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The squamous epithelial cells of the alveolar walls are sometimes called Type I pneumocytes.  As noted above, these squamous Type I cells facilitate gas exchange.Scattered among the squamous cells are occasional larger cuboidal cells, sometimes called greater alveolar cells and sometimes called Type II pneumocytes.  These cells secrete surfactant, which serves the critical function of keeping alveolar walls from sticking to one another.

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The squamous epithelial cells of the alveolar walls are sometimes called Type I pneumocytes.  As noted above, these squamous Type I cells facilitate gas exchange.Scattered among the squamous cells are occasional larger cuboidal cells, sometimes called greater alveolar cells and sometimes called Type II pneumocytes.  These cells secrete surfactant, which serves the critical function of keeping alveolar walls from sticking to one another.

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10 Tips to Protect Yourself from Unhealthy Air

The American Lung Association encourages everyone to get involved in the fight for cleaner, healthier air. Here are some simple, effective tips for protecting you and your family from the dangers of air pollution:

1. Check daily air pollution forecasts in your area. Download the American Lung Association's State of the Air app on your mobile device through the Google Play Store or the iPhone iTunes store. Other sources include local radio and TV weather reports, newspapers and online at airnow.gov.

2. Avoid exercising outdoors when pollution levels are high. When the air is bad, walk indoors in a shopping mall or gym or use an exercise machine. Limit the amount of time your child spends playing outdoors if the air quality is unhealthy.

3. Always avoid exercising near high-traffic areas. Even when air quality forecasts are green, the vehicles on busy highways can create high pollution levels up to one-third mile away.

4. Use less energy in your home. Generating electricity and other sources of energy creates air pollution. By reducing energy use, you can help improve air quality, curb greenhouse gas emissions, encourage energy independence and save money! Check out the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's easy tips for conserving energy at home.

5. Encourage your child's school to reduce school bus emissions. To keep exhaust levels down, schools should not allow school buses to idle outside of their buildings. Many school systems are using the U.S. EPA's Clean School Bus Campaign to clean up these dirty emissions.

6. Walk, bike or carpool. Combine trips. Use buses, subways, light rail systems, commuter trains or other alternatives to driving your car.

7. Don't burn wood or trash. Burning firewood and trash are among the major sources of particle pollution (soot) in many parts of the country.

8. Use hand-powered or electric lawn care equipment rather than gasoline-powered. Old two-stroke engines like lawnmowers and leaf or snow blowers often have no pollution control devices. They can pollute the air even more than cars, though engines sold since 2011 are cleaner.

9. Don't allow anyone to smoke indoors and support measures to make all public places tobacco free.

10. Get involved. Start by checking out Fighting for Air which has more information about what you can do.

Bottom line: Help yourself and everyone else breathe easier. Support national, state and local efforts to clean up sources of pollution. Your life and the life of someone you love may depend on it.

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The conducting passageways of the respiratory system (nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles) are lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue, which is ciliated and which includes mucus-secreting goblet cells.  Incoming particulates (dust, bacteria) adhere to the mucus, which is then swept upward and away by the cilia.Because the passage of air depends on wide open passageways, the larger respiratory passages (trachea, and bronchi) are supported by skeletal elements in the form of rings made of cartilage.  An extensive vascular plexus allows heat-exchange to condition air before it reaches the delicate alveoli.  The respiratory or gas-exchange surface consists of millions of small sacs, or alveoli, lined by a simple squamous epithelium.  This epithelium is exceedingly thin to facilitate diffusion of oxygen and CO2.  The alveolar walls also contain cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells.  The surfactant overcomes the tendency of alveolar walls to adhere to one another (which would obliterate the air space).As in any gland, each alveolus is enveloped by capillaries.  In the lungs, the gas-exchange function of this pulmonary vasculature is critical to organ function and to life itself.

