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Black holes is a subject of greater future discoveries. we could use it for time travel if we manage to solve the science behind them. And also we are not far from the truth

Remarkable progress has been made in the past 5 years in organizing the Astrobiology program at NASA, thereby fostering the emergence of an interdisciplinary field with new research opportunities.As astrobiology develops, we expect shifts in paradigms that will require new approaches and different combinations of disciplines to be applied to the age-old questions of our origin and our relationship to the cosmos within which we exist.

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How can you use black holes for time travel?

Black holes can be used to travel into the future only. So far as we know, our universe prohibits traveling into the past.

According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, and to experimental evidence here on earth assembled by Harvard physicists Pound and Rebka, in the presence of a gravitational field, an external observer would see a clock in a strong gravitational field tick more slowly. This is analogous to the famous time dilation effect in special relativity, except that in the 'gravitational redshift' effect no motion between the observer outside the gravitational field and the clock located within the field, is required.

What this means is that if you were traveling into a strong gravitational field and sending out pulses of light every second, an observer watching these signals from a great distance would see the interval between the pulses increase from seconds to minutes and then hours as the field got stronger and stronger.

Black holes are fantastic sources of very strong gravitational fields. What a distant observer would see as your clock got closer to the so-called Event Horizon of the black hole is that the pulse interval would increase without limit from one second to one month and longer. The frequency of the light pulses would also get longer as the light lost more and more energy struggling to get out from the vicinity of the black hole. As your friend finally entered the black hole by passing across its event horizon, the last photon capable of making it to infinity is emitted at almost infinite redshift, meaning that if you originally emitted a gamma ray with an energy of 1000 billion electron volts, buy the time your friend received it far away, it would have lost enough energy to become a radio photon with an energy of 0.00001 electron volts! So, if it took your friend 1000 hours to travel from where you are to the black hole, the last photon he sent you just before entering the black hole, would arrive at your location 1000 hours from now, but when you looked at the interval between the last two pulses he sent, you would see that they are not the one second interval you started out with, but say 1 or 2 minutes or more. But here's the rub. According to your infalling friend, he/she is still sending the pulses out once each second!

In other words, one second to your friend falling into a black hole is several minutes to you and, in essence, your friend is aging more slowly than you and is traveling into the future faster than you are. If he/she could manage to put on the breaks just before crossing over the Event Horizon and escape to rejoin you, you would note that his/her clock reads a much earlier time than your clock. To your friend, only 2000 hours may have elapsed, however, YOUR clock would read perhaps 10000 hours or several weeks have elapsed depending how close to the Event Horizon your friend could get before escaping. The tidal gravitational forces are enormous near small black holes the mass of the sun, so your friend would be shredded into spaghetti within a few hundred miles of the Horizon. For supermassive black holes of several billion solar masses, however, the tidal forces near the Horizon are very small and survivable. This means you could accidently find yourself passing across this one-way barrier, and only realize your mistake when you tried to escape and found it impossible.

In principle, if you could get within a few millimeters of an Event Horizon before escaping, you could essentially time travel years or millenia into the future as measured by outside clocks. According to your clock, however, perhaps only a few hour or days actually elapsed.

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Here the target audience are people with basic knowledge of dark matter and dark energy with some genuine interest to know more about our universe and its working.

Along with that basic knowledge of physics,especially mechanics is also required to have a proper understanding of theories mentioned in the above articles.

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1. If dark matter has not been directly observed,why do the scientists feel the need to propose its existence?

2. Does dark matter imply dark light?

3. What are some ways to detect dark matter?

4. Can dark matter radiate light like ordinary matter?

5. Can dark matter or energy arise from interactions with other universe?

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http://home.web.cern.ch/about/physics/dark-matter

http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/

http://hetdex.org/dark_energy/dark_matter.php

http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/dark-matter/

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Patricia Burchat: Shedding light on dark matter

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Physicist Patricia Burchat sheds light on two basic ingredients of our universe: dark matter and dark energy. Comprising 96% of the universe between them, they can't be directly measured, but their influence is immense.

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What is the physical origin of Dark Energy?

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What is the physical origin of Dark Energy?

