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On the first day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
A Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the second day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the third day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the fourth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the fifth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the sixth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Six Geese a Laying
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the seventh day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Seven Swans a Swimming
Six Geese a Laying
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the eighth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Eight Maids a Milking
Seven Swans a Swimming
Six Geese a Laying
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the ninth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Nine Ladies Dancing
Eight Maids a Milking
Seven Swans a Swimming
Six Geese a Laying
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the tenth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Ten Lords a Leaping
Nine Ladies Dancing
Eight Maids a Milking
Seven Swans a Swimming
Six Geese a Laying
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the eleventh day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Eleven Pipers Piping
Ten Lords a Leaping
Nine Ladies Dancing
Eight Maids a Milking
Seven Swans a Swimming
Six Geese a Laying
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the twelfth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
12 Drummers Drumming
Eleven Pipers Piping
Ten Lords a Leaping
Nine Ladies Dancing
Eight Maids a Milking
Seven Swans a Swimming
Six Geese a Laying
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

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Christmas Song - 12 Days Of Christmas Lyrics | MetroLyrics

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On the first day of Christmas my true love sent to me: A Partridge in a Pear Tree On the second day of Christmas my true love sent to me: Two Turtle Doves and a Partridge in a Pear Tree On the third day of Christmas my true love sent

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On the first day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
A Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the second day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the third day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the fourth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the fifth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the sixth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Six Geese a Laying
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the seventh day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Seven Swans a Swimming
Six Geese a Laying
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the eighth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Eight Maids a Milking
Seven Swans a Swimming
Six Geese a Laying
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the ninth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Nine Ladies Dancing
Eight Maids a Milking
Seven Swans a Swimming
Six Geese a Laying
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the tenth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Ten Lords a Leaping
Nine Ladies Dancing
Eight Maids a Milking
Seven Swans a Swimming
Six Geese a Laying
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the eleventh day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
Eleven Pipers Piping
Ten Lords a Leaping
Nine Ladies Dancing
Eight Maids a Milking
Seven Swans a Swimming
Six Geese a Laying
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

On the twelfth day of Christmas
my true love sent to me:
12 Drummers Drumming
Eleven Pipers Piping
Ten Lords a Leaping
Nine Ladies Dancing
Eight Maids a Milking
Seven Swans a Swimming
Six Geese a Laying
Five Golden Rings
Four Calling Birds
Three French Hens
Two Turtle Doves
and a Partridge in a Pear Tree

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Christmas Song - 12 Days Of Christmas Lyrics | MetroLyrics

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On the first day of Christmas my true love sent to me: A Partridge in a Pear Tree On the second day of Christmas my true love sent to me: Two Turtle Doves and a Partridge in a Pear Tree On the third day of Christmas my true love sent

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Food is a large part of the twelfth night, and is used and referred to multiple times.

Alehouse- A bar where drunkards and lower class people hang out. In Shakespeare 12th night, you see alehouse mentioned in a deragatory way " Do you make an alehouse of my lady's house, that you squeak out your coziers catches without any mitigation or remorse of voice."

http://nfs.sparknotes.com/twelfthnight/page_76.html

Wine - I a source of alcohol that people drink at special events and also they would drink it in a theatre. In the Twelfth Night Act 2, Scence 3 " Thou'rt a scholar. Let us eat and drink.
Marian,
I say! A stout of Wine!"

Pottage - A stew of veggies and meats, usually mutton and carrots or potatoes. Also, low class would add things like cornstarch to thicken and prolong satisfaction of hunger
.
Beer - Is one of the worlds most oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drink.

Fast Day - is a day where people would restrict or stop eating all together. Alcohol and wine were not drunk. This was done for religious purposes.

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Astrology in the Twelfth Night -Andrew and Jose

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Astrology in the Twelfth Night -Andrew and Jose

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There are many references to astrology in the Twelfth Night. Astrology is the study of movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence on the human affairs and the natural world.

For example: When Malviolio was acting mad and Olivia put him in a cell. Malvoilio said that if you asked him a question he would get it right if he was in the right mind. Then Feste asked him a question about astrology and he got it right. Also when Sir Andrew got drunk the pervious night, next day he reflected in how his friend said funny random things about astrology.

