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Who: Democritus
What: Democritus developed the atomic theory of the universe. He theorized that all material bodies are made up of indivisibly small "atoms."
When: 400 B.C.E.
Where: Abdera, Greece.

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Who: John Dalton
What: His theory states that all matter is made up of atoms and that all atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties.
When: 1811
Where: Manchester

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Who: Dimitri Mendeleev
What: He found that when all the known chemical elements were arranged of increasing atomic weight, the resulting table displayed a recurring pattern. Therefore, he created the first periodic table.
When: 1869
Where: Saint Petersburg

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Who: Joseph Thomas
What: He experimented with cathode ray tubes and showed that all atoms contain tiny negatively charged subatomic particles called Electrons. He proposed the plum pudding model.
When: 1903
Where: Trinity College at Cambridge

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Who: Ernest Rutherford
What: He discovered that the atom is mostly empty space, with nearly all of its mass concentrated in a tiny central nucleus.
When: 1911
Where: Manchester University

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Who: Niels Bohr
What: He proposed a theory for the hydrogen atom based on quantum theory that energy is transferred only in certain well defined quantities.
When: 1913
Where: Copenhagen University

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Who: Erwin Schrodinger
What: He came up with the "Schrödinger's cat" experiment.  A cat is in a box with a vial of poison. The vial breaks if an atom inside the box decays. The atom is superposed in decay and non-decay states until it is observed, and thus the cat is superposed in alive and dead states.
When: 1926
Where: Australia