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From “brute” to “thug:” The demonization and criminalization of unarmed Black male victims in America

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From “brute” to “thug:” The demonization and criminalization of unarmed Black male victims in America

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https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10911359.2015.1129256?scroll=

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Mackenzie- purple
Mikaela- blue
Josh- orange

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How white americans are more privileged than other races.

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Dear White People,  Let's Talk About Combating Racism

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Dear White People,  Let's Talk About Combating Racism

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https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/dear-white-people-lets-talk-about-combating-racism_us_58653517e4b014e7c72edfd7

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‘It definitely felt very white’: race, gender, and theperformative politics of assembly at the Women’sMarch in Victoria, British Columbia

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‘It definitely felt very white’: race, gender, and theperformative politics of assembly at the Women’sMarch in Victoria, British Columbia

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According to Nicholas Jones, director of race and ethnic research and outreach in the population division of the Census Bureau, in the 1970s there were about 65,000 black-white couples in the United States. By the 1980s, a little over a decade after Loving, that number had doubled, to 120,000.

Mr. Jones points out that it's difficult to measure the exact number of children born to these couples, because the census does not ask for the race or races of one's parents. But it's reasonable to assume that post-Loving, there was an uptick in births of kids like me - with one black parent and one white - people some call the "Loving Generation." Mr. Jones should know this generation. In addition to analyzing data about racial reporting patterns and demographic trends at the Census Bureau for the past 18 years, Nicholas Jones, born in the early 1970s to an Irish-German woman and an African-American man, is in my cohort.

There's an adage that to succeed, black people have to be "twice as good": twice as gifted and smart, twice as hard-working, twice as ... everything.

How does having one white parent change that "twice as good" calculation? Data on biracial people is tricky because it relies on self-reported identity. But my early inquiries into the Loving Generation showed that people with one black-identified and one white-identified parent seem to be disproportionately represented among black leaders and luminaries. Are our achievements impossible to separate from the benefits that, in this country, have always come with whiteness?

Of course, to be a black American is to be, by definition, mixed: According to a study released in 2014, 24 percent of the genetic makeup of self-identified African-Americans is of European origin. Colorism, which places black people in an uncodified but nevertheless very real hierarchy, with the lighter-skinned among us at the top, was a fact of American life long before Loving v. Virginia. Light-skinned black Americans, even those with two black parents, have, for centuries, been considered to be closer to white people, closer to white ideals about, well, most everything.

Sometimes, when I looked at the list I had made, it seemed entirely possible that our direct connection to whiteness - through immediate and extended family - had contributed to a certain familiarity with, and therefore accessibility to, the white norms, traditions and power structures that so many of us depend on for opportunity and success. The common denominator in the Loving Generation wasn't necessarily so much white proximity as white acceptance and, in many cases, familial love and close connection to white people. It seemed as if this could indeed have created real opportunities for us. It's likely, for example, that Barack Obama was able to imagine himself as president not just because he saw himself reflected in the white people around him, but because they saw themselves reflected in him.

About President Obama. Though I made that first "Loving" list before I'd ever heard of him, if you had told me back in 2003 that the United States would soon have a black president and that president would be the son of a white woman, I wouldn't have batted an eyelash. Mr. Obama, born in 1961, is at the leading edge of the "generation" I was looking to define, and the journey that led to his becoming the first black president was impossible to separate from his adjacency to whiteness. Ta-Nehisi Coates probably put it best in his January 2017 Atlantic magazine article " My President Was Black." He explained how Mr. Obama's direct connection to, and intimate familiarity with, white people - his mother, Ann Dunham, and her parents - helped fuel his sense of possibility, of not only who and what he could be but also what he could mean to others.

"The first white people he ever knew, the ones who raised him, were decent in a way that few black people of that era experienced," Mr. Coates wrote."Obama's early positive interactions with his white family members gave him a fundamentally different outlook toward the wider world than most blacks of the 1960s had." He also noted that Mr. Obama's lens, "born of literally relating to whites, allowed Obama to imagine that he could be the country's first black president."

There are other firsts within the Loving generation. Like Halle Berry (1966), the first black woman to win a best actress Oscar. And Amy DuBois Barnett (1974), the first black woman to run a major mainstream consumer magazine. And Jordan Peele (1979), the first black writer-director whose debut movie earned more than $100 million at the box office. And let's not forget Meghan Markle (1981), who is about to become the first black British royal (of the 21st century, that is).

I used to wonder whether people like Ms. Berry, or others in my particular and uniquely American generation, had ever made this specific observation, and been disturbed by it. It was a lot to come to terms with. I knew, even as a young adult, that I moved among and around white people with relative ease, in a way that my blackness - and my own perception and self-consciousness of it - wasn't at the foreground. What I didn't know is whether that had something, or everything, to do with what I'd accomplished.

Turns out, I was not alone. Erin Cloud, a public defender in the South Bronx, has similar concerns. "At my job, there's actually a lot of biracial people that are in more leadership opportunities, and I think about that. I'm like, 'Well, is that because there's something about their whiteness and our whiteness that is giving us space to communicate and that's why we're getting promotions and why we're moving forward?" she said. "I am a black woman. I see myself as a black woman, but I also have to be honest. I love my mother. I can't say for many of my black friends that they deeply, intimately, without any bounds love a white person."