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BY SHALINI

One possibility is zero-point or vacuum energy. Quantum mechanics says that a system in its lowest energy state need not have zero energy. Energy curves spacetime just like mass does. So one conjecture is that Λ is just the vacuum energy of quantum fields. There is one huge problem. The natural size of Λ that comes out of quantum field theory is 10120 (yes, this is right, ten to the power 120!!) times what is observed. We will almost certainly need new physics to explain Dark Energy.

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BY SHREYA

Recall that we looked at the galaxies receding from each other and played the movie backward to conclude that 13.7 billion years ago the Universe was hot and dense. Given that initial condition, now play the movie forward. There are a bunch of galaxies moving away from each other. As they move away, we expect gravity to slow their speeds the same way that a ball thrown upward slows as it climbs the gravity well. Of course, the galaxies may have been moving so fast in the beginning that they will escape each other’s gravity eventually, but they should still be slowing down as they move apart. In the last 10-15 years evidence has built up that the galaxies are slowing down less than they should based on known physics. Something seems to be counteracting gravity. It seems to be acting like an extra repulsive force. This is something given the name Dark Energy.

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BY MANSI

Dark Matter is definitely not antimatter. We know antimatter very well because we have created it in the lab! An antielectron in just like an electron, except with a positive charge. In fact, it is called a positron and is emitted in some radioactive nuclear decays. The mass and spin of a positron are identical to that of an electron. When an electron and positron collide, they annihilate each other in a burst of electromagnetic radiation (E = mc2). Similarly, an antiproton has the same mass and spin as a proton, but a negative charge. Antimatterabsorbs and emits light in exactly the same way as matter, so we know that Dark Matter is not anti-matter.

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The target audience for this topic are people with basic knowledge of astronomy, specifically interested in researching about the origin of universe and its evolution.

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2

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Tweet this video! - http://ctt.ec/baOaA Much like a black body in thermodynamics, a black hole is a region of space that pulls everything and prevents anything from escaping, even light. The reason it is called a "black" hole is because it sucks up all the light that hits its border and reflects nothing.

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BLACK HOLE'S RIDE THROUGH THEMILKY GALAXY

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BLACK HOLE'S RIDE THROUGH THEMILKY GALAXY

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NASA Telescope Captures Rare Black Hole Occurrence

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NASA Telescope Captures Rare Black Hole Occurrence

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NASA Accidentally Discovers Giant Black Holes

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Hubble Telescope Finds Behemoth Black Hole

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NASA Telescope Captures Rare Black Hole Occurrence

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NASA scientists observed some rare black hole activity when nearby x-ray light, called a corona, was blurred by the extreme gravity. Using NASA's nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope, known as NuSTAR, they were able to see the corona of light move closer to the super massive black hole named Markarian 335, located around 324 light-years away from Earth.

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Q1:

Is it possible for a black hole to "eat" an entire galaxy?

Q2:
If light cannot escape black holes, how can we take pictures of them?

Q3:
What are black holes made of?

Q4.Does general relativity fail inside black holes?

Q5.

Why does Stephen Hawking say that black holes are not black?

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University of Southampton-

Radio astronomers are watching a previously dormant black hole

wake up in a dramatic display as material falls on to it for the first time for perhaps millions of years.

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The surface area of the event horizon of a black hole can only increase, never decrease. This also means that although two black holes can join to make a bigger black hole, one black hole can never split in two.

The pulL of gravity at the event horizon is constant; it has the same value everywhere on the event horizon.

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Black Holes Aren't As Black As
Thought, Says Stephen Hawking In New Theory

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Black Holes Aren't As Black As
Thought, Says Stephen Hawking In New Theory

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Stephen Hawking says he may have solved a problem that has plagued astrophysics for 40 years: the information lossparadox.

For decades, scientists have argued about what happens to the information relating to the death of a star that forms a black hole. It’s known that nothing, not even light, can escape from a black hole owing to its intense gravitational pull. Quantum mechanics, though, says that information cannot be destroyed; general relativity says it must be. Hence, the information loss paradox.

In the 1970s, Hawking said black holes could emit “information-less photons” via quantum fluctuations – tiny perturbations in space-time – calledHawking radiation, but in 2004 he produced a new theory that claimed information could actually escape from a black hole. How that would occur wasn’t clear, but now he says he has an answer.

