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by Ashley Burwell

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Unit 1- Scientific Processes
Unit 2- Cell Structure & Function
Unit 3- Cell Transport & Water Properties
Unit 4- Mitosis & Meiosis
Unit 5- DNA & Protein Synthesis
Unit 6- Genetics & Biotechnology
Unit 7- Evolution
Unit 8- Plants
Unit 9- Matter & Energy
Unit 10- Ecology
Unit 11- Human Body Systems
Practice Test
Answer Key

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Description
This unit focuses on the scientific processes used to develop scientific knowledge. The main process used to evaluate scientific inquires is the scientific method. In the scientific method, scientist go through a number of standard steps to ensure the thoroughness of their research. These steps include observing a phenomenon, conducting research to develop more knowledge on the topic, proposing a testable hypothesis, conducting an experiment to gather data, analyzing data, & forming a conclusion. Experiments are further developed with methods to ensuring reliability & accuracy. These methods include identifying and maintaining control, independent, & dependent variables, conducting numerous experiments, & providing standard testing procedures that can be replicated. Overall, the methods of obtaining scientific knowledge are thorough and precise.

Vocabulary
scientific method (noun)- the standard procedure to develop and test a hypothesis.
hypothesis (noun)- a proposed explanation of an occurrence based on research.
experiment (noun)- a procedure performed to test a hypothesis.
independent variable (noun)- the factor that is directly manipulated.
dependent variable (noun)- the factor that is influenced in result of the independent variable.
constant variable (noun)- factors that remain consistent to establish reliability.
experimental group (noun)- the cluster of subjects that represent the effects of the independent on the dependent variable.
control group (noun)- the cluster of subjects that represent the naturally occurring or unaffected phenomenon.
scientific law (noun)- a statement describing an occurrence in the universe based on repeated experimental observations.
scientific theory (noun)- an explanation of an natural occurrence that can be tested.

Helpful Links

"The Scientific Method" by Sprouts

In this video, Sprouts explains the steps of the scientific method using different real-life example (using a pretty sick English accent).

"What is the Scientific Method?" by Explorable

In this website, the "cookie-cutter" steps of the scientific method is explained along with the different data that can be obtained.

Test Your Knowledge
Adela conducted an experiment to test the effect of sunlight on the growth of succulents. In the experiment she placed 10 potted succulents on a window sill in direct sunlight. She placed another 5 potted succulents in a refrigerator with no consistent sunlight. Her results were found inconclusive, which of the following reasons explains this outcome?

a. There was no control group.
b. There was not an equal number of subjects in each group.
c. There was more than one independent variable.
d. She did not have a focus in her testing.
e. B & C only.
(see answer in Answer Key tab)

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Description
This units focus is on the many organelles that compose a cell and their functions. Inside the cell, there are many different structures that perform a variety of tasks. These structures are known as organelles. In different types of cells, the organelles may vary in size & function. In this unit, the cell theory was discussed. The cell theory composes of ideas that the cell is the basic unit of life. The cell theory was introduced and researched with the help of many different microscopes. In addition to the discovery of cells & their function, the different
macro molecules & their function was introduced.  Overall, the cell is a complex structure that requires a great amount of research & consideration.

Vocabulary
macromolecule (noun)- a molecule that consists of a large number of atoms.
protein(noun)- a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst that assists with many functions.
lipid(noun)- a macromolecule that is composed of fatty acids & is insoluble in water, however it is soluble in organic substances.
carbohydrate(noun)- a macromolecule that contains hydrogen & oxygen &is used as a storage unit for energy.
nucleic acid(noun)- a macromolecule that consists of nucleotides and its primary function is to retain genetic information.
organelle(noun)- specialized structures within a cell that have specific functions.
nucleus(noun)- a primary organelle that contains of genetic material.
eukaryote(noun)- a cell that contains of a nucleus.
prokaryote (noun)- a cell that does not contain a nucleus.
cell wall(noun)- a rigid organelle that surrounds the cell to provide protection & structure; found in plant cells.

Helpful Links

"Biomolecules (Updated)" by the Amoeba Sisters

In this video, the Amoeba Sisters introduce the four macromolecules & relate them to real-life using food.

"Cell Organelles" by Exploring Nature Science Education Resource

In this website, diagrams of the animal & plant cell along with their many organelles are shown. In addition, there is descriptions of each of the organelles and their functions.

