation, and passing of the Equal Pay Act of 1963. John F. Kennedy also credits the Commission on the Status of women, as having a significant impact on reaching labor equality. It’s important to note the Commission on the Status of Women was founded by John F. Kennedy in 1961 upon Esther Peterson’s advocacy toward the ever pressing need to establish a commission aimed at addressing labor issues concerning gender, during her time serving as the head of the Women’s Bureau. The manifestation of equality for women in the workforce was a result of the determination Esther Peterson had toward ending workforce disparities forced upon women. While drawing from this source it is evident Esther Peterson impacted the content, ethicacy, and formation of the Equal Pay Act of 1963. In order to better understand the historical significance of Esther Peterson’s proposed Equal Pay Act of 1963, it is important to note that prior to it’s signing into law on June 10, 1963 by John F. Kennedy, women in the United States had endured generations of systematic oppression. This systemic inequity was a catalyst for Esther Peterson’s determination to pave the way for a realized equality among women in the workforce, which would work toward putting an end to genderist workplace disparities that suppressed women for so long.
3) “REMARKS ON SIGNING EQUAL PAY ACT OF 1963, 10 JUNE 1963,“ John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, 10 June 1963, National Archives Building, Boston, MA . https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKPOF/045/JFKPOF-045-001 (accessed May 06, 2021)

posted by: Jared Ivich

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How has the presence of Black women in the Civil Rights Movement of 1950s-1960s impacted its success?

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How has the presence of Black women in the Civil Rights Movement of 1950s-1960s impacted its success?

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1. Claudette Colvin's fingerprints that were taken following her 1955 arrest
2. This source is from the National Archives Catalog as it was obtained from the US District Court for the Northern (Montgomery) Division of the Middle District of Alabama. As this source shows the evidence from the arrest of Claudette Colvin (along with Rosa Parks), it speaks to the reality of the impediments that these women faced in the name of civil rights. These arrests led to the Montgomery Bus Boycotts, and created a great surge towards civil rights. Without the presence and integrity of these women to stand up to the racist laws enacted at the time, there would be no boycotts, and in effect, no 1964 Civil Rights Movement. The context needed to understand this source is the knowledge of Jim Crow laws and the legal segregation that came with it at this time in the American South. As these women were Black, they were regulated to sit at the back of the bus if a white person was aboard, but they chose not to do so, resulting in their arrests.
3. “Documents of the Supreme Court Case: Browder v. Gale .” National Archives and Records Administration. U.S. District Court for the Northern (Montgomery) Division of the Middle District of Alabama, 1956. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/279205/317/public?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=civilrights-feb2021&contributionType=transcription

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How did Black women experience white suffrage organizations, specifically through Mary Church Terrell’s experience? 

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How did Black women experience white suffrage organizations, specifically through Mary Church Terrell’s experience? 

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1) 'The Progress of Colored Women' By Mary Church Terrell

2) This source is from the Library of Congress, Daniel Murray Pamphlet Collection. It is an address delivered by Mary Church Terrell, the president of the National Association of Colored Women at the time, to the National American Women's Suffrage Association. Before the writing, we see, on page 3, a drawing of Mary Church Terrell. In the writing, Terrell calls white women to action and covers the disadvantages women of color have in comparison to them. She touches on disparities in education, the effects of poverty that most people of color face, and how these contribute to the lack of opportunities for women of color. She also includes the great lengths that the National Association of Colored Women has gone to aid women of color in their fight for equality, both of gender and race. She explains how women of color have the burden of experiencing both oppressions, gender, and race, all at once. This source will help me answer my research question because it gives primary source examples of what Terrell said to one of the white suffrage organizations about the disparities women of color face in comparison to white women. It allows me to have insight into Terrell's personal experiences and first-hand elaborations on her peers'. It will be helpful to further investigate and understand why was this address written in the first place. This will allow me to better understand where this was coming from and if it relates to women of color being treated poorly by white suffrage organizations.

3)Terrell, Mary Church, Columbia Theatre, Daniel Murray Pamphlet Collection, and African American Pamphlet Collection. The Progress of Colored Women. [Washington, D.C.: Smith Brothers, Printers, 1898]

Posted By: Isabella De Francesca

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How did Alice Paul's activism for women’s suffrage positively influence strides toward the Equal Pay Act of 1963?

