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Collisions between electrically charged particles from the sun that enter the earth's atmosphere. often called the northern lights
http://www.thesuntoday.org/space-weather/aurora/
https://www.northernlightscentre.ca/northernlights.html

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A flare is defined as a sudden, rapid, and intense variation in brightness. A solar flare occurs when magnetic energy that has built up in the solar atmosphere is suddenly released. Radiation is emitted across virtually the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves at the long wavelength end, through optical emission to x-rays and gamma rays at the short wavelength end. The amount of energy released is the equivalent of millions of 100-megaton hydrogen bombs exploding at the same time! The first solar flare recorded in astronomical literature was on September 1, 1859. Two scientists, Richard C. Carrington and Richard Hodgson, were independently observing sunspots at the time, when they viewed a large flare in white light
https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/flare.htm
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2150350-a-tech-destroying-solar-flare-could-hit-earth-within-100-years/

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A prominence is a large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the Sun's surface, often in a loop shape. Prominences are anchored to the Sun's surface in the photosphere, and extend outwards into the Sun's corona. While the corona consists of extremely hot ionized gases known as plasma, which do not emit much visible light, prominences contain much cooler plasma
https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/what-is-a-solar-prominence
https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/what-is-a-solar-prominence

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Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the Sun's photosphere that appear as spots darker than the surrounding areas. They are regions of reduced surface temperature caused by concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection
https://scied.ucar.edu/sunspots
https://www.space.com/14736-sunspots-sun-spots-explained.html

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An aura of plasma that surrounds the Sun and other stars. The Sun's corona extends millions of kilometers into outer space and is most easily seen during a total solar eclipse, but it is also observable with a coronagraph. The corona is the outermost part of the Sun's atmosphere. The corona is usually hidden by the bright light of the Sun's surface
https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/sun-corona/en/
https://www.britannica.com/science/corona-Sun

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The second of the three main layers in the Sun's atmosphere and is roughly 3,000 to 5,000 kilometers deep. The chromosphere's rosy red color is only apparent during eclipses. The chromosphere sits just above the photosphere and below the solar transition region
https://www.space.com/17160-sun-atmosphere.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosphere

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The deepest layer of the Sun that we can observe directly. The temperature in the photosphere varies between about 6500 K at the bottom and 4000 K at the top (11,000 and 6700 degrees F, 6200 and 3700 degrees C). Most of the photosphere is covered by granulation
https://sites.ualberta.ca/~pogosyan/teaching/ASTRO_122/lect9/lecture9.html
https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/surface.shtml

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Energy is transported by convection in this region. The surface of the convection zone is where light is created
https://www.cora.nwra.com/~werne/eos/text/convection_zone.html
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sun-major-zones-of-internal-structure-eit-135015779.html

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In the radiative zone, energy generated by nuclear fusion in the core moves outward as electromagnetic radiation. In other words, the energy is conveyed by photons
https://edu.glogster.com/glog/layers-of-the-sun/26wxwsug8ca?=glogpedia-source
https://www.windows2universe.org/sun/Solar_interior/Sun_layers/radiative_zone.html

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At the core of the sun, gravitational attraction produces immense pressure and temperature, which can reach more than 27 million degrees Fahrenheit (15 million degrees Celsius). Hydrogen atoms get compressed and fuse together, creating helium. This process is called nuclear fusion
https://www.space.com/17137-how-hot-is-the-sun.html
http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/structure-of-the-sun.html