# data[].attributes.body
Natural disasters are becoming more and more prominent in this time of climate change. The most frequent of all are flooding which happens to many cities throughout the world. Cities face many challenges to address disasters, and with cities that are fast rising yet also economically lagging solving the disaster challenge may prove difficult. A coalition of the civil society organizations - residents, academics, private organizations, NGOs - that work together with the government in bringing knowledge on disasters and new disaster management projects will capacitate the citizens into becoming more resilient.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The world's most popular and easy to use comic and storyboard creator.

# data[].attributes.headline
Burundi Clean Power Facility - Fostering a local market for renewable energy

# data[].attributes.subject
Burundi Clean Power Facility - Fostering a local market for renewable energy

# data[].attributes.body
The Burundi Clean Power Facility (BCPF) aims to foster the development of a vibrant and sustainable local market for renewable energy in Burundi. The BCPF is funded through the International Development Association Private Sector Window (PSW).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
Financing for Development course final project: BURUNDI CLEAN POWER FACILITY (BCPF) ​FOSTERING A LOCAL MARKET FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Financing for Development course final project: BURUNDI CLEAN POWER FACILITY (BCPF) ​FOSTERING A LOCAL MARKET FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Clean and affordable energy is urgently needed for powering sustainable development in Burundi and addressing the current severe power shortage . This small land-locked East African state is among...

# data[].attributes.headline
Financing For Development (FFD) course by the World Bank. Presentatation on My Final ProjectAbdulazeez Yahya 

# data[].attributes.subject
Financing For Development (FFD) course by the World Bank. Presentatation on My Final ProjectAbdulazeez Yahya 

# data[].attributes.body
This video was developed for the Financing For Development (FFD) course 2017 by the World Bank as my final project. The video gives a proposal for a financing solution that would increase private/public finance for power sector development in Nigeria.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Financing For Development (FFD) course by the World Bank. Presentatation on My Final Project

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This video was developed for the Financing For Development (FFD) course 2017 by the World Bank as my final project. The video gives a proposal for a financing solution that would increase private/public finance for power sector development in Nigeria. Abdulazeez Ahmed Yahya Nigeria 28th March 2017

# data[].attributes.headline
Financing for Development MOOC - Final Project

# data[].attributes.subject
Financing for Development MOOC - Final Project

# data[].attributes.body
ENABLING SUSTAINABLE forest entrepreneurship
IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is a Least Developed Country[1] and a fragile state in central Sub-Saharan Africa. There has been systematic corruption in the country since 1960, and combined with countrywide instability and conflict since early 1990s, it has reduced national output significantly. Much of the country's economic activity occurs still in the informal sector, which is not reflected in the official data, and does not generate government revenues through taxes.[2] Despite an impressive annual GDP growth rate of 6.9 %, and a reduction in the poverty rate from 71 % in 2005 to 64 % in 2012, poverty remains high in the country. Poverty has not declined as fast as the economy has grown.[3]

The DRC is located in the heart of the Congo Basin, which is the second largest tropical forest basin in the world after the Amazon. It is a country with high forest cover and a low rate of deforestation (0.08%).[4] The wealth in natural resources gives large sustainable economic development potential, which is still largely untapped because of the ongoing conflict and mismanagement of resources.

The Sustainable Development Goal Life on land includes the sustainable management of forests by 2020, and mobilization of significant resources from all sources to finance sustainable forest management. The SDGs also include eradication of poverty, and achieving decent work for all by 2030, including by promoting entrepreneurship and the growth of Micro-, Small- and Medium-Scale Enterprises (MSMEs) through access to financial services.

What is the problem?
The World Bank Group in its review in 2016 found out that an obstacle for the sustainable growth in DRC is the poor management of forest and other natural resources, due to weak legal framework and institutional capacity. While some progress has been made in making forest sector management more effective, it is still unsatisfactory.[5] One of the reasons behind this is the lack of tax collection due to the large informal sector.
There is a large amount of informal sector workers and also formal small entrepreneurs in the forestry sector in DRC, which have trouble accessing finance to grow their businesses. Commercial bank prime lending rate in the country is high at 19.5 %[6], therefore MSMEs are having trouble getting affordable loans. There are higher perceived risks of lending to MSMEs in fragile states, generated by e.g. information asymmetry about MSME creditworthiness, lack of institutional capacity of lending, poor financial infrastructure, lack of risk appetite and liquidity among banks considering other investment options.[7]

