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History of Poland (1918-1939) - Wikipedia

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The history of interwar Poland comprises the period from the re-recreation of the independent Polish state in 1918, until the joint Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 at the onset of World War II. The two decades of Poland's sovereignty between the world wars are known as the Interbellum.

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The Nazis and their youth wings placed great importance on the division between the sexes. Boys were raised as political soldiers and girls were taught to be wives and mothers, breeding the next generation. Girls were not encouraged to have ambitions beyond the home. In the girls' League they were taught cooking, cleaning and childcare. Their clothes and hair were based on very traditional peasant styles. Summer camps were a highlight of the youth wings' calendar. They brought children of different backgrounds together, introduced city children to the countryside and gave some the first holidays they had ever had. However, their main function was military training.

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BBC Bitesize - National 4 History - Girls and boys in Nazi Germany

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The Nazis and their youth wings placed great importance on the division between the sexes. Boys were raised as political soldiers and girls were taught to be wives and mothers, breeding the next generation. Girls were not encouraged to have ambitions beyond the home. In the girls' League they were taught cooking, cleaning and childcare.

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are their divisions between different religions

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are their divisions between different religions

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yes the Jews are at the bottom and catholic and protestant have more power and don't suffer

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yes the older have more control

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Poland, country of central Europe. Poland is located at a geographic crossroads that links the forested lands of northwestern Europe to the sea lanes of the Atlantic Ocean and the fertile plains of the Eurasian frontier. Now bounded by seven nations, Poland has waxed and waned over the centuries, buffeted by the forces of regional history. In the early Middle Ages, Poland's small principalities and townships were subjugated by successive waves of invaders, from Germans and Balts to Mongols. In the mid-1500s, united Poland was the largest state in Europe and perhaps the continent's most powerful nation. Yet two and a half centuries later, during the Partitions of Poland (1772-1918), it disappeared, parceled out among the contending empires of Russia, Prussia, and Austria.

Even at a time of national crisis, however, Polish culture remained strong; indeed, it even flourished, if sometimes far from home. Polish revolutionary ideals, carried by such distinguished patriots as Kazimierz Pułaski and Tadeusz Kościuszko, informed those of the American Revolution. The Polish constitution of 1791, the oldest in Europe, in turn incorporated ideals of the American and French revolutions. Poles later settled in great numbers in the United States, Canada, Argentina, and Australia and carried their culture with them. At the same time, Polish artists of the Romantic period, such as pianist Frédéric Chopin and poet Adam Mickiewicz, were leading lights on the European continent in the 19th century. Following their example, Polish intellectuals, musicians, filmmakers, and writers continue to enrich the world's arts and letters.

Restored as a nation in 1918 but ravaged by two world wars, Poland suffered tremendously throughout the course of the 20th century. World War II was particularly damaging, as Poland's historically strong Jewish population was almost wholly annihilated in the Holocaust. Millions of non-Jewish Poles also died, victims of more partition and conquest. With the fall of the Third Reich, Poland effectively lost its independence once again, becoming a communist satellite state of the Soviet Union. Nearly a half century of totalitarian rule followed, though not without strong challenges on the part of Poland's workers, who, supported by a dissident Catholic Church, called the economic failures of the Soviet system into question.

In the late 1970s, beginning in the shipyards of Gdańsk, those workers formed a nationwide movement called Solidarity (Solidarność). Despite the arrest of Solidarity's leadership, its newspapers kept publishing, spreading its values and agenda throughout the country. In May 1989 the Polish government fell, along with communist regimes throughout eastern Europe, beginning Poland's rapid transformation into a democracy.

That transformation has not been without its difficulties, as the Nobel Prize-winning poet Wisława Szymborska wrote a decade later:

I came to the paradoxical conclusion that some workers had it much easier in the Polish People's Republic. They didn't have to pretend. They didn't have to be polite if they didn't feel like it. They didn't have to suppress their exhaustion, boredom, irritation. They didn't have to conceal their lack of interest in other people's problems. They didn't have to pretend that their back wasn't killing them when their back was in fact killing them. If they worked in a store, they didn't have to try to get their customers to buy things, since the products always vanished before the lines did.

By the turn of the 21st century, Poland was a market-based democracy, abundant in products of all kinds and a member of both NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the European Union (EU), allied more strongly with western Europe than with eastern Europe but, as always, squarely between them.

A land of striking beauty, Poland is punctuated by great forests and rivers, broad plains, and tall mountains. Warsaw (Warszawa), the country's capital, combines modern buildings with historic architecture, most of which was heavily damaged during World War II but has since been faithfully restored in one of the most thoroughgoing reconstruction efforts in European history. Other cities of historic and cultural interest include Poznań, the seat of Poland's first bishopric; Gdańsk, one of the most active ports on the busy Baltic Sea; and Kraków, a historic centre of arts and education and the home of Pope John Paul II, who personified for the Polish their country's struggle for independence and peace in modern times.

