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Southeast Asia must ultimately target the deeper structural issues in the agriculture sector. Through taxation, stronger legal liability and other limits to growth, the region can work to make palm oil a “sunset industry” limited to the 6 million hectares of already deforested land. This can be the basis for a truly sustainable industry that is not allowed to expand using its current model of indiscriminate environmental destruction.

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ASEAN nations can also develop a framework for regional legal environmental liability. A regional resource-management court can give member countries a tool to pursue foreign-based companies contributing to the destruction. Singapore, where several of the largest commodity firms are based, can help give this international legal system some teeth by allowing Singaporean-based assets to be targeted.

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ASEAN cannot expect Indonesia to solve the problem by itself. (cooperation)

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ASEAN cannot expect Indonesia to solve the problem by itself. (cooperation)

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ASEAN has also been largely apathetic on the issue. Its Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution calls for greater enforcement but without providing any real plan or financial assistance to less-developed members.

ASEAN cannot expect Indonesia to take on the responsibility for solving this difficult task alone, especially as plantation companies and commodity traders based in Singapore and Malaysia are also to blame for deforestation.

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Countries choose not to import palm oil from Indonesia

no demand = no revenue = lesser production of oil palm = lesser slash and burn

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Up to the citizens to encourage the change 

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Up to the citizens to encourage the change 

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If the government is unwilling to change, the citizens feel the need to make the change themselves.

Teenagers in Bali, the founders of a no plastic bag movement: Bye Bye Plastic Bags. After being ignored by the governor of Bali once, they went under a hunger strike. This forced the governor to signed a memorandum of understanding to help the people of Bali ban plastic bags by January 2018.

https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/16/asia/melati-isabel-wijsen-bali/index.html

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Leaders of Indonesia are not taking action (lack of decisiveness)

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Leaders of Indonesia are not taking action (lack of decisiveness)

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Escalation of the haze issue can be attributed to the Indonesian government not taking appropriate action to reduce the impacts of the slash and burn agriculture.

For example, burning more than 2ha of land for clearing is illegal but is not enforced by authorities.

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current challenges can be attributed to poor leadership from Indonesia as well as the other members of ASEAN

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Rising tensions between Indonesia and other ASEAN countries (not cooperating)

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Rising tensions between Indonesia and other ASEAN countries (not cooperating)

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Other countries may implement other laws that may disadvantage Indonesia as a way to punish Indonesia
(eg: no longer sourcing palm oil from Indonesia)

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slow, takes 11 years to ratify the agreement of haze in 2014

indo's govt are not so interested in enforcing haze agreement, but motor focused on distributing firefighting pump machines to the community -> they don't really care about the haze as removing their slash and burn techniques will affect their palm oil industry, which is their main source of income. -> govt don't want to sacrifice their economy for other's health

indo still has non-compliant behaviour. if indo maintains, regional communities will continue to blame indo for SEA haze problems.

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indo is unsure of what's contained in the agreement, which part of haze does it regulate and if there's any provisions that contain economic and other means

make empty promises

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Tensions between Indonesia and other ASEAN countries

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Tensions between Indonesia and other ASEAN countries

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Other countries may implement other laws that may disadvantage Indonesia as a way to punish Indonesia
(eg: no longer sourcing palm oil from Indonesia)

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slash-and-burn agriculture is the immediate cause of the haze,

heated rhetoric and nonenforceable pledges from the government

archaic agricultural sector based on a 19th century model of plantation farming, especially in palm oil, that thrives at the expense of rainforests, biodiversity and people. Even when companies are not engaging in deforestation directly, their rapid expansion often pushes small farmers off their land, who then engage in their own slash-and-burn clearing as they try to settle somewhere else.

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The smoke travels with the wind to neighbouring countries -> affecting more people

Illnesses include irritating the respiratory tract and eyes, and also long term damage to health (lung damage)

in long term people will get reduced lung development, asthma and heart attack

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POLITICAL