Test Your Knowledge
One day, Adela decided to observe a cell from one of her succulents. Which of these observations would Adela NOT make?

a. A large central vacuole.
b. Mitochondria.
c. A rigid cell wall.
d. Lack of a nucleus.
e. Cytoskeleton.
(see answer in Answer Key tab)

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Unit 3- Cell Transport & Water Properties

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Unit 3- Cell Transport & Water Properties

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Description
In this unit, areas such as osmosis, water properties, & the cell membrane was discussed. Osmosis refers to the movement of solutions to balance concentrations. The process of osmosis occurs at the cellular level through the cell membrane. This form of osmosis is the primary focus. In addition, water properties are discussed. These are properties that make water unique and useful in many ways. In addition, the importance of water properties to organisms is discussed. Overall, this unit covers the transport of solutions and the properties of water.

Vocabulary
osmosis (noun)- when molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane to equalize the concentrations surrounding the membrane.
isotonic(adj.)- describing a solution that has the same concentration on each side of a membrane.
hypotonic(adj.)- describing a solution that has a lower concentration outside the membrane than inside the membrane .
hypertonic (adj.)- describing a solution that has a higher concentration outside the membrane than inside the membrane.
cohesion(noun)- the property of molecules sticking to particles of the same substance.
adhesion(noun)- the property of molecules to stick to particles of different substances.
surface tension(noun)-the tension of surface layer of a liquid, minimizing surface area.
specific heat(noun)- the heat needed to raise the temperature of an object.
solute(noun)- the substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
solvent(noun)- the liquid in which a solute is dissolved into.

Helpful Links

"Water - Liquid Awesome: Crash Course Biology #2" by CrashCourse

In this CrashCourse video, Hank Green describes the components of water & each of its special properties.

"The Process of Osmosis in Cellular Activity" by Bright Hub Education

In this website, the process of osmosis & the cellular function relating to it are explained.

Test Your Knowledge
Adela noticed that in a succulent plant, water seems to defy gravity as it is sucked up through its roots. Which property of water is demonstrated here?

a. adhesion
b. cohesion
c. surface tension
d. specific heat
e. expansion when frozen
(see answer in Answer Key tab)

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Description
This unit focuses on the processes of mitosis & meiosis. While these processes may have similarities in their steps, the outcomes and function differ. In mitosis, the primary function is to simply reproduce 2 diploid cells for growth & repair. In meiosis, the primary function is to produce 4 haploid cells for reproduction. In each of these processes, genetic information is replicated then divided evenly between two cells. However, in meiosis the process furthers from those two cells. If a mistake or a fault occurs in one of these processes, a disorder or disease such as cancer may occur. Overall, mitosis & meiosis are crucial processes that occur in a cell.

Vocabulary
haploid (adj)- containing a single set of chromosomes without a pair.
diploid(adj)- containing two complete sets of chromosomes.
centrioles(noun)- an organelle that assist with the development of spindle fiber & the division of chromosomes.
cell cycle(noun)- the process that takes place leading to the division of the cell.
prophase(noun)-the first stage of cell division, where chromosomes become apparent and paired.
metaphase(noun)- second stage of cell division, where spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.
anaphase(noun)- stage of cell division where chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
telophase(noun)- final stage of cell division where chromosomes are resting at opposite poles of the cell, nuclei are formed, & the separation between the two daughter cells begins to become apparent.
cytokinesis(noun)- the division of the cell post-mitosis or post-meiosis.
interphase(noun)- the resting phase in the cell cycle between cell division.

Helpful Links

"Meiosis (Updated)" by the Amoeba Sisters

In the Amoeba Sisters video, the phases & process of meiosis is explained.

"Building Blocks of Life" by Arizona State University

In this website, the basics of mitosis & meiosis are explained. In addition, the reasons & causes for these cell division processes are discussed.

Test Your Knowledge
Adela decided to join her friend on a biking trip. On this biking trip, Adela fell off her bike and skinned her knee. Which process is her cells performing & what is the proper succession of the stages?

a. meiosis; interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
b. meiosis; metaphase, anaphase, prophase, telophase, interphase
c. mitosis; telophase, metaphase, prophase, anaphase, interphase
d. mitosis; prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase, interphase
e. None of the above
(see answer in Answer Key tab)

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Description
In this unit, the process of genetics & biotechnology is explained. Genetics is visual represented by a Punnett square. In the Punnett square, many different factors are taken into account. One of the most crucial factors, however, is the form of dominance that occurs in the given scenario. Dominance describes which of the alleles is given power or control over the other one. In addition to the process of determining genetics, biotechnology is also introduced. Biotechnology is the use of genetics for business or industrial purposes. In this unit, forms of biotechnology such as genetic engineering is introduced.

