# data[].attributes.body
This website below explains accommodations at the Smithsonian for the visually impaired.  I remember learning about the program that can locate where you are in the museum from an app from of my earlier classes. I feel that the social model brought this about as it is a proponent of public reform and accommodation.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Starting this spring, Smithsonian visitors who are blind or have low vision can access a groundbreaking technology that uses their smartphone cameras or special glasses to get free on-demand verbal descriptions of everything from individual objects to entire exhibitions from sighted agents. The Aira technology is available at all Smithsonian museums in Washington, D.C., and the National Zoo. The new service is provided by Access Smithsonian, which oversees accessibility and inclusion activities for Smithsonian visitors.

"For far too long, museum visitors with vision loss have depended on accompanying friends and family to help them navigate around museums," said Beth Ziebarth, director of Access Smithsonian. "Now, with the touch of a button, visitors have instant access that not only helps them engage with the museum but also increases their mobility and independence. In the words of one recent user, 'This revolutionizes the way people with vision loss experience museums.'"

Visitors can access Aira in two ways: by downloading the app to their iPhone or Android smartphone or by using their personal Aira smart glasses-at no cost to the user. In both cases, through artificial intelligence and augmented reality, visitors will be connected to highly trained sighted live agents who can see from their remote location what is in front of or near the user. The agent then helps the visitor navigate the museum.

For instance, in the National Museum of American History, live agents can guide visitors to specific objects, such as the Ruby Slippers; specific exhibitions, such as "The First Ladies" and the Star-Spangled Banner Gallery; as well as restrooms, cafés and museum stores. Ongoing services and materials for visitors who are blind or have low vision will continue to be available, including Braille and large-print brochures and docent-led verbal-description tours. In addition, talking tactile floor plans will soon be installed in the National Museum of American History.

About Access Smithsonian

Established in 1991, Access Smithsonian believes the Smithsonian's exhibitions, programming and content should be inclusive, integrated, independent and dignified. The office is charged with ensuring that all visitors, including people with disabilities, are able to benefit from and have access to what the Smithsonian offers in its buildings, collections and programs. Through collaborations with Smithsonian museums, Access Smithsonian improves access to existing resources and helps design new programs, exhibits and buildings that are accessible to all. Signature programs include Morning at the Museum, designed for youth with sensory-processing disorders and other brain-based disabilities; See Me, for people with Alzheimer's and their caregivers; and Project SEARCH, a 10-month internship-to-job training program for young adults with intellectual disabilities. For information, visit www.si.edu/visit/VisitorsWithDisabilities.

About Aira

AI stands for Artificial Intelligence; RA stands for Remote Assistance. When you put them together, you get Aira. Aira is a service that connects people who are blind or have low vision to highly trained, remotely located agents. At the touch of a button, Aira delivers instant access to information, enhancing everyday efficiency, engagement and independence.

# # #

SI-85A-2019

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Smithsonian Visitors With Vision Loss Benefit From Innovative Technology

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Starting this spring, Smithsonian visitors who are blind or have low vision can access a groundbreaking technology that uses their smartphone cameras or special glasses to get free on-demand verbal descriptions of everything from individual objects to entire exhibitions from sighted agents. The Aira technology is available at all Smithsonian museums in Washington, D.C., and the National Zoo.

# data[].attributes.body
The image below displays the audacity and simple lack that our society has towards the disability community. Also, the image shows the simplicity of the social model aspect being completely looked over!

# data[].attributes.body
This image displays the lack of accessibility individuals with disabilities face. In this image specifically, the individual is unable to get upstairs due to there only being stairs to go up. Society has emplaced these barriers, making it difficult for individuals with disabilities to take part in society.

# data[].attributes.body
The image below displays a doctor 'lecturing' a young boy in a wheelchair on how the 'handicapped' need to learn to cope with being 'less human'. The young boy is pulling up on the doctor's lab coat looking at his 🤬, as his mother exclaims that the young boy has never seen anyone talk out their 🤬 before. This meme feeds into the idea of individuals with disabilities being viewed as the issue instead of the society. The doctor is lecturing the boy on why his disability is the issue and he must accept it.

# data[].attributes.body
This image depicts how in the 18 and 1900s people believed that your morality could affect your physical health/ your offsprings'

# data[].attributes.body
This picture shows how its important to take a step back and view a person's enviornment/surroundings but also taking into account their mental state

# data[].attributes.body
This comic shows how people's disability / impairment is primarly seen from a textbook/diagnostic view point , without the person's holisitic case background

# data[].attributes.body
In the past disability was seen in a negative lights, and people with disabilities were thought as evil or having a disability as a result of wrong doing in a past life

# data[].attributes.body
This picture shows how with the use of assistive devices in the workplace this visually impaired individual is able to work. She is capable when we modify the environment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds.