“I propose that the information is not stored in the interior of the black hole as one might expect, but on its boundary, the event horizon,” he saidtodayat the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. Specifically, he says a “super translation” takes place, which is essentially a hologram of the information. It means that information can survive and escape from a black hole at the event horizon, the boundary at which nothing is said to be able to break free.

They key to this theory is Hawking radiation. Hawking says it can “pick up” information and move it beyond the event horizon. But it’s not all good news; the information is essentially useless. “The information about ingoing particles is returned, but in a chaotic and useless form,” said Hawking. “This resolves the information paradox. For all practical purposes, the information is lost.”

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A diagram showing the observations of the center of our Galaxy made by Shep Doleman and his team (MIT / NASA / CXC / JHU / Univ. of Illinois)

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Black hole jet diagram

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This illustration shows the thick dust torus that astronomers believe surrounds supermassive black holes and their accretion discs. When the torus is seen edge-on’ as in this case, much of the light emitted by the accretion disc is blocked. However, the sharp X-ray and gamma-ray eyes of INTEGRAL can peer through the thick dust and locate "hidden" black holes. INTEGRAL's survey of the local universe searched for hidden black holes but found few, which implies these kinds of black holes are largely in the more distant (earlier) universe.

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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.

2010 December 7

Too Close to a Black Hole
Credit & Copyright: Alain Riazuelo

Explanation: What would you see if you went right up to a black hole? Above is a computer generated image highlighting how strange things would look. The black hole has such strong gravity that light is noticeably bent towards it - causing some very unusual visual distortions. Every star in the normal frame has at least two bright images - one on each side of the black hole. Near the black hole, you can see the whole sky - light from every direction is bent around and comes back to you. The original background map was taken from the 2MASS infrared sky survey, with stars from the Henry Draper catalog superposed. Black holes are thought to be the densest state of matter, and there is indirect evidence for their presence in stellar binary systems and the centers of globular clusters, galaxies, and quasars.

Tomorrow's picture: intrepid mars< |Archive |Index |Search |Calendar |RSS |Education |About APOD |Discuss |>
Authors & editors: Robert Nemiroff ( MTU) & Jerry Bonnell ( UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
NASA Web Privacy Policy and Important Notices
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.

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APOD: 2010 December 7 - Too Close to a Black Hole

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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2010 December 7 Too Close to a Black Hole Credit & Copyright: Alain Riazuelo Explanation: What would you see if you went right up to a black hole?

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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.

2010 December 7

Too Close to a Black Hole
Credit & Copyright: Alain Riazuelo

Explanation: What would you see if you went right up to a black hole? Above is a computer generated image highlighting how strange things would look. The black hole has such strong gravity that light is noticeably bent towards it - causing some very unusual visual distortions. Every star in the normal frame has at least two bright images - one on each side of the black hole. Near the black hole, you can see the whole sky - light from every direction is bent around and comes back to you. The original background map was taken from the 2MASS infrared sky survey, with stars from the Henry Draper catalog superposed. Black holes are thought to be the densest state of matter, and there is indirect evidence for their presence in stellar binary systems and the centers of globular clusters, galaxies, and quasars.

Tomorrow's picture: intrepid mars< |Archive |Index |Search |Calendar |RSS |Education |About APOD |Discuss |>
Authors & editors: Robert Nemiroff ( MTU) & Jerry Bonnell ( UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
NASA Web Privacy Policy and Important Notices
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
APOD: 2010 December 7 - Too Close to a Black Hole

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2010 December 7 Too Close to a Black Hole Credit & Copyright: Alain Riazuelo Explanation: What would you see if you went right up to a black hole?

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Trio of Supermassive Black Holes Found at the Core of Distant Galaxy

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Trio of Supermassive Black Holes Found at the Core of Distant Galaxy

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Trio of Supermassive Black Holes Found at the Core of Distant Galaxy

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Scientists claim to have discovered a trio of supermassive black holes at the heart of a distant galaxy with one really catchy name: SDSS J150243.09+111557.3.
In a paper in the journal Nature, the researchers detail that this galaxy is located at a distance of about 4.2 billion light-years away from our planet.

At first, it was assumed to have just two supermassive black holes at its core. However, more detailed investigations showed it to contain three, EurekAlert reports.

Information shared with the public says that, of these black holes, two orbit each other in a manner similar to that of binary stars, i.e. two stars that form a system and that orbit around their common center of mass.