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Poland | History, Flag, Map, Population, President, Religion, & Facts

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Poland, country of central Europe. It is located at a geographic crossroads that links the forested lands of northwestern Europe to the sea lanes of the Atlantic Ocean and the fertile plains of the Eurasian frontier. Poland's capital city is Warsaw, and other important cities include Krakow and Gdansk.

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What kind of government exists and how does it impact the people

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What kind of government exists and how does it impact the people

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Its a Fascist dictatorship

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What is the time period we are researching

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What is the time period we are researching

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WWII in Poland during 1939

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BBC - History - Historic Figures: Heinrich Himmler (1900 - 1945)

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Nazi, head of the SS, architect of genocide

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How does the setting contribute to your character’s experience?

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How does the setting contribute to your character’s experience?

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How does the location impact the plot of what is happening in the novel?Think about the weather / climate / landforms

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How does the location impact the plot of what is happening in the novel?Think about the weather / climate / landforms

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The location impacts it because in Poland it gets very cold so many people died because they slept out in the open and didn't have good clothes

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How does the location impact the characters?

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How does the location impact the characters?

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Western response

Western military commanders were rooted in the strategies of World War One and entirely unprepared for the rapid invasion of Poland. They expected the Germans to probe and bombard the Polish line with heavy artillery for several weeks before launching a full invasion.

Consequently while the Panzers advanced, French troops confined themselves to scouting and mapping the German 'West Wall', while awaiting the deployment of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and full mobilisation. There was no offensive strategy, because France expected to fight a war of defence, and had invested heavily in the static defences of the Maginot line. The RAF also dropped not bombs but leaflets, urging a peace settlement.

By 6 September the two Wehrmacht army groups had linked up at Lodz in the centre of Poland and cleaved the country in two, trapping the bulk of the Polish army against the German border. Two days later, the Panzers had corralled Polish forces into five isolated pockets centred around Pomerania, Pozan, Lodz, Krakow and Carpathia.

Twelve of Poland's divisions were cavalry, armed with lance and sabre, and they were no match for tanks. Each pocket was relentlessly bombarded and bombed, and once food and ammunition had run out had little choice but to surrender.

By 8 September the leading Panzers were on the outskirts of Warsaw, having covered 140 miles in only eight days. Two days later all Polish forces were ordered to fall back and regroup in Eastern Poland for a last stand. All hope was pinned upon a major French and British offensive in the west to relieve the pressure.

However, despite assurances from Marshal Maurice Gamelin that the French Army was fully engaged in combat, all military action on the western front was ended on 13 September, when French troops were ordered to fall back behind the security of the Maginot line. Warsaw was surrounded on 15 September, and suffered punishing bombing raids without hope of relief.

On 17 September the Red Army crossed the Polish border in the east, in fulfilment of the secret agreement within the Nazi-Soviet Pact, and ended any prospect of Poland's survival. Those Poles who could, fled across the border into Romania, and many subsequently reached the west and continued the war as the Free Polish Forces. Among them were many pilots, who were welcomed into the RAF and took part in the Battle of Britain.

Warsaw bravely held out until 27 September, but after enduring 18 days of continuous bombing finally surrendered at 2.00pm that afternoon. Germany had gained a swift victory, but not the end of the war. Britain and France refused to accept Hitler's peace offer. His gamble had failed, and Poland had become the first battleground of World War Two.

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Western military commanders were rooted in the strategies of World War One and entirely unprepared for the rapid invasion of Poland. They expected the Germans to probe and bombard the Polish line with heavy artillery for several weeks before launching a full invasion.

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Where does your story take place? What is the location?

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Where does your story take place? What is the location?

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The story takes place in the Capital of Poland which is Warsaw in 1939

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jack·boot

ˈjakˌbo͞ot/

noun

1. a large leather military boot reaching to the knee.

used as a symbol of cruel or authoritarian behavior or rule.

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Milkweeds are Beautiful American Wildflowers and Delightful Garden Plants

With their fragrant flowers, which grow in clusters like little bells, all milkweeds are a magnet for butterflies. Four different species of native Milkweed- the Whorled, Common and Swamp Milkweeds, as well as Butterfly Weed (also a milkweed)- are found in most states from the eastern seaboard to the Rocky Mountains as well as in southern Canada, and will thrive in a wide range of garden and meadow habitats.

Butterfly Weed is a type of Milkweed. Both are members of the Asclepias family.

Some milkweed species are short and will work best at the front of the border; others are taller and make a statement among other plants. Some species, are available in a range of colors for your garden.
Milkweeds are a critical resource for our whole environment. The nectar in all milkweed flowers provides valuable food for butterflies, bees and other pollinators.
The leaves of all milkweed species are the ONLY food that the caterpillars of our beautiful American Monarch butterflies can eat. But, because of widespread pesticide use, wild-growing milkweeds are disappearing in places where these butterflies breed. This has led to a 90% decline in the number of Eastern Monarchs in a just single decade. Looking ahead, if we don't replenish these lost milkweeds, Monarch butterflies will vanish from the American landscape forever.

