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                                  Fourth Force 

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                                  Fourth Force 

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Now, the first, second, and third force are combined into a comprehensive holistic approach to understand clients in every aspect.

It is thought that if a clinician has a better understanding of a persons individual identity, a positive therapy relationship and effective treatment will result.

Clinicians should: become culturally competent, ally for clients, be open to various perspectives, network and collaborate with other healthcare professionals,  and provide community resources.

New approaches: narrative therapy, dialectics, and Eastern thought and philosophy based therapies. These new approaches are said to better understand someone and their experiences, encouraging them to take action.

(Seligman, & Reichenberg, 2014)

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                                 Third Force 

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                                 Third Force 

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Existential- Humanistic psychotherapy was led by Carl Rodgers work in the 1960's. This force was also influenced by the work of Fritz Perls, Viktor Frankl, and others.

Focuses on a person finding their personal meaning to their life, and the importance of theiremotions and actions.

Therapeutic Alliance is emphasized (client and healthcare professional relationship).

(Seligman, & Reichenberg, 2014)

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                            Second Force 

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                            Second Force 

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Behavioral and cognitive theories and interventions was led by the work of B.F. Skinner, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser, and Donald Meichenbaum.

In the 1970's, the treatment approach mainly used was behavioral influenced.

The 1980's popular approach of cognitive treatment was later intertwined in the 1990's with behavioral treatment approaches.

Cognitive and behavioral treatment focuses on the influence of one's thoughts and actions on their emotions.

Interventions include focusing on the present, while decreasing dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors and increasing positivity.

(Seligman, & Reichenberg, 2014)

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                                   First Force

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                                   First Force

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Development of psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy.

Led by the work of Sigmund Freud- established a solid foundation.

Emerged the idea that past experiences are the source of people's present emotional difficulties.

(Seligman, & Reichenberg, 2014)

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Picture shows electric shocking done to men in the early 19th century to rid them of mental illnesses.

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                                 The Beginning 

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                                 The Beginning 

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During the earlier years of the 19th century there was little awareness and knowledge of mental illnesses and emotional difficulties. If one were to exhibit severe symptoms, they were forced into institutions and given ineffective treatments. Meanwhile, if others were to show mild symptoms they were dismissed without any help (Seligman, & Reichenberg, 2014).