Vocabulary
dominant (noun)- the occurrence when one allele is expressed over another.
recessive(adj.)-the occurrence of when one allele is hidden by dominant alleles.
codominance(noun)- form of dominance where both alleles in a heterozygote are expressed.
incomplete dominance(noun)- form of dominance where one allele is not fully expressed over another.
Punnett square (noun)-a square diagram used to predict the possible outcomes of offspring.
pedigree(noun)-the recorder ancestry of an individual or organism.
biotechnology(noun)- the use of genetics for business or industrial purposes.
genetic engineering(noun)- the deliberate modification of the genetic makeup of an organism.
cloning(noun)- the replication of DNA
gene therapy(noun)-the transplantation of normal genes as substitute for damaged ones in order to consolidate for genetic disorders.

Helpful Links

"Heredity: Crash Course Biology #9" by CrashCourse

In Hank Greens Heredity video, he explains the development of the knowledge of heredity.

"Biotechnology" by U.S. Department of Agriculture

In this website, the USDA's policies on biotechnology and the impact it has is expressed.

Test Your Knowledge
Adela has two stunning horses. One of the horses is plain white, & the other is white with brown spots. Adela wants to breed her two horses together to increase her productivity on the farm. Upon further investigation, Adela discovered that the relationship between a brown horse and a white horse has a codominant relationship. If a completely white horse is expressed with the alleles nn and a completely brown horse is expressed with the alleles NN, what is the possibility that the outcome of Adela's horses is a white horse?

a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
e. 100%
(see answer in Answer Key tab)

(this picture is a visual representation of the variety of plants on succulent farms as a result of genetic engineering)

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In this unit, the theory of evolution and the evidence that supports it is introduced. It is explained that there are many different ways to support evidence for a common ancestor. The first way is through comparing the structures that make up an organism. Whether it is the organs or the skeletal system, scientists can use these structure to provide evidence for a common ancestor. In addition to the physical makeup of organisms, they can also compare the genetic makeup. Scientists can do this by search for the codons that code for similar or the same protein. In addition to the genetic and physical makeup of organisms, scientists can also compare the embryological stages. In other words, there are many different ways scientist can show evidence of natural selection & evolution.

Vocabulary
derived trait (noun)- a trait that the current organism obtains that previous generations did not have.
ancestral trait(noun)- a trait that has appeared in generations since the common ancestor and has undergone little change.
homologous structure(noun)- a structure that appears in numerous organisms with similar structure but differing functions.
analogous structure(noun)- a structure that appears in numerous organisms with similar function but differing structure.
vestigial structure(noun)- a structure that once had use in a previous generation but has no current use.
phylogeny(noun)- the study of evolutionary descent between species.
cladogram(noun)- a diagram representing the relationship of traits between organisms.
binomial nomenclature(noun)- a universal system of naming organisms using their genus then their species.
embryology(noun)- the study of embryonic stages
molecular comparison(noun)- the direct comparison of the codon coding.

Helpful Links

"What is Natural Selection?" by Stated Clearly

In this video, Stated Clearly explains the process of natural selection and the many factors that play into the succession of said process.

"Introduction to Human Evolution" by the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

In this website, human evolution and the evidence that supports it is presented.

Test Your Knowledge
Recently, Adela went to the dentist and she was told that she had to get her wisdom teeth removed. At first, Adela was concerned about the procedure, so then she did some research. After her research, Adela was relieved, what did Adela find out? Choose the best answer.

a. The procedure for wisdom tooth removal is quick and easy.
b. Wisdom teeth are homologous structures.
c. She will grow back new wisdom teeth.
d. Wisdom teeth provide important functions.
e. Wisdom teeth are vestigial structures.
(see answer in Answer Key tab)

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Description
This unit primarily focuses on plants & their structure. Since plants are extremely self-sustaining, there is a wide range of structures within a plant. These structures can be sectioned off into 4 main parts, however: the flower, leafs, stem, & roots. Each of these areas have a primary function to help the organism maintain homeostasis along with other crucial functions. In the flower, the reproductive system is kept & maintained. The leafs collect sunlight & water, & help with gas exchange.The stem transports the wide variety of nutrients needed throughout the plant to maintain homeostasis. Lastly, the roots pull up nutrients from the soil necessary for life. In a plant, a crucial part of understanding is to comprehend the importance of photosynthesis & its inverse relationship with cellular respiration. This relationship is so because of the fact that the reactants necessary for cellular respiration are the products of photosynthesis. Vice versa, the reactants of photosynthesis happen to be the products of cellular respiration. This cycle is dependent on one another & influences all living organisms.