Also in the Elizabethan age, people beilieved in witchcraft, magic and supernatural. John Dee was Queen Elizabeth's most  the closest astrologer.

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The Elizabethans were great believers in magic, the supernatural, and the influence of the stars. How could they not have been when the rhythms and routines of their daily lives were so dependent on the skies? The stars were not dimmed by the yellow glow of big-city lights as they are today. Their world was without street lights, desk lamps, and electric wiring. They did not travel at night, any study was illuminated only by the flickering light of the candle, and plays were put on in the daylight hours of the afternoon. Consulting the stars helped Elizabethans understand the world they lived in and determine what particular course of action to take in every aspect of their lives.

The English Renaissance

" The Elizabethan Era" refers specifically to the reign of Britain's monarch, Queen Elizabeth I, from 1558 to 1601. It was the height of the English Renaissance and a transitional period between the late middle ages and the early modern era. It was a time of exploration, expansion, and voyages of discovery. It was also an era that saw the flowering of knowledge, poetry, music, and literature.

Astrology During the Golden Age of England

Astrology and magical occult practices had a critical influence on the lives of Elizabethans. Astrologers of this era spun astrology, alchemy, and magic together as a practical way of explaining and controlling life.

The most interesting part of astrology during the Elizabethan period is how it was so significantly linked with magic and alchemy, and included using charms, talismans, spells, and rituals in an attempt to produce supernatural effects and control events.

The astrology practiced during the golden age of England was not psychological or humanistic, rather it was similar to what's now called Traditional or Renaissance Astrology.

Natal astrology was used to examine and predict events based an individual's birth chart.

Medical astrology was used to determine an individual's weakness, diagnose illness, and prescribe cures. It reached its fullest flowering in England in 1450 and because astrology was a prerequisite to all the healing arts, it was taught in every major university.

Horary astrology was used to give answers to specific questions and to detect curses and bewitchment.

Electional astrology, still used to pick auspicious times to take action, was also used during the Elizabethan Era to time ceremonies and rituals, as well as to produce astrological talismans and for invoking spirits.

Mundane astrology was used to predict events on a national level, as well as to predict the weather.

Consulting a local stargazer or a more costly private practitioner in London provided explanations and answers in many areas of an Elizabethan's life. People consulted astrology for many facts of life, such as when to get married, when to look for a job, what specific course of action to take and when to take it, and even for good or bad luck in love.

As a matter-of-fact, Elizabeth, for whom the era is named, used astrologer John Dee to select January 15, 1559, as the day for her coronation. The selection of this time may well have contributed to Queen Elizabeth I's long and very successful reign, and Dee's involvement in selecting such an auspicious time may well have assured his position as a favorite in the royal household.

John Dee, the Elizabethan Magus

There were several notable astrologers during this era, but the most important was Dr. John Dee. Dee was a fascinating character whose life was filled with science, experiments, and mathematics, which he aligned with astrology, magic, the supernatural, and alchemy.

He served as the consultant and astrologer to, among others, Queen Mary I; however, his activities related to astrology, magic, and the supernatural led him to be jailed for a short time in 1555 on the charge of conjuring.

Following Queen Elizabeth I's ascent to the throne in 1558, Dee became her confidant ( some say spy) and her astrological adviser. The list below makes it clear that John Dee made substantial contributions to Elizabethan England. It's also not a stretch of the mind to think that today's society would not be the same if it were not for Queen Elizabeth's astrologer, Dr. John Dee.

According to The John Dee Society:

The Influence of Astrology on William Shakespeare

Shakespeare certainly must have had knowledge of astrology as it was often critical to his plots, and it's mentioned it every one of his plays.

In Henry VI Part 2, just before his murder, the Duke of Suffolk says, "A cunning man did calculate my birth and told me that by water I should die."

In Much Ado About Nothing, Benedick, who is trying to compose a love poem to Beatrice, laments, "I was not born under a rhyming planet, nor I cannot woo in festival terms."

In A Midsummer Night's Dream, Bottom calls for, "A calendar, a calendar! Look in the almanac. Find out moonshine ...".