As detailed in the journal Nature, these three supermassive black holes are believed to be the tightest trio of black holes to have until now been documented at such a considerable distance from our planet.

Commenting on this discovery, Dr. Roger Deane with the Oxford University in the United Kingdom said, "What remains extraordinary to me is that these black holes are orbiting one another at 300 times the speed of sound on Earth."

Furthermore, "Not only that, but using the combined signals from radio telescopes on four continents we are able to observe this exotic system one third of the way across the Universe."

"It gives me great excitement as this is just scratching the surface of a long list of discoveries that will be made possible with the Square Kilometer Array [a radio telescope in development in Australia and South Africa]."

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Trio of Supermassive Black Holes Found at the Core of Distant Galaxy

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Scientists claim to have discovered a trio of supermassive black holes at the heart of a distant galaxy with one really catchy name: SDSS J150243.09+111557.3. In a paper in the journal Nature, the researchers detail that this galaxy is located at a distance of about 4.2 billion light-years away from our planet.

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http://superstringtheory.com/

http://www.storybehindthescience.org/pdf/blackholes.pdf

http://m.space.com/24454-stephen-hawking-black-hole-theory.html

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http://superstringtheory.com/

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1. RELATIVITY, SPECIAL-

Einstein's rejection of the notion that space and time are absolute, based on the observation that the speed of light is independent of the motion of an observer. No matter how fast someone runs toward you with a flashlight, the speed of the light that flashlight emits will always remain the same. From this foundation, Einstein constructed a revolutionary model of gravity and a universe full of unexpected surprises like black holes, gravity waves, time dilation, and the equivalence of mass and energy: E=mc². Astronomers and astrophysicists regularly use the theoretical tools of special relativity to interpret and analyze light.

2.

SINGULARITY

A theoretical point at the core of a black hole where all of the black hole's mass is concentrated. The singularity is compressed so tightly that it is almost infinitely dense. The curvature of space-time is infinite, and the normal laws of physics break down.

3. Relativity, General

"Space tells mass how to move" while "mass tells space how to curve" -- J.A. Wheeler. Einstein created this model, which describes gravity as curvature in space-time, the four-dimensional fabric of our universe. His theory is the best model for gravity so far, and has been confirmed in experiments and observations. According to the theory, regardless of one's point of view (as measured by speed and direction), physical law and the speed of light are unchanged. This implies that measurements made in time and space are not absolute, but relative to your particular point of view or reference frame. General relativity led to concepts and theories such as black hole, parallel universes, worm holes, and space-time.

4. DARK STARS

a starlike object which emits little or no visible light. Its existence is inferred from other evidence, such as the eclipsing of other stars.

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Travel INSIDE a Black Hole - Short Documentary

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Also check these INTERESTING Mind Blow Documentary TOP Secret Weapons That Only AMERICA HAS (MOST FEARED WEAPONS) # MIND BLOW https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdFpTg5BDd4 Worlds MOST FEARED DARPA Technology for US Military (Message to world) 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bmuWGeos2dw America Future Military Secrets Weapons #Mind Blow Full Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uacbyK2Wptw

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From being spaghettified to nothing, even light, escaping its grasp, we count 10 amazing facts about black holes. Subscribe (new video every day) - http://bit.ly/TopMediaYT Legal notes ---------- Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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1. How could there not have been something before the Big Bang?

2. What will the future of the universe be like?

3. How could the universe have been spatially infinite even at the Big Bang?

4. What did the dense matter soon after the Big Bang look like?

5. How far back in time can you see with a telescope?

6. What modifications to Big Bang cosmology have bee n made to account for all its problems?

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Science Journal

Penn State, Eberly College of Science

other links:

home.web.cern.ch/about/physics/early-universe

http://www.nature.com/nature/supplements/insights/universe/

www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=6676

https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1329024184

abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/cosmo/lectures/lec20.html

https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=video&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCcQtwIwAmoVChMIzqz73ZixyAIVTBqOCh3dPA4W&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fshows%2Fthe-universe%2Fvideos%2Freconstructing-the-big-bang&usg=AFQjCNFZr7nytx3Wzqd0hGzEzoYn_pBPsw&bvm=bv.104615367,d.c2E

www.space.com/24781-big-bang-theory-alternatives-infographic.html

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The data was collected from various sources, written and visual. Journals and research papers published by researchers in this field were referred to. Videos on sites like Youtube were watched.