What are the solutions?
Establishing a forest enterprise system based on secure rights to forest resources and strong local producer groups with the business capacity to produce their products - e.g. craft products, energy, construction materials or cosmetics - profitably and sustainably is a viable way to increase economic growth in DRC and reduce poverty, as well as conserving the forest and its biodiversity. Recent evidence shows that facilitating community forest enterprises has a better success rate in reducing deforestation than protected areas.[8]

For financing the sustainable forest enterprise system, microfinance loans are an effective solution to finance small entrepreneurs or companies to grow their businesses, with low cost of capital and low barriers to access finance. For this purpose, regional and local microfinance institutions have been formed. These institutions give loans to entrepreneurs and small businesses, and nearly all of the loans are paid back. An example organisation, Opportunity International (which works also in DRC), gets 98.9 % of their loans paid back.[9]

To accelerate the microfinance opportunities for the forestry entrepreneurs in DRC, the IDA Private Sector Window (PSW) could be used in setting up a forest enterprise -focused microfinance organisation in the Congo Basin, which would give loans to sustainable small businesses in the region. For setting up the organisation, either the Blended Finance Facility of the PSW[10] could be used, or alternatively the related new World Bank Group funds, such as IDA's Microfinance Promotion Fund, and IFC's SME and microfinance credit lines.
Creating a scaled-up microfinance facility that could be used for sustainable forest enterprises in the DRC helps in reaching all the abovementioned SDGs; poverty, employment and forestry. It would also generate possibilities to reduce the informal sector, and thus get more taxpayer base to increase domestic resource mobilization[12]. Through increased tax collection, also the weak legal framework and institutional capacity challenges can be addressed, as there are more domestic resources.

​
[1] List of Least Developed Countries

[2] CIA Factbook, Democratic Republic of the Congo

[3] World Bank: Democratic Republic of the Congo

[4] The REDD Desk - REDD in Republic of Congo

[5] IDA, IFC & MIGA (2016): Performance and learning review of the Country Assistance Strategy, Democratic Republic of Congo

[6] CIA Factbook, Democratic Republic of the Congo

[7] IFC (2015): Risk mitigation and crowding-in private sector in developing countries (course material)

[8] IIED (2012): Supporting small forest enterprises - A facilitator's toolkit

[9] http://opportunity.org/what-we-do/microfinance/

[10] IDA (2016): Further Details on the Proposed IFC-MIGA Private Sector Window in IDA18

[11] IDA, IFC & MIGA (2016): Performance and learning review of the Country Assistance Strategy, Democratic Republic of Congo

[12] Financing for Development Week 2, video 2: Domestic Resource Mobilization, by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is a Least Developed Country[1] and a fragile state in central Sub-Saharan Africa. There has been systematic corruption in the country since 1960, and combined with countrywide instability and conflict since early 1990s, it has reduced national output significantly.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Financing for Development - Final project

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Context Barriers to be overcome How to expand participation of the private sector Using the Private Sector Window To go further... An incredible opportunity Financing for Development - Final project Political context Political vacuum between 2010 and 2013 System remains fragile ( BBC Country profile ) and unstable Demographic context Low density of population...

# data[].attributes.body
The Artifact is in the form of a pictogram or informogram and displays several graphic scenes depicting farmers and other small producers in everyday challenging situations  they have to face with regard to their businesses. These persons operate in the informal sector and are unable to access banks and other financial institutions to obtain funds for improving/developing their businesses. In addition, poor infrastructure inhibits their businesses, as poor roads prevent timely carriage of produce leading to loss, poor electricity supply inhibits production in small industries reliant on a reliable supply, and poor health and other social services saps the community and affects productivity and sustainable development within the whole community.

# data[].attributes.body
PPP may accelerate the development and diffusion of Smart Cities

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Smart PPP for Smart Cities (with tweet) · jmoutinho

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
PPP may accelerate the development and diffusion of Smart Cities

# data[].attributes.body
Meeting Lahore's Transport Need

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Meeting Lahore's Transport Need: Metro Bus as a PPP

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Meeting Lahore's Transport Need: The Metro Bus as a PPP The Need for Public Transport Solution by Pakistan Government Incentive for Private Sector Potential for PPP Metro Bus Blue Line as PPP Proposal: User fee PPP A consortium of private sector enterprises to build, operate and transfer (BOT) based on a contract of 25-30 years.

