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What kind of lantern was used pre-cinema to present supernatural illusions?

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What kind of lantern was used pre-cinema to present supernatural illusions?

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Magic Lanterns.

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What day,month and year was the first moving image projected? What did early film projectors look like?

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What day,month and year was the first moving image projected? What did early film projectors look like?

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28th December 1895.

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The arrival of color was significant to the development of film in the 1930's. Describe the process of three strip technicolor.

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The arrival of color was significant to the development of film in the 1930's. Describe the process of three strip technicolor.

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Three individual rolls of black and white film, all running at once, recorded a color each; red, green or blue. Then in a film laboratory, each of these black and white filmstrips would be copied using colored dye. The image on each filmstrip would be identical except that each of them would only show their respective colors. Finally, the three strips would be combined together into a single film that could be projected in theaters; splashing color onto the screens of audiences.

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With the advent of the TV age between 1945 - 1965, what did Hollywood try to do to win back audiences?

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With the advent of the TV age between 1945 - 1965, what did Hollywood try to do to win back audiences?

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Hollywood tried to win back audiences with new gimmicks like 3D.

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Describe how television created a global village.

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Describe how television created a global village.

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How exactly did Astro Boy, a Japanese boy robot, come to be one of the forerunners in the creation of a "global village"? The answer is television. With Astro Boy's immense success in Japan, NBC enterprises sought out to bring the "boy wonder" over to the States . This meant that children from all over Japan and the United States were able to 'connect' with one another through their TV sets, acting as gateways to this "global village".

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What year was the first moon-landing broadcast? How many people worldwide watched this global broadcast event? Why was this significant to the advancement of media technologies?

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What year was the first moon-landing broadcast? How many people worldwide watched this global broadcast event? Why was this significant to the advancement of media technologies?

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The first moon-landing broadcast was in 1969 with 600 million people worldwide watching this extraordinary feat. This event was significant to the advancement of media technologies as it made use of communications satellites that circled the globe to relay live images in real-time for the first time.

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The arrival of the digital age brought many technological advancements to the world of video games - name some of these.

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The arrival of the digital age brought many technological advancements to the world of video games - name some of these.

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-Arcade Games (Pac-Man, Space Invaders)
-Home consoles (Atari, Magnavox Odyssey)
-3D Games (Lara Croft: Tomb Raider)

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Name two innovations of the Electronic Age (1972-1990).

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Name two innovations of the Electronic Age (1972-1990).

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-The videocassette recorder
-Video games

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The arrival of the internet has affected the way we make and use moving image. Give two examples.

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The arrival of the internet has affected the way we make and use moving image. Give two examples.

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-No longer do we need physical copies of films,television and video games; now we can easily access these mediums online.
eg: Netflix, Steam, Spotify.
-The line between content creator and consumer is becoming less defined. One can be either or both.
eg: YouTube, Instagram, Tumblr

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Where do you think the moving image is headed in the future? Use an example from ACMI to support your opinion.

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Where do you think the moving image is headed in the future? Use an example from ACMI to support your opinion.

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Perhaps in the future VR will develop and expand in order to encompass all forms of media. We'll consume all our media through the medium of virtual reality. Maybe we'll even go as far as to creating hyper realistic virtual 'Utopian' worlds in vr.

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Learn about the history and development of cinema, from the Kinetoscope in 1891 to today's 3D revival.

Cinematography is the illusion of movement by the recording and subsequent rapid projection of many still photographic pictures on a screen. A product of 19th century scientific endeavour, it has, over the past century, become an industry employing many thousands of people and a medium of mass entertainment and communication.

Early cinema

No one person invented cinema. However, in 1891 the Edison Company in the USA successfully demonstrated a prototype of the Kinetoscope, which enabled one person at a time to view moving pictures. The first to present projected moving pictures to a paying audience (i.e. cinema) were the Lumière brothers in December 1895 in Paris.

At first, films were very short, sometimes only a few minutes or less. They were shown at fairgrounds and music halls or anywhere a screen could be set up and a room darkened. Subjects included local scenes and activities, views of foreign lands, short comedies and events considered newsworthy.

