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How is it that a higher wage would hurt low-wage workers? It’s the law of unintended consequences. The minimum wage affects employers who largely hire from the entry-level work force. This year’s wage increase of 25 cents an hour translates to $10,000 in annual costs for a business with 20 minimum-wage employees.Businesses with small profit margins need to increase sales by hundreds of thousands of dollars to generate the profit to pay those costs.When businesses can’t make up those costs in increased sales, a real challenge in today’s anemic economy, they find other ways to cut expenses.They are forced to eliminate jobs or reduce employee hours.

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How is it that a higher wage would hurt low-wage workers? It’s the law of unintended consequences. The minimum wage affects employers who largely hire from the entry-level work force. This year’s wage increase of 25 cents an hour translates to $10,000 in annual costs for a business with 20 minimum-wage employees.Businesses with small profit margins need to increase sales by hundreds of thousands of dollars to generate the profit to pay those costs.When businesses can’t make up those costs in increased sales, a real challenge in today’s anemic economy, they find other ways to cut expenses.They are forced to eliminate jobs or reduce employee hours.

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The Minimum Data Set (MDS) is part of the U.S. federally mandated process for clinical assessment of all residents in Medicare or Medicaid certified nursing homes. This process provides a comprehensive assessment of each resident's functional capabilities and helps nursing home staff identify health problems.

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The Effect of The Minimum Wage on Employment and Unemployment

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The Effect of The Minimum Wage on Employment and Unemployment

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http://www.jstor.org/stable/2724487?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

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Myth: Raising the minimum wage will only benefit teens.

Not true: The typical minimum wage worker is not a high school student earning weekend pocket money. In fact, 89 percent of those who would benefit from a federal minimum wage increase to $12 per hour are age 20 or older, and 56 percent are women.

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The consequences of minimum wage laws Some new theoretical ideas

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The consequences of minimum wage laws Some new theoretical ideas

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0047272793014113

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Sabia said that there are two key reasons why the minimum wage does not alleviate overall poverty the way that supporters believe that it will. The first reason is that minimum wages reduce the work available for low-skill workers:Many firms respond to minimum wage increases by substituting away from low-skilled labor and toward other inputs. For example, grocery stores may substitute away from cashiers and toward self-checkout systems or toward higher-skilled labor. If some near-poor, low-skilled workers lose their jobs or have their hours cut as a result of minimum wage increases, then their incomes may fall, resulting in a rise in poverty among these households.The vast majority of credible empirical evidence produced by labor economists … suggests that minimum wage increases reduce low-skilled employment. Estimates of the employment elasticity with respect to the minimum wage for low-skilled individuals generally range from -0.1 to as large as -0.3, suggesting that a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage reduces low-skilled employment by 1 to 3 percent.The second reason that minimum wages do not alleviate poverty is that few beneficiaries of minimum wage increases live in poor households. This fact surprised me when I first read about it, but that is what the data shows. Sabia notes:Advocates of minimum wage increases paint a vivid portrait of what they see as the typical minimum wage worker: a working single mother struggling to keep her family above the poverty line. But is this portrait accurate? Are most minimum wage workers poor or near poor?In fact, relatively few minimum wage workers live in poor households. In a new study, Burkhauser and I examine Census data, and find that workers earning between $7.25 and $10.10 per hour—workers who would be directly affected by [a] proposed federal minimum wage increase—overwhelmingly live in non-poor households. We find that only 13 percent of workers who would be affected live in poor households, while nearly two-thirds live in households with incomes over twice the poverty line, and over 40 percent live in households with incomes over three times the poverty line. Other research suggests that poor single-female headed households make up less than 5 percent of all affected workers.