# data[].attributes.headline
Warmerworld Final Project - Joan Sullivan

# data[].attributes.subject
Warmerworld Final Project - Joan Sullivan

# data[].attributes.body
As a photographer, I try to create positive images that shift the global climate change conversation from despair to optimism, from apathy to action.  I felt compelled to "change the visuals" by creating something light-hearted, whimsical, even silly for my final presentation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
An artist's vision of how to shift the global climate change conversation

# data[].attributes.headline
Financing for Development - Final Project

# data[].attributes.subject
Financing for Development - Final Project

# data[].attributes.body
Inclusive Quality Education in Heiti

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Final Project for the Financing for Development course by world-bank (Online learning initiative) focusing on Educating the Haitian Child. Dates: 01/03/2017 - 01/04/2017

# data[].attributes.body
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing the world today. Its impacts can already be seen across the globe. Croatia may already be facing impacts from climate change and will inevitably see those impacts in the future.

# data[].attributes.body
Risky Water and Fire Can Be Turned into Opportunities for Prosperity

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
risky water and fire can be turned into opportunities for prosperity    hong mei_梅鸿victoriazi_新浪博客

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Risky Water and Fire Can Be Turned into Opportunities for Prosperity Hong MEI_梅鸿VictoriaZI_新浪博客

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Risky Water and Fire Can Be Turned into Opportunities for Prosperity Hong MEI_梅鸿VictoriaZI_新浪博客,梅鸿VictoriaZI,

# data[].attributes.headline
Warmer World Final Project - Mayenne Perpetua Balab

# data[].attributes.subject
Warmer World Final Project - Mayenne Perpetua Balab

# data[].attributes.body
Impacts of Climate Change on Philippine Coral Reef.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.entities[].name
Abundance and Distribution of Philippine Reef Fishes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
My Digital Artifact: Impacts of Climate Change on Philippine Coral Reefs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The digital artifact I created is aimed to inform the general public about the present status of coral reefs in the Philippines, the impacts of climate change and the mitigation and adaptation measures currently taking place in our country. I have chosen this topic because in the Philippines alone, millions of people depend largely upon these resources for livelihood and subsistence.

# data[].attributes.headline
HOW TO FINANCE GUINEA-BISSAU ENERGY SECTOR?

# data[].attributes.subject
HOW TO FINANCE GUINEA-BISSAU ENERGY SECTOR?

# data[].attributes.body
Almost 43 yers since full Independence in 1974, Guinea-Bissau is still one of the poorest countries in the world. By UN standards, Guinea-Bissau is considered as a fragile state, (almost a narco state), under-developed (low income), with poor governance, a week admistration, high level of corruption and a violent history.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
FINAL PROJECT
HOW TO FINANCE GUINEA-BISSAU`S ENERGY SECTOR?

INTRODUCTION: Almost 43 yers since full Independence in 1974, Guinea-Bissau is still one of the poorest countries in the world. By UN standards, Guinea-Bissau is considered as a fragile state, (almost a narco state), under-developed (low income), with poor governance, a week admistration, high level of corruption and a violent history.

Poor infrastructure and low education are serious handicaps for Guine-Bissau`s development. The energy sector is critical, as "the electricity access rate in Guinea-Bissau at end-2014 was extremely low and estimated at 5% nationally and at 20% in Bissau"[1]. Access to electricity is a top priority of the government as outlined in its 2015-2020 Strategic and Operational Plan.

Depending on international aid, Guinea-Bissau needs to finance its energy sector, while erradicating poverty and becoming more inclusive, sustainable and resilient.

THE ENERGY PROBLEM: Guinea-Bissau is situated in West Africa, bordered by Senegal (North), Guinea-Conakry (South and East) and the Atlantic Ocean (West). It covers 36,125 square kilometres. (Figure 1). Almost 25% of Guinea-Bissau is submerged by high tides, due to the fact that the territory is crossed by many rivers.
Figure 1: Guinea-Bissau (See Annex)
Discharge follow the hyetograph of the rainfall season (June-October). However, the hydraulic potential is relatively modest when compared to those of other regions in the world. The reason for that are mainly:

- land morphology (low hights and wide valleys except in the Futa Jalon area in the SE of the country);

- and a dry season, from November to May.