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How did Alice Paul's activism for women’s suffrage positively influence strides toward the Equal Pay Act of 1963?

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1. https://www.loc.gov/resource/mss34132.mss34132-015_00689_00692/?sp=2&r=0.089,0.106,0.53,0.279,0

2. This source is from the Library of Congress, National American Woman Suffrage Association. The source is a document written by Alice Paul, which brings me to draw conclusions about her political endeavors and her place in a leadership position. The clear and strong statements made by her shows that she is a leader in the women's suffrage movement. This document supports my research question in the ability to draw support for the strides Alice Paul made from a leadership standpoint, in moving toward the Equal Pay Act of 1963. Additionally, in the document we see Alice Paul talking about going to the White House to protest about women's disenfranchisement and that those who participate should be warned of the possibility of imprisonment, which shows her radical forms of leadership being exposed in the women's suffrage movement. These radical ideas are a new beginning for the movement and in turn, again, help support my research question of Alice Paul's positive influence. The context that I need to be able to understand the historical significance of this document is that the reason they were protesting the White House was because women wanted the President to support the Anthony amendment to the constitution. Furthermore, the Anthony amendment would guarantee women's right to vote.

3.  "National American Woman Suffrage Association Records: General Correspondence, 1839-1961; Paul, Alice". Manuscript. From Library of Congress, National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1839-1961. https://www.loc.gov/resource/mss34132.mss34132-015_00689_00692/?sp=2&r=-0.321,0.083,1.364,0.718,0 (accessed May 7, 2021).

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How did the 15th Amendment affect the way Susan B Anthony viewed African Americans?

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How did the 15th Amendment affect the way Susan B Anthony viewed African Americans?

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1.) https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/congress-stanton-anthony

2.) This source is from DocsTeach National Archives Foundation, Records of the U.S. Senate. I can conclude that women suffragists such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton reached out to the Federal Constitution to petition for a woman's right to vote. In this document they address the fact that men are given the vote, yet women who are citizens of the United States are not allowed to vote. They claimed that representation cannot truly be heard until the vote is given to women. This helps answer my research question because it shows how white suffragists like Susan B Anthony felt that it was unfair to have a government that allows all men to vote, but can't give these same rights to women. The context I would need to know is the 15th Amendment and its influence towards women gaining the right to vote as well as the organizations that formed out of the exclusion of African American women.

3.) “Letter to Congress from Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony and Others in Support of Women's Suffrage.” DocsTeach. Accessed May 7, 2021. https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/congress-stanton-anthony.

Janeah Guevarra

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How did adopting plural marriage affect women's experiences in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints? (1830-1890)

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How did adopting plural marriage affect women's experiences in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints? (1830-1890)

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1.) Minutes and Resolutions from a Relief Society Meeting (1870)

2.) This source comes from the archive The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women's History. This source was recorded and signed by members of the Latter-day Saint women’s charity group, the Relief Society, in a meeting on January 6th, 1870 in Salt Lake City, Utah. The resolutions passed by the Society responded to the 1870 Cullum Bill which aimed to criminalize plural marriage. The resolutions, passed in defense of plural marriage, criticized Congress for attempting to uproot Mormon’s way of life and violate their civil liberties. The source shows that the leading society for women, within the Latter-day Saints community, was in strong support of plural marriage. Contrary to anti-Mormon reasoning, some women actually experiencing plural marriage were in support of it. It is important to note that the Relief Society was established by the first Mormon prophet Joseph Smith and several women including his first wife, Emma Smith, and his plural wife Eliza R. Snow, both of whom served as the first and second presidents of the Relief Society, respectively. The link to Joseph Smith and plural marriage may have made the Society’s enthusiasm to defend plural marriage particularly strong.

3.)“Minutes of a Ladies Mass Meeting,” Jan. 6, 1870; Fifteenth Ward, Salt Lake Stake, Relief Society Minutes and Records, 1868–1968, vol. 1, 1868–1873, pp. 139–142, CHL (LR 2848 14).