The films were accompanied by lecturers, music and a lot of audience participation-although they did not have synchronised dialogue, they were not 'silent' as they are sometimes described.

The rise of the film industry

By 1914, several national film industries were established. Europe, Russia and Scandinavia were as important as America. Films became longer, and storytelling, or narrative, became the dominant form.

As more people paid to see movies, the industry which grew around them was prepared to invest more money in their production, distribution and exhibition, so large studios were established and special cinemas built. The First World War greatly limited the film industry in Europe, and the American industry grew in relative importance.

The first 30 years of cinema were characterised by the growth and consolidation of an industrial base, the establishment of the narrative form, and refinement of technology.

Adding colour

Colour was first added to black-and-white movies through tinting, toning and stencilling. By 1906, the principles of colour separation were used to produce so-called 'natural colour' moving images with the British Kinemacolor process, first presented to the public in 1909.

The early Technicolor processes from 1915 onwards were cumbersome and expensive, and colour was not used more widely until the introduction of its three-colour process in 1932.

Adding sound

The first attempts to add synchronised sound to projected pictures used phonographic cylinders or discs.

The first feature-length movie incorporating synchronised dialogue, The Jazz Singer (USA, 1927), used the Warner Brothers' Vitaphone system, which employed a separate record disc with each reel of film for the sound.

This system proved unreliable and was soon replaced by an optical, variable density soundtrack recorded photographically along the edge of the film.

Cinema's golden age

By the early 1930s, nearly all feature-length movies were presented with synchronised sound and, by the mid-1930s, some were in full colour too. The advent of sound secured the dominant role of the American industry and gave rise to the 'Golden Age of Hollywood'.

During the 1930s and 1940s, cinema was the principal form of popular entertainment, with people often attending cinemas twice weekly. In Britain the highest attendances occurred in 1946, with over 31 million visits to the cinema each week.

The aspect ratio

Thomas Edison had used perforated 35mm film in the Kinetoscope, and in 1909 this was adopted as the industry standard. The picture had a height-to-width relationship-known as the aspect ratio-of 3:4 or 1:1.33.

With the advent of optical sound, the aspect ratio was adjusted to 1.37:1. Although there were many experiments with other formats, there were no major changes in screen ratios until the 1950s.

Competing with television

The introduction of television in America prompted a number of technical experiments designed to maintain public interest in cinema.

In 1952, the Cinerama process, using three projectors and a wide, deeply curved screen together with multi-track surround sound, was premiered. It gave audiences a sense of greater involvement and proved extremely popular. However, it was technically cumbersome, and widescreen cinema did not begin to be extensively used until the introduction of CinemaScope in 1953 and Todd-AO in 1955, both of which used single projectors.

CinemaScope had optically squeezed images on 35mm film which were expanded laterally by the projector lens to fit the width of the screen; Todd-AO used film 70mm wide. By the end of the 1950s, the shape of the cinema screen had effectively changed, with aspect ratios of either 1:2.35 or 1:1.66 becoming standard.

Specialist large-screen systems using 70mm film have also been developed. The most successful of these has been IMAX, which today has more than 1,000 screens worldwide. For many years IMAX cinemas have showed films specially made in its unique 2D or 3D formats, but they are increasingly showing versions of popular feature films which have been digitally remastered in the IMAX format, often with additional scenes or 3D effects.

Stereo sound, which had been experimented with in the 1940s, also became part of the new widescreen experience.

Cinema makes a comeback

While cinemas had some success in fighting the competition of television, they never regained the position and influence they once held, and over the next 30 years audiences dwindled. By 1984 cinema attendances in Britain had sunk to one million a week.

Since then, however, that figure has nearly trebled with the growth of out-of-town multiplex cinemas following the building of the first British multiplex at Milton Keynes in 1985.

Although America still appears to be the most influential film industry, the reality is more complex. Many films are produced internationally-either made in various countries or financed by multinational companies that have interests across range of media.

Today, most people see films on television (whether terrestrial or satellite or on video of some kind) and we are also moving towards a web-based means of delivery.

What's next?