A dam, equiped with a 20 MW power station is to be built at the Saltinho falls, Corubal river. The UNDP financed the first studies in the mid eighties.

In short, and according to Reegle[2], Guinea-Bissau has the following energy potential from the following sources:

- "hydropower: the available hydropower potential is estimated at about 184 MW from the rivers Corubal and Geba (20 MW at the Saltinho dam site);

- solar energy: average solar radiation of 4,5 to 5,5 kWh/m ²/day, over an average of 8 hours per day (3.000 h of insolation per year)[3];

- wind energy: average wind speed is estimated at 2,5 to 7 m/s along the coast and on some of the islands;

- biomass energy: the forest areas of Guinea-Bissau are estimated at two million hectares. The available biomass resource is roughly 48,3 million m3. The annual consumption of wood for energy purposes is estimated at 625.000 m ³ and leads to a significant reduction of existing forest areas. The available biomass potential from agricultural products, wood processing residues and livestock manure is about 67.000 m ³ per year. In terms of biofuel production, there is a potential of roughly 10.000 m ³ from cashew, and about 20 hectares of jatropha plantations.

- tide energy: high tidal range. The maximum amplitude registered was of 6,80 m at Porto Gole, on the banks of rio Geba".

At Bissau, the main urban centre, there are approximately 22 supply interruptions per day and a 47% overall rate power loss, which is not sustainable.

The government of Guinea-Bissau should find solutions for the short term, and draw a medium and long term plan in order to ensure its energy Independence.

Financing will be needed in order to supply electricity/energy to 1.700.000 people and strengthen the commercial management and governance of the National Electricity and Water Corporation (EAGB). Financing, due to the poor economic situation of the country[4]. For that the global generating power is estimated as follows:

- knowing that the estimated current needs of Bissau city is of 30 MW, as defined at a report of African Development Fund[5], it was possible to determine, by extrapolation, the current needs for other 14 main towns (even if the population estimates date from 2005). Here, the importance lies on the relative proportion of the current needs referred to Bissau`s (For exemple, the current needs for Bafatá are: 30 x 0,043/0,747 = 1,73 MW +/- 2 MW) - (Table 1).
Table 1: Current energy needs at main urban centres
City/Village 2005 (estimate) % to total Current needs (estimated)

MW

Bissau 388028 0,747 30,0

Bafatá 22521 0,043 2,0

Gabú 14430 0,028 1,5

Bissorã 12688 0,024 1,0

Bolama 10769 0,021 1,0

Cacheu 10490 0,020 1,0

Bubaque 9941 0,019 1,0

Catió 9898 0,019 1,0

Mansôa 7821 0,015 1,0

Buba 7779 0,015 1,0

Quebo 7072 0,014 1,0

Canchungo 6853 0,013 1,0

Farim 6792 0,013 1,0

Quinhamael 3128 0,006 0,5

Fulacunda 1327 0,003 0,5
TOTAL 519537 1,000 44,5
By using a simple ratio, the energy needs of the country are of 146 - 150 MW.

REASONS TO PARTICIPATE: Financing will be needed to solve immediate problems and to launch a more ambitious energy plan. In the meantime "Guinea-Bissau started to show some economic advances after a pact of stability was signed by the main political parties of the country, leading to an IMF-backed structural reform program. The key challenges for the country in the period ahead are to achieve fiscal discipline, rebuild public administration, improve the economic climate for private investment, and promote economic diversification[6] ".

A period of stability and the compromisse to comply with the rules and the acceptance of the international community are signs that there are favourable conditions to entail the government, oficial aid provider or private sector to participate on a new start of the country aiming at providing conditions for a real and sustainable development.

As a fragile country, Guinea-Bissau relies essentially on ODA, and FDI.

Besides the traditional way of financing the energy sector as "Non traditional development assistance" (NTDA) could play an importante role through philanthropic and institutional giving, social impact investments, global vertical funds and public climate finance, among others.

Also, other flows as DRM, private remitances[7] and innovative sources of finacing, as carbon markets, resources-for-infrastructure deals in fragile states[8], diaspora bonds[9] and financial transaction taxes could benefit the development of the energy sector.

According to Yannis Arvanitis[10], energy is a priority sector and there are "potential PPP projects such as the (estimated) 20 MW Saltinho hydropower plant or the eventual set-up of a management contract of EAGB".

