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Simple shelters covered with overlapping sheets of paperbark.

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Simple shelter made from bent- over stringy bark.

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Shelters made from a framework of saplings lashed together and then covered with leafy branches or sheets of bark. ( This method was common across Northern Australia)

Shelters made by bending and lashing cane into a dome- like structure and covering with palm fronds. (This method was common in Northern Queensland Rainforests)

Shelters made by leaning branches against each other in dome- like fashion, then covering the lot with spinifex grass, other vegetation and loyer of earth and sand. (The earth and sand formed a crust, providing a winter shelter in arid regions.

Stone structures survive from two regions of Australia on High Cliffy Island of the Kimberly coast and in one district of Victoria. These are stone circles about two metres across with shelter walls 1.5 metres high. Branches and vegetation placed over each structure to form a roof.

The type of structure people used depended on the available resources. Throughout Australia, paperback trees ( Melaleuca species) are common along water courses, providing large sheets of bark suitable for housing and bedding. In Northern Australian woodland large trees have relatively soft stringy bark which can be chopped away in large sheets causing stone axes and stone choppers in past time.) These are then placed over a wooden frame to provide a water--proof structure. In dense rainforests where palm fronds are numerous, these are used instead.

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diverse culture and lifestyle reflect its liberal democratic traditions and values, geographic closeness to the Asia–Pacific region and the social and cultural influences of the millions of migrants who have settled in Australia since World War II.

Australia is a product of a unique blend of established traditions and new influences. The country’s original inhabitants, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, are the custodians of one of the world’s oldest continuing cultural traditions. They have been living in Australia for at least 40 000 years and possibly up to 60 000 years.

The rest of Australia’s people are migrants or descendants of migrants who have arrived in Australia from about 200 countries since Great Britain established the first European settlement at Sydney Cove in 1788.

In 1945, Australia’s population was around 7 million people and was mainly Anglo–Celtic. Since then, more than 6.5 million migrants, including 675 000 refugees, have settled in Australia, significantly broadening its social and cultural profile.

Today Australia has a population of nearly 23 million people. At 2009, abou 25.6 per cent of the estimated resident population comprised those born overseas. Australian Bureau of Statistics projections from the 2006 census of the numbers of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people suggest and Indigenous population of 575,552 people at 30 June 2011.

Many of the people who have come to Australia since 1945 were motivated by a commitment to family, or a desire to escape poverty, war or persecution. The first waves of migrants and refugees came mostly from Europe. Subsequent waves have come from the Asia–Pacific region, the Middle East and Africa.

Migrants have enriched almost every aspect of Australian life, from business to the arts, from cooking to comedy and from science to sport. They, in turn, have adapted to Australia’s tolerant, informal and broadly egalitarian society.

Shared values

The defining feature of today’s Australia is not only the cultural diversity of its people, but the extent to which they are united by an overriding and unifying commitment to Australia.

Within the framework of Australia’s laws, all Australians have the right to express their culture and beliefs and to participate freely in Australia’s national life.

At the same time, everyone is expected to uphold the principles and shared values that support Australia’s way of life. These include:

respect for equal worth, dignity and freedom of the individual

freedom of speech and association

freedom of religion and a secular government

support for parliamentary

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Hipped roots, were all the side slope downward toward the walls are very popular in Australia and flat roots are popular in Western Australia.

Most Australian homes have brick walls and at least three bedrooms and are heated by electricity or mains gas

Most current styles of homes:

1. Contempary

- The inside of the homes were often open plan
- Large windows often at the corner of the house
- Inside of home often had an open plan
- The roof was low pitched with corrugated iron or steel deck roofing.
2. Double and Tripe fronted brick veneer
- Had a hipped roof call side of the roof slope downward to the walls that was tiled with concrete tiles.
- The external walls consisted of a brick veneer wall, usually made from wire cut bricks that were light tan, light red or brown
- Windows were horizontal sliding aluminium or timber awning with a brick on edge or terracotta tiled window sill

Materials and Orientation of Housing

- 87% of houses has outer walls of brick. 67% are single brick and 20% are double brick. Only 6% of houses have timber outer walls
- Homes in Australia are orientated to increase the energy efficiency of the homes. In Australia, homes that face north will have better access to winter sun and can more easily be protected from unwanted summer sun.

Internationally recognised Australian architecture

- Sydney Opera House
- Parliament House

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Educational level:

Early childhood education (preschool)

Primary education (primary schools)

Secondary education (high schools)

Tertiary education (universities, TAFE colleges and training providers)

Adult education

- Education in Australia is compulsory between the ages of five or six and fifteen, sixteen or seventeen, depending on the state of territory and date of birth
Politics

Government. Australia is a parliamentary decoracy based on the British system of government.

Economic status

Australia is the second--wealthiest nation in terms of wealth per adult, after Switzerland.

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Boomerang, unique tradition Australia

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Didgeridoo, Australia tradisional music instrument

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Biophysical elements in natural landscape 

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Biophysical elements in natural landscape 

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Abiotic:

Water - the amount of rain affects plant and animal survival. Without water, plants and animals grow or even live to reproduce.

Sunlight - light will affect the growth and reproduction of plants

Temperature - temperature can severely affect the environment because plants and animals will dehydrate if temperature is too high

Soil- without proper nutrient, plant will not be able to reproduce.

Wind- wind affects the reproduction of plants by increasing the photosynthesis rate.

Biotic:

Trees- tress provide a large amount of energy for many animals in this ecosystem because the tress are their food source.

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Build between ( 1840-1860)  are generally simple, wheter terraced or freestanding. They commonly one or two rooms across the front. Their appearance is formal but plain, with simple or no verandahs and restrained ornamentation

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Religious Beliefs - The constitution guarantees religious freedom and while there is no official national religion, Australia generally is described as a Christian country.

Rituals and holy places - Every religious denomination has its own places of worship and most expect their followers to attend religious services regularly.

Death and the Afterlife - The law requires that deceased people be dealt with according to health regulations.

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Our sketch about landscape in Australia

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Urban landscspe  in Melbourne with a tall building and modern decoration style.

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Urban landscape
- industrial activity

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Lake St Clair National Park, Australia (Cradle Mountain) this is natural landscape in Australia