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The conducting passageways of the respiratory system (nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles) are lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue, which is ciliated and which includes mucus-secreting goblet cells.  Incoming particulates (dust, bacteria) adhere to the mucus, which is then swept upward and away by the cilia.Because the passage of air depends on wide open passageways, the larger respiratory passages (trachea, and bronchi) are supported by skeletal elements in the form of rings made of cartilage.  An extensive vascular plexus allows heat-exchange to condition air before it reaches the delicate alveoli.  The respiratory or gas-exchange surface consists of millions of small sacs, or alveoli, lined by a simple squamous epithelium.  This epithelium is exceedingly thin to facilitate diffusion of oxygen and CO2.  The alveolar walls also contain cuboidal surfactant-secreting cells.  The surfactant overcomes the tendency of alveolar walls to adhere to one another (which would obliterate the air space).As in any gland, each alveolus is enveloped by capillaries.  In the lungs, the gas-exchange function of this pulmonary vasculature is critical to organ function and to life itself.

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The structures of the upper respiratory tract include the nose or nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, throat (pharynx), and voice box (larynx). The tract is lined with a mucous membrane that secretes mucus. The mucus traps smaller particles like pollen or smoke. Clilia line the mucous membrane and move the particles trapped in the mucus out of the nose. Inhaled air is moistened, warmed, and cleansed by the tissue that lines the nasal cavity.

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The number of people living "next to a busy road" may include 30 to 45 percent of the urban population in North America, according to the most recent review of the evidence. In January 2010, the Health Effects Institute published a major review of the evidence by a panel of expert scientists. The panel looked at over 700 studies from around the world, examining the health effects. They concluded that traffic pollution causes asthma attacks in children, and may cause a wide range of other effects including: the onset of childhood asthma, impaired lung function, premature death and death from cardiovascular diseases, and cardiovascular morbidity. The area most affected, they concluded, was roughly 0.2 to 0.3 miles (300 to 500 meters) from the highway. 1

Children and teenagers are among the most vulnerable—though not the only ones at risk. A Danish study found that long-term exposure to traffic air pollution may increase the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They found that those most at risk were people who already had asthma or diabetes. 2 Studies have found increased risk of premature death from living near a major highway or an urban road.3 Another study found an increase in risk of heart attacks from being in traffic, whether driving or taking public transportation.4 Urban women in a Boston study experienced decreased lung function associated with traffic-related pollution.5

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Larger particles may be trapped in your nose, while PM10 can reach your airways. Fine particles may reach the breathing sacs deep in your lungs, and even cross into your blood stream.

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Larger particles may be trapped in your nose, while PM10 can reach your airways. Fine particles may reach the breathing sacs deep in your lungs, and even cross into your blood stream.

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Particulate matter (PM), also known as particle pollution, is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets that get into the air. Once inhaled, these particles can affect the heart and lungs and cause serious health effects.

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Pollution has been linked to squamous cell carcinomas(skin, small cell carcinomas(lungs), and adenocarcinomas(organ lining).
Long term exposure to mineral dust and metal dust (20 years or more) was found to be a significant risk factor for small cell and squamous cell carcinoma.
Effect of metal dust and fumes seemed about the same for squamous and small cell carcinoma

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Particle matter affects on the lungs

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COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, describes a group of lung conditions that make it difficult to empty air out of the lungs because airways have been narrowed.Two of these lung conditions are persistent bronchitis and emphysema, which can also occur together.Bronchitis means the airways are inflamed and narrowed. People with bronchitis often produce sputum, or phlegm. Emphysema affects the air sacs at the end of the airways in  lungs. They break down and the lungs become baggy and full of holes which trap air.These processes narrow the airways. This makes it harder to move air in and out as you breathe, and your lungs are less able to take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.

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COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, describes a group of lung conditions that make it difficult to empty air out of the lungs because airways have been narrowed.Two of these lung conditions are persistent bronchitis and emphysema, which can also occur together.Bronchitis means the airways are inflamed and narrowed. People with bronchitis often produce sputum, or phlegm. Emphysema affects the air sacs at the end of the airways in  lungs. They break down and the lungs become baggy and full of holes which trap air.These processes narrow the airways. This makes it harder to move air in and out as you breathe, and your lungs are less able to take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.

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Chronic exposure to air pollutants not only causes decompensation of pre-existing diseases but also increases the number of new cases of asthma, COPD, and lung cancer, even in rural areas. 

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Chronic exposure to air pollutants not only causes decompensation of pre-existing diseases but also increases the number of new cases of asthma, COPD, and lung cancer, even in rural areas. 

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Lung tissue histology specimen at 500 micrometers

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Over view of lung tissue histology specimen slide