Images
Utilizing Affordable Assistive Technology in the Workplace ...

lighthousesonmagmile.com

Images may be subject to copyright.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds. Images Utilizing Affordable Assistive Technology in the Workplace ... lighthousesonmagmile.com Images may be subject to copyright.

# data[].attributes.body
Comic shows how medical is not collaborative and doctors are the expert in "fixing" the disability with no input from the individual who lives with the disability

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this comic for the medical model because it focuses on how the hospital funding costs does not necessarily "treat" patients, but more like "match them up". Meaning that they bond the patients together instead of focusing on each individual's impairment.

# data[].attributes.body
This explanation of the moral model backs up what we learned for this week in terms of believing that disability is some sort of religious or superstitious punishment, again putting the issue on the disability.

# data[].attributes.body
This quote from Mohamed Jemni discusses the idea that the social model addresses, which is that the problem is with the inaccessiblity for the disability community and societal stereotypes.

# data[].attributes.body
In the comic, the man with the speech bubble is saying how their disability is the issue, and is some performative, due to not listening to the societal barriers and just dumping "resources" and expecting to "fix the problem"

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this image because it is representing that God is sending a message or a moral lesson to the parent of the child with a disability.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this image because it perpetrates how our society uses the term "disabled" instead of "disabled people" or "people with disabilities". This enforces that the disabled community is seen as a separate group.

# data[].attributes.body
The assumption that disabilities are fixated under the perspective of religion. Giving a reason that God purposely chose a family to have a child with disabilities.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this image because it focuses on fixing the impairment and does not recognize the individual. The emphasis is on finding a cure.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this image because it shows how it is external factors that make a difference towards one's life and how they should be modified to be inclusive.

# data[].attributes.body
For years the movie theaters did not provide any type of accommodations to those with disabilities (Deaf/deaf/Blindness). Theaters now offer closed captioning for those that are D/deaf, making watching movies a bit more accessible. As the social model emphasizes making the environment around people with disabilities more accommodating instead of trying to cure the disability.

# data[].attributes.body
Source: https://medium.com/@lora.rowan/disability-cfe44a40baaf

I chose this article because it represented how spectators develop a "savior" complex when they are interacting with people with disabilities.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this picture because it represents the way that there needs to be change in order to minimize any types of barriers.

# data[].attributes.body
This image represents the moral/spiritual model because it appears that it is showing the concept that a disability is given to an individual by a higher power.

# data[].attributes.body
Amniocentesis is a test that is offered to expecting mothers/individuals to be able to identify/diagnose any chromosomal condition(s). This gives those expecting the options to have the baby, terminate pregnancy or choose adoption.

- There is then further process onto procedures to try and precent these conditions. These techniques also emphasize the stigma of having a child with disabilities in the medical field- revolving preventing and/or curing disability like the Medical Model.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this picture for the medical model because they see disability as a problem of the individual  and are focused on fixing it. In the picture the doctor is saying he can fix a person who is impaired.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
I Know My Body - The Problem With The Medical Model Of Disability

# data[].attributes.body
I found this article discussing how the bible portrays disability as a curse and lists various disabilities that are discussed within the bible.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
ISSN: 2159-8371 Print ISSN: 1041-5718 Published by The Ohio State University Libraries If you encounter problems with the site or have comments to offer, including any access difficulty due to incompatibility with adaptive technology, please contact libkbhelp@lists.osu.edu.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this photo because it explains the social model an extremely simple way. Instead of providing solutions for those with disabilities, they are instead told that they are the problem and they need to change to fit the “norm.”
Since it’s blurry here’s what the photo says from left to right:
“you’re going to have to change to fit into the system.”
“or how about you change the system so we can all fit?”

# data[].attributes.body
“The medical model looks at what is 'wrong' with the person, not what the person needs.”

# data[].attributes.body
I have a picture of one of the many inaccessible CTA stations. The mainstream assumptions would blame disabled people for not being able to even certain stations, but the social model would explain that the environments of the stations must change to allow all people to be able to access public transportation.

# data[].attributes.body
I choose the logo for Autism Speaks as an example of the medical model. Autism Speaks focusses on ablest assumptions and fear-mongering ads/programs to "cure" Autistic people and say that they do not have a quality of life. They try to use medical authority and false scientific research to justify abusive treatments.

# data[].attributes.body
I choose this simple cartoon to represent the moral/spiritual model of disability. The person with a disability is being told by someone that if they were more "righteous" or more religious that they would be able to walk again.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this picture because the Moral/Spiritual model of Disability associates disabilities with evil spirits and that the individual is disabled because of their own wrong doing and sins. I chose an exorcism picture because just like exorcisms the spiritual model relies on the help of prayer as an intervention to disability.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose the the ADA Compliant picture because I feel that the ADA (Americans Disabilities Act) is a perfect representation of the Social Model. Specifically the ADA's laws that requires accessible buildings and accommodations for individuals with disabilities so that they can enjoy the same luxuries as individuals who do not have disabilities.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this comic because the medical model focuses on trying to fix the individual and infers that an individual with a disability is inferior. In the comic you see the sign displaying that they are training people how to stop upsetting others with their disability, and the lady's response is very appropriate because why lower her standards to be like the "normal" people.