In The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Julia speaking of Proteus' faithfulness, says, "truer stars did govern Proteus' birth."

In the first scene of All's Well That Ends Well, Helena refers to Parolles as being "born under a charitable star."

In the play, Julius Caesar, Cassius says, "Men at some time are masters of their fates; the fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, But in ourselves, that we are underlings." Here, Shakespeare seems to be saying there is "something" fated about life, but we can do certain things to change it.

Shakespeare's astrological knowledge allowed him to reach his audience because it was a language both the groundlings and the gallery understood.

Astrological Almanacs

During the Elizabethan period, astrology was used for calendars, medical purposes, horticulture, agricultural, navigation, and many other things. Elizabethans could buy an almanac with the latest astrological forecasts for just a few pennies. These almanacs provided information about dates, high tides, and the phases of the moon, as well as predicting the weather for the year ahead. Millions were produced and sold during Elizabethan times.

Elizabethan Beliefs

Elizabethans believed in spirits of good and evil. They believed in supernatural arts, such as sorcery, sympathetic magic, and demonology. They felt charms, white magic, and prayers could be used to fight off evil. They thought the Earth was the center of the universe, and the positions of the planets affected everything in their daily lives. They believed in astrology, and both nobility and commoners were familiar with the basic astrological concepts of the time and had a rudimentary understanding of the language of astrology. It's safe to say that both astrology and astrologers were held in very high regard during the Elizabethan Era.

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Understanding Astrology in the Elizabethan Era

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The Elizabethans were great believers in magic, the supernatural, and the influence of the stars. How could they not have been when the rhythms and routines of their daily lives were so dependent on the skies? The stars were not dimmed by the yellow glow of big-city lights as they are today.

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There are many festivals that have been around since the 1600s and many of these festivals have connections to the Twelfth Night and Shakespeare. All of these holidays are Christian which connects to this era because the main religion at this time was Christianity.

12 Days of Christmas- The twelve days after Christmas has been celebrated. This is connected to the Twelfth Night because the play was to be written and performed on the final and Twelfth Night of these days.
Link: http://www.religionfacts.com/twelfth-night
Song Lyrics: http://www.metrolyrics.com/12-days-of-christmas-lyrics-christmas-song.html
Shrove Tuesday- Holiday celebrated by Christians that's has been around since the 16th Century (era in which Shakespeare lived and wrote) , also known as Pancake Tuesday that is celebrated in the seventh week before Easter.
Link: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday
Plough Monday- the first Monday after the Twelfth Night of Christmas make it connected to the Twelfth Night play.
Link: http://www.projectbritain.com/ploughMonday.htm
May Day- Public holiday celebrated on May 1 that is also known as the spring festival.
Link:https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day

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In The Twelth Night there are references to the bubonic plague also called the Black Death and it was spread through infected fleas that jumped on rats that lived in the streets of London. Leeches are small animals that latch onto your skin and suck  your blood they can only be removed with extreme heat.Bloodletting  is that he withdrawal of blood from a patient to cure or prevent illness and disease. Bloodletting was based on an ancient system of medicine in which blood and other bodily fluids were regarded as "humors" that had to remain in proper balance to maintain health. Humours are a system of medicine detailing the makeup and workings of the human body and atopted by the ancient Greeks .In general use, herbs are any plants used for food, flavoring, medicine, or fragrances for their savory or aromatic properties. The liver is a vital organ which produces bile . Hippocrates was a Greek physician who worked in the age of Pericles and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. William Shakespeare was terrified of the bubonic plague. He lost his sisters Joan and Margaret who were babies and his seven year old sister Anne. And his brother Edmund who was 27. The final loss was that of his only son Hamnet who died when he was eleven.

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-Pottage: Elizabeth liked to start her day with an ale, manchet (bread) and pottage, a beef or mutton stew with oats, wheat or barley.

-Elizabeth made a law in 1563 that on Wednesday's, they would eat fish.