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Sabia said that there are two key reasons why the minimum wage does not alleviate overall poverty the way that supporters believe that it will. The first reason is that minimum wages reduce the work available for low-skill workers:Many firms respond to minimum wage increases by substituting away from low-skilled labor and toward other inputs. For example, grocery stores may substitute away from cashiers and toward self-checkout systems or toward higher-skilled labor. If some near-poor, low-skilled workers lose their jobs or have their hours cut as a result of minimum wage increases, then their incomes may fall, resulting in a rise in poverty among these households.The vast majority of credible empirical evidence produced by labor economists … suggests that minimum wage increases reduce low-skilled employment. Estimates of the employment elasticity with respect to the minimum wage for low-skilled individuals generally range from -0.1 to as large as -0.3, suggesting that a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage reduces low-skilled employment by 1 to 3 percent.The second reason that minimum wages do not alleviate poverty is that few beneficiaries of minimum wage increases live in poor households. This fact surprised me when I first read about it, but that is what the data shows. Sabia notes:Advocates of minimum wage increases paint a vivid portrait of what they see as the typical minimum wage worker: a working single mother struggling to keep her family above the poverty line. But is this portrait accurate? Are most minimum wage workers poor or near poor?In fact, relatively few minimum wage workers live in poor households. In a new study, Burkhauser and I examine Census data, and find that workers earning between $7.25 and $10.10 per hour—workers who would be directly affected by [a] proposed federal minimum wage increase—overwhelmingly live in non-poor households. We find that only 13 percent of workers who would be affected live in poor households, while nearly two-thirds live in households with incomes over twice the poverty line, and over 40 percent live in households with incomes over three times the poverty line. Other research suggests that poor single-female headed households make up less than 5 percent of all affected workers.

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Black markets and the Minimum wage legislation 

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Black markets and the Minimum wage legislation 

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If you have a small job that you need done, but you cannot afford to pay the minimum wage, you might want to find someone who would be willing to work for below minimum wage, but cannot find a job at that rate, and hire him for a wage below minimum wage. But if this is illegal, you would hire "under the table", or in the black market. The job, wages, etc. would not be reported. No income or payroll taxes would be collected or reported.

Hiring opportunities are inefficiently allocated amongst workers. Any outcome that is not the equilibrium outcome would be inefficient. If a minimum wage is effective, it would be set above equilibrium, where the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied, an inefficient outcome.

https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100926171707AAq7qg5

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The Minimum Data Set (MDS) is part of the U.S. federally mandated process for clinical assessment of all residents in Medicare or Medicaid certified nursing homes. This process provides a comprehensive assessment of each resident's functional capabilities and helps nursing home staff identify health problems.

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California’s Unprecedented Minimum Wage Increase Will Hurt Vulnerable WorkersBy James Sherk

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California’s Unprecedented Minimum Wage Increase Will Hurt Vulnerable WorkersBy James Sherk

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http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2016/05/californias-unprecedented-minimum-wage-increase-will-hurt-vulnerable-workers

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http://www.jstor.org/stable/2117925?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

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Some scientists are even going so far as to say that raising the minimum wage will make us happier. The idea is that the end result would be fewer people in poverty—and that there’s a “mountain of evidence that supports the damaging impact of poverty upon the psychological, social and physical well-being of adults, children and communities,” says Laura Smith, a psychologist at Columbia University’s Teachers College, quoted in The Nation. But that conclusion could be flawed. If raising the minimum wage puts undue strain on small businesses (as well as large), there could be dire circumstances.

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Some scientists are even going so far as to say that raising the minimum wage will make us happier. The idea is that the end result would be fewer people in poverty—and that there’s a “mountain of evidence that supports the damaging impact of poverty upon the psychological, social and physical well-being of adults, children and communities,” says Laura Smith, a psychologist at Columbia University’s Teachers College, quoted in The Nation. But that conclusion could be flawed. If raising the minimum wage puts undue strain on small businesses (as well as large), there could be dire circumstances.