On the other hand, the government should promote development policies addressed to the people having in mind that, "energy is crucial for achieving almost all of the Sustainable Development Goals, from its role in the eradication of poverty through advancements in health, education, water supply and industrialization, to combating climate change"[11]. There is a potential energy market.

It is also of fundamental importance to put in practice the main recommendations of the 2016 Development Finance Forum[12], held in Dublin, in May 2016, dedicated to "Unlocking Opportunities in Fragile Markets".

OBSTACLES: Political instability in Guine-Bissau may arise at any moment as long as the basic needs of the population are not met. There is also the risk of the infleuence colombian cartels could have in the government, local administration and security forces[13]. Private finance likes stability. On the other hand, Guinea-Bissau has a multiplicity of ethnic groups. This may bring divisionism within a fragile society if people realise that opportunities are not the same for all.

Besides security, regulation is also critical as a guarantor of access, affordability and quality control, which are interconnected in the energy market.

As stated by Zhang et alia[14] "if high technical, health, safety or environmental standards are not achieved, the poorest segments of society cannot afford formal infrastructure services and consequently rely on low quality and unsafe informal and unregulated suppliers".

Uncertainty of pemanence of the market, lack of capacity and expertise, poor infrastrucure, environmental policy and corruption, among others may be obstacles in the way of unlocking financial opportunities

Figure 2 represents the institutional performance of Guinea-Bissau in selected areas linked to PPP development, which denounces the country weaknesses.
Figure 2: Institutional performance in selected areas linked to PPP development Sources: CPIA 2014 Scores, AfDB. (See Annex)
The solution to overcome such problems is not easy to put in practice. However, the international community should increase its efforts in order to encourage and promote the existence of solid institutions and administration. Civic conscience, cooperation with neighbouring states, empowering of local communities, development of private initiative, development of affordable and efficient infrastrure, education, capacity-building, etc.

As far as it concerns energy, Guinea-Bissau should give priority to the 15 urban centres reffered on Table 1 while developing its natural sources of energy (Saltinho dam), developing solar energy undertakings as the Bambadinca project PROSOLIA, in order to create several medium sized grids along with mini grids that one day could be interconnected at national level and with Senegal and Guinea-Conakry, as Guinea-Bissau is a member of the OMGV (Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Gambie). The aim is to advance step by step on a sustainable way.

[1] in Bissau city electricity supply improvement project, African Development Fund, June 2015, 15 p.

[2] http://www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/GW

[3] In spite of this promising potential, up to now only 450 kW of photovoltaic (PV) installations are installed, used for communication networks, water pumping stations and house lighting.

[4] Major exports of the country are: cashew nut, ground nuts and fisheries.

[5] in Bissau city electricity supply improvement project, African Development Fund, June 2015, 15 p.

[7] Official foreing currency flows in Guinea-Bissau could be affected by black market.

[8] Of off-shore oil (in dispute with Senegal) and mineral extration (bauxite), for instance.

[9] There are numerous nationals of Guinea-Bissau living abroad. However, only a patriotic gesture will make those national invest their Money in the country with the guarantee that they will see some return. A joint-venture with a reliable international institution may confer credibility to this product.

[10] in Understanding Public-Private-Partnerships in Guinea-Bissau, ADB, August 2016.

[11] https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg7

[12] http://siteresources.worldbank.org/CFPEXT/Resources/299947-1455899750489/9879783-1466443871961/DFF2016FinalReport_Distribution.pdf

[13] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/09/drugstrade

[14] http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/aldcafrica2015_en.pdf

� �

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
FINAL PROJECT HOW TO FINANCE GUINEA-BISSAU`S ENERGY SECTOR? INTRODUCTION: Almost 43 yers since full Independence in 1974, Guinea-Bissau is still one of the poorest countries in the world. By UN standards, Guinea-Bissau is considered as a fragile state, (almost a narco state), under-developed (low income), with poor governance, a week admistration, high level of corruption and a violent history.

# data[].attributes.headline
Risk management in Dong Van karst plateau

# data[].attributes.subject
Risk management in Dong Van karst plateau

# data[].attributes.body
A story of risk management on the agricultural fieldsof Dong Van Karst Plateau Geopark of Vietnam.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Risk management in Dong Van karst plateau Geopark

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
My script is to tell a story of risk management on Dong Van karst plateau Geopark of Vietnam. Geographic and climate features challenge to inhabitants here in many ways: - Have to cultivate on steeply and rocky terrace causing risk of crop loss. - Lack water in dry season.