Vocabulary
xylem (noun)- vascular tissue directly involved with transporting water and dissolved nutrients upward from the roots.
phloem (noun)- vascular tissue directly involved with transporting sugars and other nutrients downward from the leaves.
stamen (noun)- male reproductive organ of a flower; consists of anther & filament.
pistil (noun)- female reproductive organ of a flower; consists of stigma, style, & ovary.
vascular tissue (noun)- tissue in plants by which nutrients and water are transported throughout the organism; consists of phloem & xylem.
dermal tissue (noun)- Outer-most tissue that protects internal tissue & controls interactions with its surroundings.
meristem (noun)- plant tissue found at the roots that are directly involved with dividing cells to form new tissue & provide growth.
cambium (noun)- plant tissue where the phloem, xylem, or grow grow through mitosis, resulting in thickening.
stomata (noun)- pores in the epidermis of the organism that allows for gas exchange.
sepal (noun)- protective layering surrounding the forming petals.

Helpful Links

"Vascular Plants = Winning! - Crash Course Biology #37" by CrashCourse

In this video, Hank Green emphasizes the wide variety of vascular plants and the important structures that help these organisms live.

"What is Photosynthesis" by the Smithsonian Science Education Center

In this website, the basics of photosynthesis is explained.

Test Your Knowledge
When Adela observed her succulents over an extended period of time, she noticed upward growth. Which plant tissue is most directly involved with this growth?

a. meristem
b. dermal tissue
c. cambium
d. vascular tissue
e. cuticle
(see answer in Answer Key tab)

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Description
In this unit, the transfer of energy through organisms is shown. The main focus of the transfer of energy is expressed in the form of food chains. In these food chains, the organisms involved are split into levels or grouping called trophic levels. These trophic levels are determined through how the organism obtains its food. In simpler terms, if the organism eats another or if they produce their own nutrients. By determining their relationship, we can assemble a food chain to visualize the relationship between organisms. Furthermore, food chains can be connected & intertwined to create food webs. Because of the vast complexity, food webs show a more precise representation of an ecosystem.

Vocabulary
herbivore (noun)- organism that obtains energy through consuming strictly autotrophs.
carnivore(noun)- organism that obtains energy through consuming strictly heterotrophs.
detritivore(noun)- organisms that obtains its energy through consumer dead animal or plant matter.
omnivore(noun)- organism that obtains its energy through consuming autotrophs & or heterotrophs.
trophic level(noun)- a level of an ecosystem comprising of organisms that share similar functions in the food chain.
ecology(noun)- the branch of biology concerning the relationship between different organisms.
biotic (noun)- relating to living factors in ecological relations.
abotic(noun)- relating to nonliving factors in ecological relations.
autotrophs(noun)- organism that is able to form nutrients for its own use.
heterotrophs(noun)- organism that obtains its nutrients from other organisms or complex organic substances.

Helpful Links

"Ecosystem Ecology: Links in the Chain - Crash Course Ecology #7" by CrashCourse

In this video by Hank Green, he explains what ecology exactly is, how ecosystems are important, & the functioning within them.

"Food Web" by Scholastic

On this website, viewers will find an interactive food web in which participants can assemble food webs.

Test Your Knowledge
On Adela's safari trip, she noticed a wood rat munching on a prickly pear cactus. Upon further observation, she noticed  a weasel consume the wood rat. Later in the night, a hawk would prey on the weasel.  If the cactus originally had 1850 kcal, how many kilocalories did the hawk obtain?

a. 231.25 kcal
b. 1.85 kcal
c. 23.125 kcal
d. 18.5 kcal
e. none of the above
(see answer in Answer Key tab)

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In this unit, the study of ecology is discussed. There is explanation of phenomenons that are influencing the environment and causing negative effects on the ecosystem. Some of these processes are eutrophication, deforestation, overfishing, pollution, ocean acidfication, global warming, & many others. In eutrophication, runoff pollution causes an increase of nutrients in the water. In result, a thick layer of algae is formed on top of the water, resulting in a blockage from oxygen & sunlight to lower organisms. In overfishing, populations of fish are struggling to maintain a steady population which in turn influences their ecosystem around them. In ocean acidification, the increase of CO2 levels in the atmosphere influences the CO2 levels in the ocean as well. In result, the ocean becomes more acidic and less livable for organisms. Overall, this unit discusses the connectivity of our ecosystem & exactly how fragile it is.

