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Vargas adopted a paternalistic approach. In the 1930s there was considerable migration from rural areas into towns and cities.Often new arrivals found themselves in shanties or favelas. Vargas marketed himself as the Father of the poor and aimed to win the support of this constituency, although being illiterate in the main, few could vote.

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Women were enfranchised and the country's electorate was quadrupled.

Social security laws were enacted along with reforms in educations.

Workers were insured benefits such as minimum wage.

There was a lot of growth and development of the middle classes.

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Vargas attached great importance to education, speaking of it as a matter of life or death. Systems were reformed, new schools were built and teacher training was improved.
While the emphasis was on improving education for the middle classes, Vargas was aware that with annual birth rates of three per cent, Brazil had a young population and education was the key to a new generation of technologists and managers as well as well skilled workers who could drive industrial development.

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During the depression, women were given a lot more responsibility than usual. Due to all the reforms and programs set up to help Brazil get out of the great depression, a lot of job opportunities were opened for them in which they could work alongside men.

In 1932, under Vargas, women were also given the right to vote as brazil was slowly working to get out of the depression.

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Vargas promoted development of middle classes whom he saw as his most important supporters and who would be those technologists and managers of the future.
One significant development was the creation of the Department of the Civil Service (DASP) in 1938. This introduced competitive examinations based on merit rather than patronage facilitate the professionalism of the civil service.

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Vargas feared independant trade unions, seeing them as dangerous. His solution was to control their activities. In March 1931 a decree empowered the Ministry of Labour to organize workers into government-sponsored unions.

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Cause of the Depression in Brazil Video 2015 03 12 145704

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Italian community in São Paulo circa 1920.

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Men in drag, Carnival Rio de Janeiro, 1930s

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Gertulio Vargas and his followers pictured by Claro Jansson during their short stay in Itare (Sao Paulo) on the way to Rio de Janeiro after a successful military campaign. October 1930

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- Growth and repression were the twin orders of the day. Journalists and novelists were censored, jailed, and discouraged. The army restricted access to the military schools to those with acceptable racial, familial, religious, educational, and political characteristics.
- As a result of these repressive measures, the suspension of political activities, and the government's support of rearming and modernizing the military, the army gained a coherence and unity that it had not experienced since before 1922.

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A popular rebellion, also known as the Contestado, confronted the "colonel"-dominated socioeconomic and political system. Where the Salvationist Movement aimed at substituting one oligarchy for another, the Contestado rebels rejected the national system and wanted to remake their part of the Brazilian reality. As with Canudos, the response of state and federal authorities was pulverizing violence.

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The average annual rise in the gross domestic product (GDP--see Glossary) was nearly 4 percent. Brazil's first steel mill at Volta Redonda (1944) was the start of the great industrial output of the second half of the century. The 1930-45 era added corporatism (see Glossary) to the Brazilian political lexicon.

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he political system by creating a legislature with both state and social-sector representatives. It contained some electoral reforms, including women's suffrage, a secret ballot, and special courts to supervise elections. The Constituent Assembly elected Vargas president for a four-year term. However, the attempt to harness the revolution to the old system, somewhat remodeled, would soon fail completely and take Brazil into prolonged dictatorship.

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Import-substitution industrialization can be assessed according to the contribution to value added by four main industrial subsectors: nondurable consumer goods, durable consumer goods, intermediate goods, and capital goods. Using data from the industrial censuses, the share of these groups in value added between 1949 and 1960 shows a considerable decline in the share of the nondurable goods industries, from nearly 60 percent to less than 43 percent, and a sharp increase in that of durable goods, from nearly 6 percent to more than 18 percent. The intermediate and capital goods groups experienced moderate increases, from 32 to 36 percent and from 2.2 to 3.2 percent, respectively.

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- The lack of any economic experience made the best-meant programs ineffectual. For instance, any social policy dictated by opportunism consisted first of courting supporters by multiplying job openings, particularly in occupations most easily controlled by the party and the government: civil service, public utilities, nationalised industries.
- They oriented labour legislation in a direction that slowed productivity.
- In order to maintain their popularity among workers and civil servants,
the governments have raised the minimum wages excessively, the result
being almost invariably an inflation that cancelled the raise.
- Promoted social progress through featherbedding rather than
through higher productivity and salaries.
- There were mysterious plots of political foes and the evil scheming of international capitalism and the
United States government.

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- The coffee economy suffered from a severe decline in world demand caused by the Great Depression and an excess capacity of coffee production created in the 1920s.
- As a result, the price of coffee fell sharply and remained at very low levels. Brazil's terms of trade deteriorated significantly. These events, and a large foreign debt, led to an external crisis that took almost a decade to resolve.

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- The Estado Novo was lead by Gertulio Vargas who was a Populist and a Nationalist
Populism:
A member of a political party claiming to represent the common people; especially, often capitalised
Nationalist:
The strong belief that the interests of a particular nation-state are of primary importance.
- Vargas was a member of the gaucho-landed oligarchy and had risen through the system of patronage and clientelism
- He wanted to shape Brazilian politics to support national development.
- He understood that with the breakdown of direct relations between workers and owners in the expanding factories of Brazil
- He would gradually established such mastery over the Brazilian political world that he would stay in power for fifteen years.
- The preeminence of the agricultural elites ended, new urban industrial leaders acquired more influence
- Nationally, and the middle class began to show some strength.

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- 1930 Revolution, which reflected a dissatisfaction with the political control exercised by the old oligarchies.
- After a transitional period in which centralizing elements struggled with the old oligarchies for control, a coup in 1937 established the New State (Estado Novo) dictatorship (1937-45)