-Wine: Drank in formal settings by the rich; an alcoholic drink made from fermented grape juice

-Beer: drank in a party setting by nboth the rich and poor; an alcoholic beverage made by brewing and fermentation fromcereals, usually malted barley, and flavored with hops and the like fora slightly bitter taste

-Alehouse: a tavern where ale or beer is sold; bar; pub

-Oranges, peaches, and pomegranates were only eaten by the rich

-Fast: in the Elizabethan times, breakfast was believed to "break your fast" hence the name "Breakfast"

www.dictionary.co

https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/dec/06/breakfast-of-champions-elizabeth-the-first-stew

elizabethi.org

www.elizabethan.org/compendium/46.html

ALEEZA AND SHAHD

Pottage

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Chamberlains men: The kings man  is another name for Chambelains men. They are an english company of actors. These people performances many of Williams Shakespeare's plays. Also they still perform the William Shakespeare's plays.

The Globe: The globe is a theatre house famously associated with William Shakespeare, who's acting company built it in 1599 . The first ever performance of the twelfth night happened here in 1602.

Groundlings:  Groudlings are people from the lower class. These people were very unhygienic since their living conditions were very bad.

Southwark- This is a playhouse were kings men performed William Shakespeare's plays. In addition, this playhouse worked with teachers, the government and many more. The playhouse, over the past years turned into a theatre school.

The Admirals Men: and acting troop the second most important after the King's men company.

Blackfriars: A theatre, the Blackfriars theatre located close to Shakespeare's Globe.

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The play has many religious references but the actual title 'Twelfth Night' also has a religious significance as mentioned  on this website:

http://www.religionfacts.com/twelfth-night

The play was written to be performed on the 12th night after christmas, te traditional time for marking the end of the Christmas festivities.

Quotes including religious references:

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Twelve Days of Christmas

In Christianity, Twelfth Night is a holiday on January 5 that marks the 12th and final night of the Christmas season. The Twelve Days of Christmas are the twelve days beginning on night of Christmas (December 25) and ending on Epiphany (January 6).

In the Middle Ages, this December period was one of continuous feasting and merrymaking, which climaxed on Twelfth Night, the traditional end of the Christmas season. Contrary to popular belief, Christmas is not the "first day of the Christmas." Instead, it might be better described as the twelve days "after" Christmas.

By ancient reckoning, days and nights were counted separately, and the important night was often the night before, not the night of, the celebration (hence modern traditions of Christmas Eve and All Hallow's Eve, or Halloween). The 12 day count actually begins with the eve of December 25, the "first night." The day of December 26 is the "first day," the eve of December 26 the "second night," and so on. The famous Twelfth Night is the eve of Epiphany, and the twelfth day is Epiphany itself.

Twelfth Night: Traditions and History

During the twelve days of Christmas, traditional roles were often relaxed, masters waited on their servants, men were allowed to dress as women, and women as men. Often a Lord of Misrule was chosen to lead the Christmas revels. Some of these traditions were adapted from older, pagan customs, including the Roman Saturnalia. Some also have an echo in modern day pantomime where traditionally authority is mocked and the principal male lead is played by a woman, while the leading older female character, or 'Dame' is played by a man.

In Tudor England, the Twelfth Night marked the end of a winter festival that started on All Hallows Eve, which is now celebrated as Halloween. A King or Lord of Misrule would be appointed to run the Christmas festivities, and the Twelfth Night was the end of his period of rule. The common theme was that the normal order of things was reversed. This Lord of Misrule tradition can be traced back to pre-Christian European festivals such as the Celtic festival of Samhain and the Ancient Roman festival of Saturnalia.

After Twelfth Night the Carnival season starts, which lasts through Mardi Gras. In some places such as New Orleans, Louisiana, the night of January 6 with the first Carnival celebrations is called Twelfth Night. In some places, Twelfth Night celebrations include food traditions such as the king cake or tortell. The Shakespeare play Twelfth Night, or What You Will was originally written to be performed as a Twelfth Night entertainment.

Source:

"Twelfth Night (holiday)." Wikipedia. Accessed Jan. 4, 2005.

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In Christianity, Twelfth Night is a holiday on January 5 that marks the 12th and final night of the Christmas season. The Twelve Days of Christmas are the twelve days beginning on night of Christmas (December 25) and ending on Epiphany (January 6).