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When did the elements for forming planets first form after the Big Bang?

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When did the elements for forming planets first form after the Big Bang?

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BY AMRITA

Within 1 billion years or less.

As astronomers continue to observe more distant galaxies, they are discovering that galaxies with 'solar abundances' seem to be still detectable even at redshifts near the limit of what they can spectroscopically study. Evidently, the first generation of massive stars to form a few ten's of millions of years after the Big Bang, were able to enrich the interstellar or intergalactic medium to nearly solar abundances very quickly. It would then have been possible to form the first planets within a few hundred million years after the Big Bang!

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Could the Big Bang have been the beginning of a black hole in an external universe?

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Could the Big Bang have been the beginning of a black hole in an external universe?

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BY SHREYA

The big problem is that black hole singularities are not of the same class as the one which produced our universe ( space-like versus time-like) so I would not expect a black hole in another spacetime to produce a universe. Still, people like Stephen Hawkings have speculated that black holes in our universe create universes. Physicist Lee Smolin even speculates that in some larger arena, our universe is similar to others because black holes only happen in universe like ours, and so these universes spawn others like them with very high efficiency.

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Did the Big Bang create everything in the Universe?

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Did the Big Bang create everything in the Universe?

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BY SHALINI

The law of conservation of energy prohibits the spontaneous formation from nothing. You cannot create or destroy energy or momentum. There is a finite amount of energy in the Universe that is always the same. If the Big Bang theory proposed that everything was created in an explosion, it would violate the most fundamental law of physics. The only reason science can even exist is if we make the assumption that the laws of physics are constant anywhere and everywhere at all times, and this is a quite reasonable assumption. There's no evidence of a period when the laws of physics were not in effect. However, it is impossible to say for sure, because our current physics does not take us back past 10⁻⁴³s after the big bang. In that small amount of time, virtually anything can happen.

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The target audience for the above questioner iare people with basic knowledge of astrobiology and also those who have an adept interest in astrobiological affairs.

The questioner would give us a fair idea of the amount of awareness regarding astrobiology in the society andthe efforts need to be taken to enhance knoweledge regarding astrobiology.

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Q1) What stops the asteroids in the asteroid belt and kuiper belt from acreting into giant planets?

Q2) You are sent to find dense and rocky planets. Where in the Solar System should you look?

Q3)What happened during Earth's "Dark Age," or the first 500 million years after it formed?

Q4) What causes climate to change – and how much can it change?

Q5) Are we alone, or is there life elsewhere in the universe?

Q6) Why do astrobiologists place so much emphasis on searching for life on Mars?

Q7) What is meant by an “Earth-like planet”?

Q8)How many Earth-like planets are there beyond our solar system?

Q9)Why don't you take a picture of one of those newly discovered planets to see if they have life?

Q10)Is the Curiosity Mars Rover searching for life on Mars?

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Space News - 2018 Articles About NASA and Space

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Get the latest news, articles and videos on space news, astronomy, space exploration, NASA, our solar system and the universe.

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Space News - 2018 Articles About NASA and Space

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Get the latest news, articles and videos on space news, astronomy, space exploration, NASA, our solar system and the universe.

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Astrobiology:A Brief Introduction s

Second Edition

By Kevin W. Plaxo

University Press, 2013).

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Astrobiology Web is an online guide to the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the Universe as well as all other aspects of space exploration.

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Astrobiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the origin, evolution, distribution and future of life across the universe. The journal s scope includes astrophysics, astropaleontology, bioastronomy, cosmochemistry, ecogenomics, exobiology, extremophiles, geomicrobiology, gravitational biology, life detection technology, meteoritics, origins of life, planetary geoscience, planetary protection, prebiotic chemistry, space exploration technology and terraforming. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2010 impact factor of 2.362.

Publisher

Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

History

2001-present

Website

http://www.liebertpub.com/publication.aspx?pub_id=99

Impact factor

2.362 (2010)

Some content from Wikipedia, licensed underCC BY-SA

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Phys.org - News and Articles on Science and Technology

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Astrobiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the origin, evolution, distribution and future of life across the universe. The journal s scope includes astrophysics, astropaleontology, bioastronomy, cosmochemistry, ecogenomics, exobiology, extremophiles, geomicrobiology, gravitational biology, life detection technology, meteoritics, origins of life, planetary geoscience, planetary protection, prebiotic chemistry, space exploration technology and terraforming.