Posted By: James Gordon

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How did Ruth Bader Ginsburg impact the Women’s Rights Project?

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How did Ruth Bader Ginsburg impact the Women’s Rights Project?

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1) Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s letter supporting the ERA, 4/15/1971.

2) This source is from the U.S. National Archives Pieces of History, Notorious RBG. In this source's documents, I noticed that Ruth Bader Ginsburg played a huge role in the Women's Right project. Ruth Bader Ginsburg hoped and fought for women to have equal treatment as men. Ginsburg had been fighting in court to make sure that women got the same health and equal protection as men. In this document, it refers to women's rights as human rights, and that is exactly what Ginsburg believed and fought for women's rights. The point of this Women's Rights Project is to give women the protection of taking maternity leave and being able to return back to work after. I think this helps me answer my research question, for this letter states that it hopes and it will give everyone the equal opportunity to develop their skills and become successful. Context I would need to understand the historical significance of this source is that the Equal Rights Amendment had opened up the case to the Women's Rights Project.

3) Kratz, J. 2018. Notorious RBG at the National Archives. N.p.: National Archives. Civil Rights, National Archives History, News And Events.
https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2018/12/13/notorious-rbg-at-the-national-archives/

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How did Helen Keller improve the lives of those with hearing and visual disabilities?

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How did Helen Keller improve the lives of those with hearing and visual disabilities?

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1) Letter from Helen Keller to President Herbert Hoover

2) This source is from the US National Archives Catalog, Herbert Hoover Pages.  I can conclude that this source examines how Helen Keller wrote a letter to president Hoover to acknowledge her foundation and to spread awareness about it.  Hellen believes a visit by the President would bring attention to the project.  She wanted Hoover to spread light through these people who have disabilities because it can be a dark time for them, but with a well known figure, they may believe in hope.  With his help and his light, Helen believed that they can help those with hearing and visual disabilities with more resources, as in talking books for those with visual impairments.  This may help answer my research question to further prove her activism with those who have visual and hearing disabilities and that she really cared so much about her work.  She cared so much that she needed to network with well known figures to get her work out in the world and by doing this she was able to bring awareness to her foundation to prove that this is a real issue.  The context I would need to know is her relationship with the president and their connection if they were friends before or etc.  Also If she reached out to the president during that time, did she reach out to other well known people to advocate her work for those with disabilities.

3) "Letter from Helen Keller to President Herbert Hoover, 2/5/1933," Herbert Hoover Papers, 1913-1964, National Archives Building, Washington, DC.

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By this point in the project you have submitted and received feedback on your proposal, but you have not yet written and submitted your essay. I would like to know how you are progressing on your research as you go into the final stretch

For the title of your post, use your research question.

Task 1 - Share one of the primary sources you think you will use to answer your research question. Make sure this has a small descriptor and a link to the source so we can view.

Task 2 - In 150 words, explain;

1. what archival collection this source is from;

2. the conclusions you can draw from this source;

3. how you think this source helps you to answer your research question;

4. what context you will need to understand the historical significance of this source.

Task 3 - Generate a citation in Chicago Style identifying your source. You can reuse this when you develop footnotes for your the essay.

Peer Feedback

Evaluate at least one peer's post in relation to their research question.

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How was Frederick Douglass involved in the fight for women's suffrage?

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How was Frederick Douglass involved in the fight for women's suffrage?

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1) Petition for woman suffrage signed by Frederick Douglass Jr.

2) This source is from the US National Archives, Records of the House of Representatives. What I understand of the record hierarchy, it's part of a group of petitions referred to the Committee on the Judiciary during the 45th Congress in 1878. The format of this as a petition and its location in the records of Congress suggests that Douglass and his son used these channels to advocate for suffrage. This conclusion might help me name a method of his involvement, government petitions. The fact that this is from his son and not him complicates this conclusion, but with better context, I might understand the relationship between Sr. activism and involvement and Jr. The new autobiography of Douglass by David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom, may help resolve this.

3) "Petition for Woman Suffrage from Frederick Douglass Jr. and Other Residents of the District of Columbia, 1878," Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, 1789 - 2011, National Archives Building, Washington, DC.