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What are arguments for and against receiving a cochlear implant?
For: She should be able to hear everything and experience everything.
Against: It was an invasive surgery and the dad didn't want her to lose her deaf culture.
After receiving cochlear implants what are some of the benefits and struggles that are experienced?

She was able to improve her speech tremendously, she's not treated like she's handicapped or anything. Opportunity to be part of both the deaf and hearing world. The older she is it would be less effective.

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Path
cornea-aqueous humor-pupil-lens-virtuous humor-retina-fovea

height of the light wave determines intensity-brightness
length of wave determines hue (color)

distant object-lens goes flat
close object- lens goes round

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Pinna-outer ear
Ear Canal- sound travels through
Ear drum-vibrates with the sound waves coming through the air into the ear
Bones (ossicles)-
hammer,anvil,stirrup
vibrate with the ear drum, when the stirrup vibrates against the oval window it opens up and sound is transmitted from air into liquid- goes from oval window to cochlea
cochlea and vestibular organ are inner ear
Cochlea is snail shape-inside is basilar membrane that has tiny little hair cells that vibrate in the liquid form and sends the neurons to the organ of corti
goes through auditory nerve to temporal lobe
vestibular organ helps us stay balanced
eustation tube connects ear to throat.

Place theory-
Ability to hear different pitches of sound due to the location of neuron activity on basilar membrane in cochlea

Frequency Theory-
Vibration triggers neural impulses to brain at same rate as sound wave
Lower frequencies=fewer neural impulses

Volley Principle-
Neuroal cells can alternate firing and thereby achieve combined frequency for very average pitch

Place theory-high pitch
Frequency for low pitch and volley for middle pitch

conductive deafness- problems of conducting soundwave to cochlea

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I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues

Perception how we organixe and interpret ingo fom our senses
Gestalt= who or form we see things as a whole

Color constancy-perception of familiar objects as having consistent colors, even if changing illumination (apple is red, can be green)

Rules of perceptions
1. Figure-ground
we organize information into a figure seen against a ground (what is the background)
2. Proximity
group nearby figures together
3. Similarity
group similar figures together
4. Continuity
see smooth, continuous patterns
5. Connectedness
when linked we see spots . lines or areas as a single unit.
6. Depth Perception
2 dimensions fall on retina- perceive as 3D
we estimate distance
-visual cliff-test of depth perception, infants and toddlers-by crawlings age (6 months they could see the depth perception)
Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk

Visual Constancy=
perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images
1.color
2.shape-same shape despite angle its viewed at
3.size-despite distance objects dont change size
4.location
5.brightness

Monocular cues-
interpositition-1 object blocks view of another
relative size-assumption that 2 objects are similar size-1 closer has larger retinal image
relative clarity-aerial perspective, perception that hazy objects are farther away than sharp objects
texture gradient-coarse, distinct texture is closer than finer, indistinct texture
relative height-objects higher in field of vision appear farther away(vertical dimensions appear longer than horizionatl dimensietons
relative mothon-movement of self causes stable items to appear to move, neawrest object appears to move faster
linear perspective-parallel lines appeaerto converge in distance (people voer estimate train's distance)
>-------< <-------> =muller-lyer illusion
light and shadow-nearby objects reflect more light into eyes (dimmer objects appear farther away)

Binocular cues-cues that require both eyes
retinal diparity-difference between sight/views of 2 eyes
convergence-cue for perceiving depth-eyes converge inward towards object
stereoscopic vision-combine 2 retinal images to get 3D perception
motion perception-
assumption-closer object gets larger
stroboscopic movement-motion pictures
PHi phenomenon-illusionof lights( Blinking off and on)
Autokinetic illusion-perceived motion created by single atationary object (slight movement

Sound localizations-
Monaural cues-louder sound means closer sound
Binaural cues-stereophonic-stero-multidirectional audio perspective

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I can learn color theories and visual cues

Hubel and Weisel
-Neurons in the visual cortex

Vision
electromagnetic spectrum
wavelength the didstndce form one wave peak to another (light/sound)
khigh frequency
Short wavelength bluish colors highpitched sounds

low frewuensy long waveliength
reddish color low pitched sound

amplitude
the height of the wavelength
large amplitude tall wavelength bright colors loud sounds
small amplitude short wavelength dull colors soft sounds

Theories of color vision
young-helmhotz thrichromatic threor
each cone is maximally sensititve to 1 of 3 colors (red green blue)
combined stimulationof these condes cause other colors by mixing light waves (red and green =yellow)

Afterimage
When you stare at 1 o

Colorblindness-partieal or total inability to percieve hues
Monochromats (b/w)
Dichromats (r/g y/b)
Trichromatic (normal color vision)

Opponent process theory (hering)
-three kinds of cones that all work in pairs
-red&green
-blue&yellow
-black&white
paired with opposites

both theories are correct
-individual cones=trichromatic theory
Opponent process-other layers oth the retina

surrounding contect the colors of an onject will change if an item is viewed with other colors

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blind spot- point where the optic nerve leaves the eye; no vision receptores here
fovea-line of central focus holds only cones
optic nerve -carries visual info to the thalamus before the occipital lobe
optic chiasm-spot where nerves cross each other (left to right, right to left)
lateral geniculate nucleus-area in thalamus that interorest images ( flips right side up)
visual acuity-sharpness-ability to distinguish fine details
light must pass through the layers of the retina called transduction

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receptor cells
-responsible for vision
-rods b/w
-cones color
-20:1 rods outnumber
-peripheral vision relies on rods
bipolar cells
-specialized neurons connect to rods and cones (1 axon/1 dendrite)
ganglion cells
-axons of these cell made of optic nerve and sends info to thalamus specifically the LGN

2 kinds of ganglion
magnocellur cells detect motion
parvocellur cells detect color and what the item is

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I can understand the parts and path of vision.

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Hit- you see them and recognize
miss- they were there but you didn't notice
false alarm- they weren't there but you thought they were
correct rejection-they weren't there and you didn't think they were

Related to strength of stimulus
own sensitivity, own response criteria

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Absolute threshold when stimuli are detectable less than 50% of the time
(below one's absolute threshold they are subliminal)

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JND is a constant fraction/ proportion of original stimulus
varied among sense 8% of light, 2% weight, .3% tone
(^intensity, ^amount of change necessary)

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I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal & difference thresholds.

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1. Sensation is bottom up
2. Perception is top-down
3. How can top down processing change how features are perceived?
Relies on knowledge and expectations to process what a sensory stimuli means
4. Cambridge test = perception

Percentage change is the difference threshold
Weber's law (JND)

Absolute= minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimlus 50% of the time
JND amount something must be changed in order to detect it 50% of the time

Inattentional blindness-focus
Change blindness-environment changes

sensory adaptation: when you "get used to" a smell or other sense

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I can compare and contrast sensation and perception and understand how they relate to bottom-up and top-down processing.

perceptual set: in the video when people only wanted to see the famous violinist when they knew who he was and not when they thought he was just homeless
priming

senses are what we feel and experience
perception is how we process our sensory information.

bistabilty