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Astrobiology is the most-cited peer-reviewed journal dedicated to the understanding of life's origin, evolution, and distribution in the universe, with a focus on new findings and discoveries from interplanetary exploration and laboratory research.

Astrobiology coverage includes:

Astrophysics

Astropaleontology

Astroplanets

Bioastronomy

Cosmochemistry

Ecogenomics

Exobiology

Extremophiles

Geomicrobiology

Gravitational biology

Life detection technology

Meteoritics

Planetary geoscience

Planetary protection

Prebiotic chemistry

Space exploration technology

Terraforming

Astrobiology is under the editorial leadership of Editor-in-Chief Sherry L. Cady, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and other leading investigators. View the entire editorial board.

Audience: Microbiologists, chemists, geologists, life scientists, astronomers and astrophysicists, paleontologists, planetary scientists, among others.

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Astrobiology is the most-cited peer-reviewed journal dedicated to the understanding of life's origin, evolution, and distribution in the universe, with a focus on new findings and discoveries from interplanetary exploration and laboratory research.

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1) Gain insights as to how planets were formed and life came into being.

2) Searching for other life forms , by studying the conditions of the biological characteristics of various planets.

3) Finding planets where suitable habitable conditions can be found for human beings in the future

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The data was collected by referring to books on astrobiology, reading journals , watching educative videos on sites such as you tube and by going through sites dedicated to extensive research of astrobiology such as NASA etc.

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Extremophile - An organism adapted to life in extreme conditions.

Gas Giant - A massive planet such as Jupiter or Saturn composed mainly of gases with no solid surface

SETI - The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. SETI projects aim to detect radio or other signals from advanced civilizations elsewhere in the galaxy. dwarf planets. SETI projects aim to detect radio or other signals from advanced civilizations elsewhere in the galaxy.

DWARF PLANETS. They have irrgeular shapes as they are not large enough for gravity to cause a spherical shape. .
Super Earth - An extrasolar planet with a mass of less than about 10 earth masses which is likely to be a rocky or terrestial planet. Gas Giants. Thermophile - An organism adapted to life at high temperatures.

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Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity Rover Animation

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Grace Wolf Chase Career Girls Role Model

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NASA & Astronomy , Theology & Conspiracy

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XQM/NASA Video Series: 1) Astrobiology Introduction

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Spurred by more than five decades of research, NASA scientists are developing new technologies that are dramatically expanding our ability to explore our solar system. With the end of the space shuttle program, the search for life in the universe has become NASA's primary focus.

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What is the best evidence for the existence of black holes? Is it all really just a theory?

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What is the best evidence for the existence of black holes? Is it all really just a theory?

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BY MANSI

Astronomers have found a half-dozen or so binary star systems (two stars orbiting each other) where one of the stars is invisible, yet must be there since it pulls with enough gravitational force on the other visible star to make that star orbit around their common center of gravity AND the mass of the invisible star is considerably greater than 3 to 5 solar masses. Therefore these invisible stars are thought to be good candidate black holes. There is also evidence that supermassive black holes (about 1 billion solar masses) exist at the centers of many galaxies and quasars. In this latter case other explanations of the output of energy by quasars are not as good as the explanation using a supermassive black hole. (You see, when matter falls in a gravitational field, its speed and therefore energy, increases. If lots of matter is falling in at the same time, and swirling around the black hole in a disk resembling a traffic jam in a cul-de-sac, then friction between the various pieces of matter will turn much of that speed-energy picked up during the fall into heat, which than gets radiated away. In this way, the matter surrounding a supermassive black hole can radiate more energy per gram of fuel than can be released by any other mechanism we know, including nuclear fusion.)

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BY AMRITA

Stellar-mass black holes are typically in the range of 10 to 100 solar masses, while the supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies can be millions or billions of solar masses. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A*, is 4.3 million solar masses.

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Can you see a black hole? What does a black hole look like?

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Can you see a black hole? What does a black hole look like?

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BY SHALINI

Not directly. Nothing, not even light can escape from a black hole.

