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Push and Pull factors for Scottish Immigrants

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Push and Pull factors for Scottish Immigrants

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Push Factors: the Cromwellion War began,
poverty
Pull Factors: fresh start, better farming land

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Instead of St. Patrick's Day, Scottish people also celebrate St. Andrew's Day.

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Alexander Graham Bell and Samuel Peirpont Langley built the first machine capable of flight

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I learned that my ancestors, the Campbells, were enemies with the McDougal family for years. They would fight and kill each other often. The McDougal family also had a prayer that was supposed to curse the Campbells to the end of their days. I also had royalty in my family. Two earls in my family ruled Argyll, Scotland. My first relative that came to America, John Campbell, came to America in 1885. Another thing that I learned was that Scotland was actually a Democracy. I also didn't that Scotland had their own language. Scotland's national monument was a big disappointment to the Scottish people. The monument was supposed to be finished  in the 1830s, but construction was halted and was never continued. I also know that Scotland had so many different holidays. Such as January 2nd, Spring Bank Holiday, and St. Andrew's Day. St. Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland. The Scottish flag's cross in the middle was based of of St. Andrew's cross. I have learned and am still learning so much about Scottish culture.

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1. Preheat the oven to 300°F. Lightly grease two round 9" cake pans. If you worry about the shortbread possibly sticking in your particular pans, line them with parchment, and grease the parchment.

2. In a medium-sized bowl, beat together the butter, sugar, vanilla, and almond extract, then beat in the flour. The mixture may seem a little dry at first; keep beating till it comes together. If it absolutely won't come together, dribble in up to 1 tablespoon of water, until it does. This is a stiff dough.

3. Divide the dough in half (if you have a scale, each half will weigh about 10 1/2 ounces), and press each half into one of the prepared pans, smoothing the surface with your fingers, or with a mini rolling pin.

4. Use a fork to prick the dough all over; this allows any steam to escape, and prevents the shortbread from bubbling as it bakes. Prick the dough in a random pattern, but it looks nicer pricked with some kind of symmetry.

5. Bake the shortbread until it's a light golden brown across the top surface, and a deeper golden brown around the edges, about 35 minutes.

6. Remove it from the oven, and immediately turn each shortbread round out onto a clean work surface.

7. Using a pizza wheel or sharp knife, cut each round into 12 wedges. (Do this while the shortbread is still warm; if you wait until it's cool, it won't cut easily.) Transfer the shortbread wedges to a rack to cool.

8. Serve as is, or decorate. Here are a few suggestions:
Drizzle with melted caramel;
Spread with melted chocolate, and sprinkle with nuts;
Set aside two shortbread cookies, and spread the remainder of the cookies with a thick layer of jam or preserves. Crumble the reserved cookies, and sprinkle the crumbs lightly over the jam.

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1 cup (2 sticks) salted butter, at cool room temperature*

1 cup confectioners' sugar

2 teaspoons vanilla extract

1/4 teaspoon almond extract, optional, or the flavor of your choice; eggnog flavor makes a delicious holiday shortbread

2 cups King Arthur Unbleached All-Purpose Flour

*Since butter is such a critical element in these cookies, we recommend you use a top-quality butter. Our test-kitchen choice is Cabot.

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The Catholic scottish people use a first communion as a rite of passage. A first communion is when a child gets his/her first Eucharist. A Eucharist is a ceremony commemorating the last supper where bread and wine is consumed.

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John Campbell

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1 Pound Sterling = 1.25 dollars

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The Scottish people choose their government.

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Construction begins - 1826

Left unfinished - 1829

Nicknames include: Scotland's Disgrace, The Pride and Poverty of Scotland, Edinburgh's Folly, etc.

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Dè tha thu dìreach a 'leughadh' S e na h-Alba seantans.

Translation

What you just read is a Scottish sentence.

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First Minister - Nicola Sturgeon

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Scotland