# data[].attributes.body
This is an article that I found where a parent killed their child because of their disability. This is seen more often than we expect.

# data[].attributes.body
This picture to me describes the social model of disability. Social model is described as viewing society as the problem instead of the person with disabilities. The picture below shows a human who uses a wheelchair as unable to enter the polling stations because of accessibility.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this picture because I believe it accurately describes the medical model. Medical model views people with disabilities as a problem that needs to be fixed. The picture shows a human inside a circle with arrows pointing to them as a problem. They are being viewed as an object that needs to be cured in order to be seen as normal in society.

# data[].attributes.body
I thought this was a great example of the medical model because it shows the person with a disability in a glass case being examined/ showcased by medical professionals. There's gloves to physically examine the person within the case as well. The bubble says, "You know, sometimes Professor, I swear he understands everything we say!" As if people with disabilities aren't people, but specimens to show off and examine for others' medical benefits.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7HRnXxY_go
**Content may be overwhelming for some!**
I've copied a URL to a video of how people who live with mental illnesses in Ghana are treated. This video was introduced to me in a previous DHD class and it demonstrates the idea of the spiritual model because a lot of villages in Ghana believe that spiritual healing will "cure" mental illness.

# data[].attributes.body
This short clip shows the social model because it demonstrates how there are only stairs are an option for the women to get to the next level. Although she seems happy, to have a ramp, would be more accessible and inclusive for her and other people. It would at least provide a second option if she chooses to use it as opposed to forcing her to lift herself up multiple stairs.

# data[].attributes.body
This cartoon shows the social model of disability very well. It shows that society is what is disabling. The system only allows and accommodates for those who are "normal". The issue is not the person's impairment, it is based on societies actions.

# data[].attributes.body
This article describes a movie called "The Exorcism of Emily Rose". It is about a teenage girl with epilepsy who has an exorcism performed on her to try and cure her or her sin. She later dies from complication of this exorcism. This is the spiritual model because she believed that she could cleanse herself of her sin and disability.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Exorcism of Emily Rose, 2005. [Film]. Scott Derrickson (writer/director) & Paul Harris Boardman (writer). Screen Gems release. 114 minutes. DVD released December 20, 2005.

Reviewed by David Church, independent scholar

The Exorcism of Emily Rose is a horror film/courtroom drama about a pious teenage girl (Jennifer Carpenter) with epilepsy who believes herself demonically possessed. Emily's health is placed in the hands of Father Moore (Tom Wilkinson), a priest who attempts an exorcism, but she later dies from malnourishment and self-inflicted injuries, having convinced herself of her own martyrdom. Moore is placed on trial for negligent homicide, defended by ambitious lawyer Erin Bruner (Laura Linney), an agnostic who becomes less skeptical as the trial progresses, arguing that the possible existence of the supernatural is grounds enough for acquittal. The plot is based upon the actual death of a young German woman with epilepsy under similar circumstances during the early 1970's, and the court convictions that followed (see Goodman, 1981).

Clover (1992) categorizes the "occult film" as a dual focus narrative concerning a female character as portal to possession (a penetrability coded as feminine), but more importantly, a male character (representing Western science/rationality) in crisis who must "open up" (i.e., become feminized) to the possibility of supernatural acts. (Although that typically "male" role is here filled by the female lawyer Erin, she is coded male through her initial allegiance to science/rationality and her ascension in a profession traditionally reserved for men, so a spiritual feminization is but a short step from her already feminine body.) If White Science (masculine) does not yield to Black Magic (feminine), then all is lost-and this opposition is often expressed in racial, class, and gender terms, "the most basic social tensions of our time" (p. 66-67). Although Clover uses psychoanalysis to theorize cross-gender identification, basic aspects of her categorization are applicable to disability since feminism and the disability movement are similarly based on fighting prejudices springing from bodily difference in a society that equates superiority/ability with masculinity and inferiority/disability with femininity.

Just as Clover notes that the female body in occult films is put to a formal trial (usually various medical tests) to give evidence of supernatural forces that science cannot cure (p. 82-83), Emily's disabled body is analyzed by different doctors who later testify in court that she had a physical and mental condition which made her unable to care for herself. Though a possible epileptic focus was found in her temporal lobe, Moore's defense hinges on whether grand mal epilepsy could cause Emily's more "psychotic" symptoms (despite a history of mental illness in her family). Moore had been contacted after Emily did not respond to an anti-epilepsy drug-though persons with epilepsy are often prescribed numerous medications before seizures are finally, if ever, controlled (a fact that the film conveniently ignores). The failure of Emily's subsequent exorcism is even blamed on that same drug for somehow blocking the psychic excitation necessary for the ritual's success. Just as medical science fails to provide a logical explanation or cure in occult films, the disabled body by definition cannot be "cured" (despite the medical model's relentless attempts to do so); like the supernatural, impairment lies outside the curative capacities of science, continually disavowed and misunderstood as abnormal.