Vocabulary
ecology(noun)- the branch of biology concerning the relationship between different organisms.
biodiversity(noun)- the variety of species within an ecosystem.
invasive species(noun)- an organism that is not native to its current habitat.
density independent factors(noun)- factors that influence population regardless of the density of said population.
density dependent factors(noun)- factors that influence population based on the density of said population.
exponential growth curve(noun)- a graphed representation of when there are no limited factors on a population.
logistic growth curve(noun)- a graphed representation of when the population is influenced by limited factors.
carrying capacity(noun)- the number of organisms an ecosystem can support without damage.
ocean acidfication (noun)- the description of the shift of pH levels in the ocean downwards.
eutrophication(noun)- description of the excessive nutrients in a body of water which causes an increase growth of plants life and algae which decreases the oxygen levels of surrounding animals life.

Helpful Links

"5 Human Impacts on the Environment: Crash Course Ecology #10" by CrashCourse

In this video, Hank Green lists & explains 5 ways humans are negatively impacting the environment.

"Climate Hot Map" by Union of Concerned Scientists

In this interactive map, you can explore the different regions of the world through the affects of global warming on the ecosystems located there.

Test Your Knowledge
Which of the following is not a limiting factor?

a. disease
b. high competition
c. low number of resources
d. endangerment laws
e. small space available
(see answer on Answer Key tab)

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The focus of this unit is based around DNA. One of the concepts discussed is the process of replicating DNA. In this process, DNA strands are separated,  given compliments, & are attached together by polymerase. In addition to the process of DNA replication, RNA production is also introduced. In this process, DNA strands are given compliment RNA strands that are then sent to become decoded. In addition to these two processes, the formation & components of DNA is discussed. Overall, DNA is crucial to the functioning of cells.

Vocabulary
double helix (noun) a pair of parallel structures that intertwine about a common node.
protein synthesis(noun)- process where cells create new proteins.
transcription(noun)- process where genetic information is copied into a strand of RNA, with a DNA strand as the template.
translation(noun)-process where nucleotide triplets code for specific amino acids that create proteins.
transfer RNA(noun)-RNA that transport amino acids to a ribosome
ribosomal RNA(noun)- RNA responsible for carrying out protein synthesis
substitution(noun)- a mutation where a codon is exchanged for another.
insertion(noun)-  a mutation where a segment is inserted into a DNA strand in a place where it does not belong.
deletion(noun)- a mutation where a sequence or a codon is deleted from the DNA strand.
frameshift mutation(noun)- a mutation where the frame for nucleotide triplets is shifted.

Helpful Links

"Protein Synthesis (Updated)" by the Amoeba Sisters

In this Amoeba Sister video, the importance of proteins, how RNA provides information for protein synthesis, & the process of protein synthesis are explained.

"DNA Learning Center" by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

In this website, many interactive 3D animations are provided that help visualize the process of DNA replication.

Test Your Knowledge
Which of these structures assist with the  assembling of DNA and RNA molecules?

a. polymerase
b. tRNA
c. helicase
d. rRNA
e.mRNA
(see answer in Answer Key tab)

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Description
This unit explores the human body systems. Some of these body systems include the nervous system, the circulatory system, the immune system, & the reproductive system. Within the nervous system, the primary focus was on the subdivisions of the brain. These subdivisions include the 4 lobes, the corpus callosum, cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, & medulla oblongata With the location of these parts, the functions were also discussed. In the circulatory system, the focus was on the components of the blood. In addition, the circulatory focused on the different subsections of the heart & the blood flow between them. In the immune system, discussion was focused on the different blood cells that fight infection. Lastly, the reproductive system focused on important structures & their functions.