Ms. Cloud was born to a black man and a white woman who met in the late 1970s while the latter was attending Morgan State University, a historically black college. Erin came along in 1983. She is one of more than a dozen participants in a new documentary series called " The Loving Generation," which I executive produced for the website Topic with Ezra Edelman (1974). It's directed by Lacey Schwartz (1977), a filmmaker who explored her own black and biracial identity in the 2014 documentary feature "Little White Lie," and Mehret Mandefro.

Mat Johnson, who wrote the 2015 novel "Loving Day" and is the son of a black mother and a white father, was also interviewed for the documentary. Though he is quick to acknowledge that members of our generation enjoy access to elements of white privilege - what he calls "off-white adjacency" - he explains it's important to take other factors into consideration when considering the successes of the Loving generation, namely economic class and the outsider-overachiever dynamic. "Particularly with those of us who are black-identified, we get into the mode of trying to overcompensate to fit in and be accepted," he told me.

But after you're accepted, then what? What does it mean that many prominent self-identified black people in America today were born to a white parent? Did Halle Berry pave the way for another black woman to win a best actress Oscar, or for another black woman who also happens to have a white parent? Beyond the continued question of colorism, what does this all mean for the next generation, the next crop of American power brokers, black or mixed or otherwise?

The writer and activist Rebecca Walker (1969) told "The Loving Generation" director Lacey Schwartz last month that she believes biracial and mixed-race fluidity has led to significant cultural and political contributions. "Our ability to see things from so many different perspectives has really been a boon for this culture," she said. She wonders, however, what the return is - that is, where do we go from here?

I wonder this too, and how - or if - "off-white adjacency" can be talked about in a way that acknowledges the experiences of those in my generation without seeming to mythologize or aggrandize them. I want to be able to celebrate the fact that the interracial marriages in which we were created represent a blow to legalized racism, and still grapple with the ways in which anti-black bias may have benefited us.

"Even having this discussion opens up all these other questions about our responsibility," Mat Johnson told me. "If we are a segment of the African-American population that has access to power and privilege, what does it mean ethically to live that life?" For his part, Mr. Johnson said, it means making a sustained effort not just to acknowledge his privileges but to use them to help those not similarly situated. He paused, then added, "I think it's valid to point this out even if it's uncomfortable."

Believe me, it is.

Correction: February 11, 2018

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Opinion | Black With (Some) White Privilege

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According to Nicholas Jones, director of race and ethnic research and outreach in the population division of the Census Bureau, in the 1970s there were about 65,000 black-white couples in the United States. By the 1980s, a little over a decade after Loving, that number had doubled, to 120,000.

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RACE ISSUES WITHIN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS: AFRICAN-AMERICAN VERSUS WHITE ATHLETE'S PERCEPTIONS OF ATHLETICS AND ACADEMIC AND COMMUNITY SOCIAL CLIMATE

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WHERE THE WATERS DIVIDE: NEOLIBERAL RACISM, WHITE PRIVILEGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE

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WHERE THE WATERS DIVIDE: NEOLIBERAL RACISM, WHITE PRIVILEGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE

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WHERE THE WATERS DIVIDE: NEOLIBERAL RACISM, WHITE PRIVILEGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE

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Neoliberalism represents a key moment in time for race relations in Canada, one that systematically protects white privilege, not through overt forms of state sanctioned institutional racism, as in the past, but through the colorblind and seductive

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https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3231372247892780026&q=fred+scott&hl=en&as_sdt=3,44

This federal court case has to do with Dred Scott v. Sandford. Dred Scott was a slave who is trying to become free. The federal court ruled in favor of Sandford by saying that Scott was considered property under federal law. This court case is important because the case shows how bad African American's lives where compared to other races. During slavery and the years after African Americans where treated badly either be being slaves or through segregation. White people where considered better than any other race. In other words white supremacy was held to prove whites rule all others.

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Many African American's had to go through slavery during 1790 - 1860. Slavery is the state of being a slave. Many African American's were slaves to white people and forced to do hard jobs like working in the fields for farmers. African American's did all of this without pay and if they didn't work hard enough they would be beaten. Many African Americans were considered items rather than people. This show how white people where more privileged than other races.

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This picture mentions the importance of the world around and finding the ideas of racism inside of yourself. It talks about after you realize these incidents then you are able to understand it more.

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The article Beyond white privilege

Geographies of white supremacy and settler colonialism is about beyond white privilege.  The article defines what white supremacy is and the history of white supremacy. The article is telling us to move past white supremacy and the past and move forward to a brighter future of equality.

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After America civil war, Jim Crow laws came to separate black people from white people. The three major issues of the Jim Crow Laws were attend separate schools and churches, use public bathrooms marked “for colored only”, eat in a separate section of a restaurant and, sit in the rear of a bus. The public bathroom issue is what the sign shows. During the early 1900's segregation between color and white public bathrooms was a growing issue. Many colored people felt out of place in the world because they had to do out of the way task to get through life. Many colored people had to go to a color restroom which would be away from the business and not managed nicely like white restrooms would be. The picture shows how blacks were mistreated in the early 1900's and how later colored restrooms were closed and people were forced to share public restrooms no matter the race.