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Consequences of the sugar revolution. Retrieve on the 14th April, 2017.

https://www.slideshare.net/kareemjacobs50/cxc-history-school-based-assesment

Economic and Labor situation after Emancipation. Retrieve on the 12th April, 2017.

https://missmango5.wikispaces.com/1a.+Economic+and+Labour+situation+after+Emancipation

The experience of Indian Indenture in Trinidad: Arrival and settlement. Retrieve on the 12th April, 2017.

http://www.caribbean-atlas.com/en/themes/waves-of-colonization-and-control-in-the-caribbean/waves-of-colonization/the-experience-of-indian-indenture-in-trinidad-arrival-and-settlement.html

The Immigration of Indians in the 19th Century. Retrieve on the 12th April, 2017.

https://bigbuddysociety.net/essays/the-immigration-of-indians-in-the-19th-century/

Turner, Mary. Slaves and missionaries: the disintegration of Jamaican slave society, 1787-1834. Barbados: Press U of the West Indies, 1999.  Print.

Whitehead, Neil L. "Carib cannibalism. The historical evidence." Journal de la Société des Américanistes 70.1 (1984): 69-87. Web. Retrieve on the 18 of April: http://www.garifuna.com

Why did sugar become the dominant crop in the Caribbean in the late seventeenth century? Retrieve on the 17th April, 2017.
http://www.markedbyteachers.com/as-and-a-level/history/why-did-sugar-become-the-dominant-crop-in-the-caribbean-in-the-late-seventeenth-century.html

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The relationship between religion and education in the Caribbean

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The relationship between religion and education in the Caribbean

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Religion and education is closely linked in the Caribbean. Sunday schools were the first system of education in the Caribbean. It was intended to provide moral instruction and education to the neo-Indians and later the slaves on the plantation. Sunday schools were moreover, seen as preserves of the Christianity religion. After, the abolition slavery the missionaries were entrusted to established education system.  The missionaries created primary education throughout the Caribbean.

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To what extent is Religion a form of social control?

Religion was one of the main form of social control in Caribbean on the plantation during slavery. During the early period of slavery missionaries were used to socialize the slave in proper moral values.  Mary Turner in her book, The Missionaries and the Slaves, posits that missionaries working on the plantation attempted to use religion legitimize slavery and control the slaves. This in turn allowed the planters to consolidate power in the society.  Furthermore, Christianity insisted on obedient to masters and salvation after death. In order, to make sure that the slaves receive religious instructions the missionaries use Sunday school setting. It is throw this process that the missionaries began to expand school by building rooms teach slaves how to read and write using the bible as a deliberate attempt to form a more civilized and spiritual society.  The Europeans settlers ensured that churches were built in every section of the society.

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Indians decided to stay in the Caribbean after indenture

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Indians decided to stay in the Caribbean after indenture

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The main reasons some Indians who decided to stay in the Caribbean after indenture ship was because of a major pull and push factor back in their home land. High unemployment and hardship in their land caused them to remain in the Caribbean. After spending a significant time in the Caribbean they were awarded with land grants. This would allow them to own land and was still able to work the sugar crops when needed.

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Indentured Indians was brought to the Caribbean in the nineteenth century.

Yes, it was necessary for this to happen. After emancipation plantation owners needed to find new means of maintaining their plantation crop (sugar). Indentured Indians was another cheap way of getting this done, due to pull and push factor happening back in their homeland. Also because of the climate in which these indentured Indians came from allowed them to adopt well to the climate in the Caribbean. They were seen as the solution to the plantation labor problem.

This was so because after emancipation freed Africans who now considered themselves as ex-slave fled from the estate because they associated being there with slavery and cruelty. Another reason is that they now had desire for personal liberty and land ownership. Another reason was that some ex-slaves stayed and work but due to the low wages they also fled from the estate. These ex-slave also desire to have an education as it would help to free them from the bondage from the soil, for them a having an education means having a better life.