Vocabulary
cerebellum (noun)- section of the brain responsible for coordination & muscular activity.
pons(noun)- section of the brain that links the thalamus & the medulla oblongata; controls information & regulates breathing.
medulla oblongata(noun)- subsection of the spinal cord responsible for unconscious functions such as heart rate & breathing.
artery(noun)- tubular pathways by which blood is transported from the heart to the rest of the body.
aorta(noun)- main artery; responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the circulatory system.
antibiotic(noun)- medicine that restricts the growth of microorganisms.
antibody(noun)- a blood protein produced to restrict certain antigens.
lymphocyte(noun)- white blood cell responsible for protection against microorganisms.
erthrocyte(noun)- red blood cell responsible for oxygen transportation.
thrombocytes (noun)- blood cell responsible for clotting.
Helpful Links

"Meet Your Master: Getting to Know Your Brain - Crash Course Psychology #4" by CrashCourse

In this episode of CrashCourse, Hank Green digs further into the anatomy of the brain & how the different sections can control conscious & unconscious functions.

"Heart Smarts" by University of Washington

In this interactivity, you will explore the subsections of the heart with further depth & learn interesting tidbits along the way. At the end of the interactive, there is also a quiz to test your knowledge!

Test Your Knowledge
Which of the following structures primarily assists with analyzing vision?

a. occipital lobe
b. peripheral lobe
c. temporal lobe
d. frontal lobe
e. none of the above
(see answer on Answer Key tab)

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1) In meiosis, how many cells are produced and what type of cells are they?

a. 2; diploid cell
b. 2; haploid cells
c. 4; diploid cells
d. 4; haploid cells
e. none of the above

2) Which of the following is not  a name of a lobe of the brain?

a. temporal
b. sympathetic
c. parietal
d. occipital
e. frontal

3) In humans, what type of structure are wisdom teeth?

a. vestigial structure
b. homologous structure
c. ancestral structure
d. analogus structure
e. derived structure

4) When a homozygous recessive allele pairing is breeded with a heterozygous allele, what is the percentage outcome of a heterozygous allele?

a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
e. 100%

5) Adela conducting an experiment & discovered that her results supported her conclusion, what should she do next?

a. Brag about it
b. Have another scientist perform the experiment
c. Keep her results secret from everyone else
d. Claim shes found a new theory
e. Do nothing

6) Which protein "unzips" DNA strands? Which protein connects DNA strands?

a. helicase; polymerase
b. protein; another protein
c. polymerase; helicase
d. mRNA; tRNA
e. tRNA; mRNA

7) The xylem performs which function?

a. transports water and dissolved nutrients through the plant
b. transports sugars and other nutrients
c. transports blood through the plant
d. acts as an immune system barrier
e. attracts pollinators

8) If a tertiary consumer obtains .04 kcals, how many kcals did the primary consumer obtain?

a. 400 kcals
b. 16 kcals
c. 40 kcals
d. 1.6 kcals
e. 4 kcals

9) What is the powerhouse of the cell?

a. mittochonriiiia
b. micahondria
c. mitakhondria
d. metachondrea
e. mitochondria

10) What allows certain insects (and jesus) to walk on water?

a. adhesion
b. cohesion
c. specific heat
d. expand when frozen
e.  surface tension

11) Global warming is a cause of...?

a. higher CO2 emmisions
b. deforestation
c. burning of fossil fuels
d. population growth
e. A, B & C only

12) In a food web, what are the primary consumers?

a. carnivore
b. heterotroph
c. omnivore
d. autotroph
e. herbivore

13) What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

a. ATP+ 12H2O
b. C6H12O6+6O2
c. 12CO2+3H2O+ATP
d. C5H14O7
e. 6CO2+6H20+ Light energy

14) What organelles are present in a plant cell that are not in an animal cell?

a. chloroplasts
b. large central vacuole
c. nucleus
d. all of the above
e. A & B only

15) Which is the correct order of phases for mitosis?

a. interphase, telophase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase
b. metaphase, prophase, telophase, interphase, anaphase
c. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, interphase, telophase
d. prophase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase, interphase
e. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interphase

16) Which part of the brain is responsible for motor movement?

a. hippocampus
b. amygdala
c  thalamus
d. motor cortex
e. hypothalamus

17) The constants in an experiment are...?

a. the statement that is being tested
b. the group that is not affected
c. the group that receives the independent variable
d. the variables that are maintained
e. the ability to replicate

18) Eutrophication is caused by...?

a. runoff pollution
b. CO2 emmisions
c. lack of biodiversity
d. an exponentially growing population
e. all of the above