# data[].attributes.body
In this YouTube video, the student “interviewed a resident of a shanty town. Aim is to bring out to everyone  - how people in the bottom of pyramid understand the risks that effect their lives and what they & other important social elements - NGOs & local government can do about it.”

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This is my Final Project for the course: Risk and Opportunity: Managing Risk for Development" Relocation of Slums: In developing countries, many shanty towns are built on Government or private owned lands. The people living here always face risk of eviction. However these people do not have enough resources to face this risk.

# data[].attributes.body
An online comic submitted as a final project that reflected on the nature of risk within the course structure itself and using the community as a means of mitigating that risk.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The world's most popular and easy to use comic and storyboard creator.

# data[].attributes.headline
Risk Management and Syrians Refugees Crisis

# data[].attributes.subject
Risk Management and Syrians Refugees Crisis

# data[].attributes.body
This report is a step to increase the awareness about Syrian refugees in camps which is considered as the “worst humanitarian disaster since the end of the cold war,” · 13.5 million People in Syria need Humanitarian aid, and how International communities can participate as main player to solve this under Risk Management methodology.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
1. Why are Syrians fleeing their homes to become Refugees?

- Violence: Since the Syria civil war began, 320,000 people have been killed, including nearly 12,000 children. About 1.5 million people have been wounded or permanently disable, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.

The war has become more deadly since foreign powers joined the conflict.

- Collapsed infrastructure: Within Syria, healthcare, education systems, and other infrastructure have been destroyed; the economy is shattered.

- Children's safety: Syrian children have lost loved ones, suffered injuries, missed years of schooling, and witnessed violence and brutality. Warring parties forcibly recruit children to serve as fighters, human shields, and in support roles, according to the U.S. StateDepartment

2. What are the consequences of the Syrian crisis?

· 13.5 million People in Syria need humanitarian assistance.

· UNHCR said a surge in new refugee arrivals in Turkey had pushed the total number of Syrian refugees in neighboring countries to over 4,013,000 people. An additional 7.6 million people are displaced inside Syria.

· According to the U.N., itwill take £5 billion to meet the urgent needs of the most vulnerable Syrians in2016

3. Main Risks and Threats faced by Syrian Refugees in Camps

1- Refugees face numerous health risks

Refugee camps present a host health problems, including over-crowding, inadequate access to water and poor sanitation services. This can subsequently lead to outbreaks, such as cholera and typhoid.

2- Serious risk from freezing temperatures, as winter sets in the Middle East

Many are living without proper shelter and clothing and may not survive the harsh conditions.

3- Magnitude of humanitarian needs is overwhelming

The main priorities are treating and evacuating the wounded, providing food aid, water, sanitation and hygiene,health, and shelter. Prices of basic commodities continue to rise and the availability of food stocks in many parts of Syria is at risk.

4- Threat of statelessness

UNHCR survey indicates that 70 per cent of Syrian children born in Lebanon are without an official birth certificate.

4. Risk Management and Syrian crisis in Camps

How risk management can improve the way of dealing with Refugees situation in camps.

First, we need to know that the goal of risk management is to mitigate the losses .

To achieve that goal, risk management needs to combine the capacity to prepare for threats and the ability to cope once a threat has occured.

Preparation includes a combination of three actions:

Knowledge; gathering information about all the threats we face in Refugees camps,through coordination between all international and local organizations is an essential component to deal with threats effectively.
For instance, how many refugees do we have? how many do we expect to arrive in a certain period of time? are the supplies that we have are enough?

Obtaining protection; includes any actions that lower the probability and size of threats.
International community can do several actions:

food aid, health assistance, Personal and household supplies, clean water and sanitation, education and recreation,child-friendly Spaces and child protection training for adults, winter kits and psychosocial support for children and build small centers in order to give birth certificates to kids was born in the camp.

Obtaining insurance; can help to cushion their situation.
By giving them health insurance, which support incurable diseases cases that need to do expensive surgeries.
to refugees in order to manage day-to-day activities, and maybe to start to be financially independent.

Educational Loans it will be great step forward,in order to recovering faster.

Coping is the final component:Encompasses all actions that taken once threats materialized.

For instance, 5000 Syrian refugees is going to move to the borders, first thing is to update all information we have,share it with all international organization.