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The impact of sugar on Caribbean Identity 

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The impact of sugar on Caribbean Identity 

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Sugar impacted the social, political and economic life of the Caribbean in many ways. When it came to the economic life, the change from tobacco to sugar meant a change in the economic structure where there were a corresponding change in the labor supply. Sugar required large plantations and hordes of cheap labor to maintain the crop. Also as the rise of sugar continues it significantly displace small farmers.

Politically, as the wealth started to be generated from the Caribbean, the governance structure was adjusted. Governors were sent with specific instructions to rule over the colonies to ensure their wealth would continue to be reaped, thus causing much hardship on the slaves that was working the crops.

Socially, one of the major impact was the horde of slave that was brought in to work the crop. This change caused a great social change in the ratio of the number of white to blacks, eventually the social status became dominated by colors. This was due to the necessity of workers needed to sustain the maintenance of the sugar crop and slaves from Africa was the cheapest route for them.

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Sugar which was also known as “white gold” became the crop of choice in the Caribbean, because other products had proved unprofitable. Sugar was not the first alternative crop to be tried. When tobacco prices had first fallen in 1630, some growers had turned to cotton. However, the markets for cotton were unstable and so many settlers had started to produce it, that it soon became as unprofitable as tobacco, thus making sugar the dominant crop to be grown in the Caribbean. The forces which brought about the change from tobacco to sugar all came together about 1640. Tobacco, the crop on which the economy of the Lesser Antilles was founded, started to decline as a result of competition from Virginia tobacco.

Sugar came along at the right time to take the place of tobacco. Another market force at work was the rising demand for sugar in Europe. After the colonization of India and the Far East, coffee and tea were becoming increasingly popular in Europe and hence the demand for sugar as a sweetener for these drinks. Another reason why it became dominant was because sugar had to be grown in a tropical or sub-tropical climate and the West Indian islands were favorably situated for its growth.

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I agreed with the phrase “It was a deliberate attempt by the Europeans to label the Kalinago people of the Caribbean as cannibals”. Whitehead (2017) was also in agreement with this statement . The idea of cannibalism first came about by Christopher Columbus then followed by other historians. Christopher Columbus accused these Caribs of been cannibals as a way to justify this violent and destructive attack on these people. Many Archaeologists have been trying to prove whether the Europeans accusation were right about these people or was it a myth?  As a result they dug up Middens which is known today as rubbish heaps to discover the diet of these people and there is still not evidence that these people were cannibals.

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The garifuna or black Carib people came into existence by the intermarriage of the Amerindians (Caribs) people with the west African slaves. This mixing of race occurs after the sinking of two Spanish ships near St Vincent in the 1635. The enslaves who were on the ship escaped and went to live among the Amerindian people. Later, these two different races of people came together as one in terms of their culture. This is also evidence in their music, dance, language, food and religious practices were their main legacy. All these were a combination of both the West African and Amerindians culture.

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Garifuna Carib Indian South America Belize Native American Caribbean History

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Identity is referred to as a condition or character that distinguishes a person or a thing. As African slaves were they able to holds on to their identity they were black and Africans. In our opinion the Africans were ripped from their homeland and brought into a "new world" to live under the rule of the white man, who believed that they were inferior and whom they viewed as an oppressor. Thus making it hard for them to maintain that identity. However it of our beliefs that African people, the slaves as the white man called them though they struggled to hold their identity through the brutal and fatal assault form the Europeans they still was able to hold on to their identity.

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To understand and define Caribbean Identity" and the impact on the following:
Religion
Education
Music and festivals
Slavery
Sugar Revolution

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At the beginning of our journey as students for Caribbean Civilization we were skeptical yet eager to see what knowledge we can gain from the course.

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This portfolio reflect in our opinion why in which the Caribbean can be identified and our personal view on its identity throughout this course, we have gained a great knowledge on Caribbean identity on a whole. Throughout the portfolio each reflection show individual and group opinions on different factor and issues that came up in Caribbean identity.