If the "male" axis (i.e., spiritual conversion, occupied here by Erin) in occult films is more important than the female possession itself, as Clover argues, it is because that viewpoint allows objectification of the impaired body by a clinical gaze (e.g., retrospectively examining Emily's case in a postmortem trial), regarding a woman's incurability as tragic. However, "opening up" to supernatural explanations does not correspond with a positive revision of the medical model's naiveté about "curing" impairment. Medical treatment for impairments-treatment that could have potentially helped Emily, even if the medical model negatively saw her condition as curable-was rejected in favor of religious superstition, which in Emily's case proved fatal.

Though scientific progress (regardless of the medical model) can greatly improve the lives of persons with disabilities, the film's sympathies largely reject science (e.g., the anti-epilepsy drug is blamed for blocking the attempted exorcism) and fall back upon the same religious paradigm that Emily, the product of a Christian fundamentalist upbringing, had internalized. Science finally wins in the courtroom and Moore is convicted because there is no conclusive evidence that epilepsy and other mental disorders were not to blame for Emily's behavior. The demonic visions and extreme sensations depicted in the film are not uncommon in persons with schizophrenia (who often express paranoia in religious terms) and temporal lobe epilepsy can induce schizophrenia-like symptoms. Writer/director Derrickson is a Christian wishing to encourage discussion about spirituality (see Overstreet, 2005), but he does not acknowledge the archaic belief (present within the Bible) that epilepsy signified demonic possession. While this may have been to avoid controversy from disability groups, the film's elevation of superstition over science nonetheless implies that epilepsy and other mental disorders could possibly be caused by supernatural forces, evoking a misperception of these stigmatized conditions that has no place in our modern age.
References
Clover, C. J. (1992). Men, women, and chainsaws: Gender in the modern horror film. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Goodman, F. D. (1981). The exorcism of Anneliese Michel. New York: Doubleday.

Overstreet, J. (2005, Summer). Do you believe in demons? Response, 28(2). Viewed online September 28, 2005 at: http://www.spu.edu/depts/uc/response/summer2k5/bookfilm/EmilyRose.asp

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Exorcism of Emily Rose | Church | Disability Studies Quarterly

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Exorcism of Emily Rose, 2005. [Film]. Scott Derrickson (writer/director) & Paul Harris Boardman (writer). Screen Gems release. 114 minutes. DVD released December 20, 2005. Reviewed by David Church, independent scholar The Exorcism of Emily Rose is a horror film/courtroom drama about a pious teenage girl (Jennifer Carpenter) with epilepsy who believes herself demonically possessed.

# data[].attributes.body
The Medical Model of disability is an ideal that the disability is a problem with the individual and that it should be cured. We discussed in lecture about how this connects to the "medical gaze". In this cartoon, the individual in a wheelchair is being gazed at and seen as less than by the medical professionals.

# data[].attributes.body
(Not only is this meme horrible but...) The way the social model can be applied here is that society and environment are disabling her in two ways. The shelfs aren't accessible nor employees are around to help and society commentary is making fun/belittling her disability because of negative attitudes about faking disability and disabilities.

# data[].attributes.body
Traditionally when the medical model is used, it pushes the idea that disabled people must be cured or able to function like "others normally do" to be accepted. This meme is reinforcing ABA as a positive practice by assuring that behavior presented by autistic children will be fixed with that method.

# data[].attributes.body
In the article the author states that they have felt discomfort and "faulty" when other Christians randomly go up them to pray they "get better". The moral/spiritual model plays a role because people from this specific religion believe that disability can be cured by enough prayer and not losing "sight" of God.

# data[].attributes.body
The moral/spiritual model believes that disabilities are a result of sins or bad behavior. It is a sort of punishment and it can be "healed" through the power of praying and the church

# data[].attributes.body
The medical model sees disabilities as a problem of the individual. It's the blind person's fault that he did not see the "accessible voting" sign.

# data[].attributes.body
The social model believes that society and the environment create disabilities and barriers. The barrier are the stairs that is not allowing the boy access to the upper level.

# data[].attributes.body
Museum of Special Art collaborating with disabled artists to create the "United We Stand Exhibition."

# data[].attributes.body
Writers reflecting on disability through a religious Bible verse in The Atlantic

# data[].attributes.body
Disability being advertised as pathology by PETA.