Then coping: Build shelters, food aid,health assistance, hygiene support, baby care kits, water and sanitation,shelter repair kits, winterization supplies provide health insurance

5. As we mentioned Syrian, Crisis defined as the "worst humanitarian disaster since the end of the cold war,"
In order to face that the main player to confront it, is the International community and NGO's.

-By pooling all their resources together.
-Facilitate humanitarian access.
-Changing international polices toward the refugees.
-Use political power to stop the war in Syria.

6. At the End always remember this quote,
"Life's most persistent and urgent question is, 'What are you doing for others?'"

7. How you can you help

With your kind donation, you can help refugee children and families receive the life-saving relief and support they desperately need.

Read next page

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Risk Management and Syrians Refugees Crisis (with images, tweet) · AhmedBESEISO

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Introduction: This report is a step to increase the awareness about Syrian refugees in camps which is considered as the "worst humanitarian disaster since the end of the cold war," · 13.5 million People in Syria need Humanitarian aid, and how International communities can participate as main player to solve this under Risk Management methodology.

# data[].attributes.headline
COMMUNITY BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT - Diego Guidi

# data[].attributes.subject
COMMUNITY BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT - Diego Guidi

# data[].attributes.body
ENGAGING CITIZEN THROUGH COMMUNITY BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Documentary "Barrio Limpio San Antonio", Puerto Suarez, Bolivia, 30 days to clean

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
How to clean a neighbourhood in 30 days, educate and empower poor communities through healthy waste practices, local empowerment, value creation with waste, waste to cash, direct indirect jobs, positive values, self confidence, dignity, community collaboration and generosity

# data[].attributes.headline
Coalition of civil society -DanielWahba - Egypt

# data[].attributes.subject
Coalition of civil society -DanielWahba - Egypt

# data[].attributes.body
The initiative work through a coalition of civil society organizations across the country. The aim of this project is to promote active citizenship and social accountability through community monitoring of health service provision in Egypt.
Through this people-driven tool, we engage, inform and empower citizens to reclaim ownership over their healthcare services by carrying out community assessments of hospitals in their areas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Eghospitals.com is a website that serves as a community monitor of health service provision in Egypt. Through this portal detailed information on service quality in Egyptian hospitals and other health facilities becomes accessible to the public.

For each published score, three appraisals are carried out in parallel (by independent) community assessors. Also, website viewers are allowed to enter their personal feedback on the website or request that a specific hospital be assessed, both of which reduces the possibility of bias and encourages citizens to participate in promoting social accountability in the Egyptian context.

The criteria, according to which assessments take place, were generated following extensive field research involving medical staff and patients, to ensure that important determinants of health service quality are covered. Finally, a document including the results is validated and approved by all local networks.

The aim of this project is to promote social accountability, informed decision-making and active citizenship, since all assessments are carried out by trained community members.

Eghospitals.com also has an advisory board comprising a group of dedicated experts who provide technical and strategic counselling to the project's team. They review the assessment criteria, indicators and measures and provide their know-how to enable the success of the project. To learn more about the advisory board, click here.

You can learn more about this project's post-assessment process, or check news and updates about this project here.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Eghospitals.com is a website that serves as a community monitor of health service provision in Egypt. Through this portal detailed information on service quality in Egyptian hospitals and other health facilities becomes accessible to the public. For each published score, three appraisals are carried out in parallel (by independent) community assessors.

# data[].attributes.headline
Waste charging in Hong Kong, how does citizen engagement take part in the issue to make the government and service providers accountable? - Wing Yee Hongkong

# data[].attributes.subject
Waste charging in Hong Kong, how does citizen engagement take part in the issue to make the government and service providers accountable? - Wing Yee Hongkong

# data[].attributes.body
The social problem to be addressed is the waste charging in Hong Kong. Hong Kong is one of the highest populated city in the world. Landfill is the only waste management exist. Taking out 52% of household waste being recovered, the daily quantity of household waste being dumped into landfills still stands at 9,100 tonnes. To reduce amount of waste, the government is proposing to introduce waste charging as it has been successful in encouraging the reduction in waste for disposal in overseas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
For WBGx: CE01x Engaging Citizens: A Game Changer for Development? Digital Artifact: Waste charging in Hong Kong, how does citizen engagement take part in the issue to make the government and service providers accountable?