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http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/ViewpointsDetailsPage/ViewpointsDetailsWindow?disableHighlighting=true&displayGroupName=Viewpoints&currPage=&scanId=&query=&source=&prodId=OVIC&search_within_results=&p=OVIC&mode=view&catId=&u=cypressc&limiter=&display-query=&displayGroups=&contentModules=&action=e&sortBy=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ3010431279&windowstate=normal&activityType=&failOverType=&commentary=true

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. The evidence indicates that in the wake of minimum wage increases, some families gain and others lose. On net, the various tradeoffs created by minimum wage increases more closely resemble income redistribution among low-income families than income redistribution from high- to low-income families. Given these findings it is difficult to make a distributional or equity argument for minimum wages.

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New York became the second state to pass a new law that would raise the minimum wage in New York City to $15 per hour by the end of 2018. Washington D.C. followed suit, enacting a law to raise the minimum wage in the District to $15 per hour by July 1, 2020.

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New York became the second state to pass a new law that would raise the minimum wage in New York City to $15 per hour by the end of 2018. Washington D.C. followed suit, enacting a law to raise the minimum wage in the District to $15 per hour by July 1, 2020.

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Protests on Wednesday aimed at raising pay for low-wage workers reached 230 cities. A key focus of the rallies has been fast-food restaurants, which pay some of the lowest wages in the United States. The slogan "Fight for $15" urges an ambitious goal: $15 an hour even at a McDonald's.

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Protests on Wednesday aimed at raising pay for low-wage workers reached 230 cities. A key focus of the rallies has been fast-food restaurants, which pay some of the lowest wages in the United States. The slogan "Fight for $15" urges an ambitious goal: $15 an hour even at a McDonald's.

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5 More States Are Voting on Raising the Minimum Wage

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5 More States Are Voting on Raising the Minimum Wage

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http://fortune.com/2016/10/17/5-states-voting-raising-minimum-wages/

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The Effects of Minimum Wages on Employment.

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The Effects of Minimum Wages on Employment.

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http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=5&sid=17112bde-d30b-44f0-a518-89b53b93aaeb%40sessionmgr4009&hid=4204&bdata=JmxvZ2luLmFzcCZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=111900823&db=f5h

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“Of course, nothing helps families make ends meet like higher wages…and to everyone in this Congress who still refuses to raise the minimum wage, I say this: If you truly believe you could work full-time and support a family on less than $15,000 a year, go try it. If not, vote to give millions of the hardest-working people in America a raise.” –President Obama, State of the Union address, Jan. 20, 2015

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Minimum wageA minimum wage is the lowest remuneration that employers may legally pay to workers. Equivalently, it is the price floor below which workers may not sell their labor. Although minimum wage laws are in effect in many jurisdictions, differences of opinion exist about the benefits and drawbacks of a minimum wage.

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Minimum wageA minimum wage is the lowest remuneration that employers may legally pay to workers. Equivalently, it is the price floor below which workers may not sell their labor. Although minimum wage laws are in effect in many jurisdictions, differences of opinion exist about the benefits and drawbacks of a minimum wage.

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Some fast-food workers are "demanding $15.00 per hour" for their work, and recently many such workers walked off the job to show they're serious. Some call that rate a "living wage."

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Some fast-food workers are "demanding $15.00 per hour" for their work, and recently many such workers walked off the job to show they're serious. Some call that rate a "living wage."

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California to Raise Minimum Wage to $15 an hour by 2022

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California to Raise Minimum Wage to $15 an hour by 2022

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http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/29/business/economy/15-hour-minimum-wage-in-california-plan-has-some-worried.html

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Fourteen states begin the new year with higher minimum wages. Of those, 12 states increased their rates through legislation passed in the 2014 or 2015 sessions, while two states automatically increased their rates based on the cost of living.

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Reducing Poverty via Minimum Wages, Alternatives.

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Reducing Poverty via Minimum Wages, Alternatives.

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http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=17112bde-d30b-44f0-a518-89b53b93aaeb%40sessionmgr4009&hid=4204&bdata=JmxvZ2luLmFzcCZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=112004119&db=f5h

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