19) The property of cohesion in relation to water means what?

a. water molecules are able to stick to other water molecules
b. water moelcules are abel to stick to other molecules of different substances
c. water molecules are polar
d. water has specific heat
e. none of the above

20) Which of the following shows evidence for  common ancestor?

a. similar embryonic stages
b. similar structures
c. similair genetic makeup
d. all of the above
e. A& B only

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These are the answers to the multiple choice questions provided in each unit and the practice test. Please only view once all questions have been answered and you are ensured that you would like to view the answers. Thanks:)

Unit 1- Scientific Processes
Adela conducted an experiment to test the effect of sunlight on the growth of succulents. In the experiment she placed 10 potted succulents on a window sill in direct sunlight. She placed another 5 potted succulents in a refrigerator with no consistent sunlight. Her results were found inconclusive, which of the following reasons explains this outcome?

a. There was no control group.
b. There was not an equal number of subjects in each group.
c. There was more than one independent variable.
d. She did not have a focus in her testing.
e. B & C only.

Unit 2- Cell Structure & Function
One day, Adela decided to observe a cell from one of her succulents. Which of these observations would Adela NOT make?

a. A large central vacuole.
b. Mitochondria.
c. A rigid cell wall.
d. Lack of a nucleus.
e. Cytoskeleton.

Unit 3- Cell Transport &Water Properties
Adela noticed that in a succulent plant, water seems to defy gravity as it is sucked up through its roots. Which property of water is demonstrated here?

a. adhesion
b. cohesion
c. surface tension
d. specific heat
e. expansion when frozen

Unit 4- Mitosis & Meiosis
Adela decided to join her friend on a biking trip. On this biking trip, Adela fell off her bike and skinned her knee. Which process is her cells performing & what is the proper succession of the stages?

a. meiosis; interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
b. meiosis; metaphase, anaphase, prophase, telophase, interphase
c. mitosis; telophase, metaphase, prophase, anaphase, interphase
d. mitosis; prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase, interphase
e. None of the above

Unit 5- DNA & Protein Synthesis
Which of these structures assist with the  assembling of DNA and RNA molecules?

a. polymerase
b. tRNA
c. helicase
d. rRNA
e.mRNA

Unit 6- Genetics & Biotechnology
Adela has two stunning horses. One of the horses is plain white, & the other is white with brown spots. Adela wants to breed her two horses together to increase her productivity on the farm. Upon further investigation, Adela discovered that the relationship between a brown horse and a white horse has a codominant relationship. If a completely white horse is expressed with the alleles nn and a completely brown horse is expressed with the alleles NN, what is the possibility that the outcome of Adela's horses is a white horse?

a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
e. 100%

Unit 7- Evolution
Recently, Adela went to the dentist and she was told that she had to get her wisdom teeth removed. At first, Adela was concerned about the procedure, so then she did some research. After her research, Adela was relieved, what did Adela find out? Choose the best answer.

a. The procedure for wisdom tooth removal is quick and easy.
b. Wisdom teeth are homologous structures.
c. She will grow back new wisdom teeth.
d. Wisdom teeth provide important functions.
e. Wisdom teeth are vestigial structures.

Unit 8- Plants
When Adela observed her succulents over an extended period of time, she noticed upward growth. Which plant tissue is most directly involved with this growth?

a. meristem
b. dermal tissue
c. cambium
d. vascular tissue
e. cuticle

Unit 9- Matter & Energy
On Adela's safari trip, she noticed a wood rat munching on a prickly pear cactus. Upon further observation, she noticed  a weasel consume the wood rat. Later in the night, a hawk would prey on the weasel.  If the cactus originally had 1850 kcal, how many kilocalories did the hawk obtain?

a. 231.25 kcal
b. 1.85 kcal
c. 23.125 kcal
d. 18.5 kcal
e. none of the above

Unit 10- Ecology
Which of the following is not a limiting factor?

a. disease
b. high competition
c. low number of resources
d. endangerment laws
e. small space available

Unit 11- Human Body Systems
Which of the following structures primarily assists with analyzing vision?

a. occipital lobe
b. peripheral lobe
c. temporal lobe
d. frontal lobe
e. none of the above

Practice Exam Answer Key

1) D
2) B
3) A
4) C
5) B
6) C
7) A
8) E
9) E
10) E
11) E
12) E
13) E
14) E
15) E
16) D
17) D
18) A
19) A
20) D