When and Where to Plant Milkweed

Beware of look-alikes! Here, a Viceroy butterfly and a Swallowtail visit Milkweed. Unlike a Monarch, Viceroy's have an extra, black horizontal line crossing their hind-wings.
Learn more about the special relationship between Monarchs and Milkweed.
Light: Young plants need plenty of diffuse light as they grow.

Soil: Take your cue from where you find the individual species in the wild. Thus, Common Milkweed grows well in average garden soil. Swamp Milkweed, as its name implies, will do best in a moist environment or possibly a rain garden. Tropical Milkweed performs beautifully in hot, humid conditions (though it can be grown as an annual in the north). However, Butterfly Weed and Whorled Milkweed need dry conditions.

Spacing: Butterfly Weed, Whorled Milkweed and Common Milkweed should all be spaced about 18" apart. However, Swamp Milkweed eventually forms clumps up to 3' across. So, plant Swamp Milkweed and its cultivars between 30" and 36" apart.
Planting Milkweed:

1. Loosen the soil where you will be planting (about two feet in diameter).

2. Make a planting hole that is twice the diameter of the pot.

3. Place your milkweed in the hole without disturbing the roots and tamp soil around the rootball. Water well.

Carefully unpot your Milkweed by gently tipping the plant over to release it from the pot.

Plant your Milkweed so that it is level with soil.

Spring Planting: If you want to start milkweeds in the spring, the easiest way is to buy potted seedlings and transplant them directly into your garden beds or meadow.

Oftentimes your spring milkweed plants will arrive in a dormant state, with no green leaves above the soil line. This is perfectly normal! At this stage in your milkweeds growth, all of the energy is being focused on developing a strong root system. After you plant your milkweed, you should see it 'wake up' as the soil warms and should begin to see leaves form.

Fall Planting: If you want to start milkweeds from seed, the easiest way is to emulate Mother Nature and plant them in the fall! In the wild, milkweed plants scatter their seeds quite late in the season-at a time when the coming cold would kill any seedlings that germinated right away. But the seeds of milkweeds (and other plants that flower late in the season) are cleverly programmed to delay their germination until after they have been exposed to winter's cold followed by gradually rising temperatures in springtime-an adaptation known as stratification.

Copy this technique at home by scratching your milkweed seed directly into the soil in the fall. Then, next year in early summer, keep a sharp lookout for those newly emerging seedlings and water them regularly until they are well established.

However, if you really need to start your seeds in the spring, first you must break their dormancy by mimicking nature's stratification. So, before planting, wrap the seeds in a damp paper towel, seal inside a plastic bag, and leave it in the refrigerator for several weeks. Then plant the seeds in regular potting soil. Learn how to germinate and grow milkweed seeds in detail here.

How to Grow Milkweed Throughout the Season

Growth habit: Most milkweed species are clump-forming. However, Common Milkweed is a single stemmed variety.

Staking: None needed.

Watering: Swamp Milkweed needs either a naturally moist environment or regular watering. Whorled and Common Milkweeds, as well as Butterfly Weed, are suited to a dry environment.

Fertilizing: Milkweed does not require fertilization, as it is a native plant that performs well in poor soils.
Milkweed attracts a whole heap of pollinators, including native bees, bumble bees, and honey bees.
Mulching: You may mulch milkweed with leaf litter or fine-chopped bark mulch if you're trying to control weeds. Dry-soil loving milkweeds, like Butterfly Weed, may not appreciate the water retaining qualities of mulch.

Trimming & Pruning: None needed.

Milkweed: End of Season Care

Dividing & Transplanting: None needed. Swamp milkweed in particular, develops a deep tap-root and resents being moved. To avoid unwanted volunteer seedlings a garden setting, remove or secure all seed pods in early fall, before they split open and spread their seed.

Pests & Disease: Typically there are no serious pests or diseases. However, in certain situations, both aphids and whitefly can overrun your milkweed plants. Use a jet of water to hose them off. When you spray, be sure to avoid any clusters of Monarch eggs that are growing on the affected plants. Move any Monarch larvae that have already hatched to a clean plan before spraying.
To learn more about the plants we sell and how to grow them in your yard, garden beds and patio containers, sign up for our inspiring emails.
To avoid crown rot, choose a dry location for Butterfly Weed and Whorled Milkweed.

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With their fragrant flowers, which grow in clusters like little bells, all milkweeds are a magnet for butterflies. Four different species of native Milkweed- the Whorled, Common and Swamp Milkweeds, as well as Butterfly Weed (also a milkweed)- are found in most states from the eastern seaboard to the Rocky Mountains as well as in southern Canada, and will thrive in a wide range of garden and meadow habitats.

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The German invasion of Poland in the fall of 1939 triggered WWII. Learn more about key dates and events, causes, and related Holocaust history.