On the other hand, you can see some of the fireworks going on near a black hole. As gas falls into a black hole (perhaps coming from a nearby star), the gas will heat up and glow, becoming visible. Typically, not only visible light, but also more energetic photons like X-rays will be emitted by the gas. What we would expect to see (if our telescopes could "zoom-in" enough) would be a glowing rotating disk of material, with the black hole down a the center of the disk. See the above answers

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If there could be life on other planets.which planets could or couldn't we live on 

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If there could be life on other planets.which planets could or couldn't we live on 

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BY SHREYA

We will leave out the gas giants because there are no surfaces for us to live on. If there is any life, it is likely to be below the surface of Mars or below the surfaces of several Jovian moons where liquid water might exist. In no case could we just go there and live: extremely thin atmosphere (or no atmospheres) and cold. Other than that, we could, with protection, live just about anywhere (probably not Venus). On Earth, we can live underwater, and we have people living on the Space Station where there is no atmosphere. So, we could live on the Moon (best to be underground to be protected from meteoroids and solar flares) and on Mars, but, again, only with protection and a way to supply ourselves for living there (air, food, water, and power).

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With the discoveries of organisms using sulfur as a source of energy, can forms of life be out there that don’t depend on water?

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With the discoveries of organisms using sulfur as a source of energy, can forms of life be out there that don’t depend on water?

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BY AMRITA

As in all life forms found so far on Earth, the bacteria that use sulfur compounds in their metabolism still use water as the basic solvent (i.e. the fluid medium in which biochemicals are dissolved and thus allowed to interact). There have been speculations about other possible bio-solvents like ammonia, methane, or ethane. Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, has an atmosphere of nitrogen, methane, and ethane, and (presumably) lots of organic materials on the surface. Under these conditions, it has been speculated that ethane-based life might arise.

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How does astrobiology differ from exobioloy?

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How does astrobiology differ from exobioloy?

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BY MANSI

Exobiology is considered with life only external to earth while astrobiology takes account of life on earth and elsewhere.

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Black holes are some of the strangest and most fascinating objects found in outer space. They are objects of extreme density, with such strong gravitational attraction that even light cannot escape from their grasp if it comes near enough.

Albert Einstein first predicted black holes in 1916 with his general theory of relativity. The term "black hole" was coined in 1967 by American astronomer John Wheeler, and the first one was discovered in 1971.

The link of articles- http://www.storybehindthescience.org/pdf/blackholes.pdf

http://m.space.com/24454-stephen-hawking-black-hole-theory.html

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Dark matter is invisible. Dark matter is a hypothetical kind of matter that cannot be seen with telescopes but would account for most of the matter in the universe. The existence and properties of dark matter are inferred from  its gravitational effects on visible matter, on radiation, and on the large-scale structure of the universe. Dark matter has not been detected directly, making it one of the greatest mysteries in modern astrophysics. Dark energy is an unknown form of energy which is hypothesized to permeate all of space, tending to accelerate the expansion of the universe.

following are the links:-

http://www.123helpme.com/dark-matter-view.asp?id=153324

http://global.jaxa.jp/article/interview/vol22/p2_e.html

https://thescienceclassroom.wikispaces.com/Dark+Energy+%26+Dark+Matter

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The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution. The model accounts for the fact that the universe expanded from a very high density and high temperature state. after the initial expansion, the universe cooled suffciently to favour the formation of subatomic particles. giant clouds of these primordial element later coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies.

following are the links:

http://science.psu.edu/sciencejournal/archives/june-2013/features/discovering-the-very-early-universe-the-big-bounce-and-dark-energy

http://www.hawking.org.uk/the-origin-of-the-universe.html

https://www.ted.com/talks/david_christian_big_history?language=en

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Astrobiology is the study of life within the universe. Astrobiologists search for life outside earth ,how life forms and develops. Life on earth in extreme conditions and other habitable conditions on other planets and stars form a large part of their study. A close synonym of astrobiology is exobiology which is concerned with life external to earth. Another term which is often used is xenobiology which deals with biology based on foreign or extraterrestrial origin . Current studies on mars search for evidence of ancient life. Estimates of habitable zones on earth or elsewhere may provide us with new insights and the knowledge of other habitable places in the universe.

https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/

http://www.astrobiology.com/