In the past 20 years, film production has been profoundly altered by the impact of rapidly improving digital technology. Though productions may still be shot on film (and even this is becoming less commonplace) most subsequent processes, such as editing and special effects, are undertaken on computers before the final images are transferred back to film. The need for this final transfer is diminishing as more cinemas invest in digital projection which is capable of producing screen images that rival the sharpness, detail and brightness of traditional film projection.

In the past few years there has been a revival of interest in 3D features, both animated and live action, sparked by the availability of digital technology. Whether this will be more than a short-term phenomenon (as previous attempts at 3D in the 1950s and 1980s had been) remains to be seen.

Further reading

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A very short history of cinema - National Science and Media Museum blog

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Learn about the history and development of cinema, from the Kinetoscope in 1891 to today's 3D revival. Cinematography is the illusion of movement by the recording and subsequent rapid projection of many still photographic pictures on a screen.

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Today marks the 60 th anniversary of the color television. CBS is credited with making the first color broadcast on five East Coast stations in 1951, and on this day the company started selling their CBS-Columbia color television model. The product was discontinued just a few months later, but RCA picked up the slack a few years later in 1954. Today, it seems strange that companies had trouble selling color models, but back then buying a TV was as important of a choice as was buying a car (they were expensive!). Before we were warning about the dangers of too much TV, the color television represented a kind of sophistication and style. It was the best connection families had to the world around them and the new technology represented the dreamy possibilities of the future. We thought we'd take a peek back at some of the best color television print advertisements, which represented a time when the TV repairman was actually a lucrative career choice.

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Today marks the 60 th anniversary of the color television. CBS is credited with making the first color broadcast on five East Coast stations in 1951, and on this day the company started selling their CBS-Columbia color television model. The product was discontinued just a few months later, but RCA picked up the slack a few years later in 1954.

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The History of Video Game Consoles | TIME

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For centuries, humans have looked to space and the stars for answers. The fascination is more than philosophical-it's coupled with the need to solve problems here on Earth.

Today, there are seemingly countless benefits and applications of space technology. Satellites, for instance, are becoming critical for everything from internet connectivity and precision agriculture, to border security and archaeological study.

Space is Open for Business

Right now, there are nearly 6,000 satellites circling our tiny planet. About 60% of those are defunct satellites-space junk-and roughly 40% are operational.

As highlighted in the chart above, The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), determined that 2,666 operational satellites circled the globe in April of 2020.

Over the coming decade, it's estimated by Euroconsult that 990 satellites will be launched every year. This means by 2028, there could be 15,000 satellites in the skies.

With SpaceX's planned Starlink constellation of 12,000 satellites and Amazon's proposed constellation in the works, the new space race continues its acceleration.

Let's take a closer look at who operates those satellites and how they apply their technology.

Technology with a Purpose

Humans have long used space for navigation. While sailors once relied on the stars, today we use satellites for GPS, navigation, and various other applications.

More than half of Earth's operational satellites are launched for commercial purposes. About 61% of those provide communications, including everything from satellite TV and Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity to global internet.

Second to communications, 27% of commercial satellites have been launched for Earth Observation (EO) purposes, including environmental monitoring and border security.

Commercial satellites, however, can serve multiple purposes. One week, a satellite may be 'tasked' to image a contested border. It could later be tasked to monitor the reclamation of a mining site or even the aftermath of a natural disaster.

Government and civil purposes make up 21% of all of Earth's operational satellites, and military purposes come in at 13%.

Who Owns Earth's Orbit? Space Operators

SpaceX-founded by Elon Musk-is not only a disruptive launch provider for missions to the International Space Station ( saving NASA millions). It's also the largest commercial operator of satellites on the planet.

With 358 satellites launched as of April, part of SpaceX's mission is to boost navigation capabilities and supply the world with space-based internet.

While the company operated 22% of the world's operational satellites as of April, it went on to launch an additional 175 satellites in the span of one month, from August to September 2020.

Following its series of summer launches, SpaceX announced that it had deployed enough satellites to support the beta version of its satellite-based internet service, Starlink.

Every Commercial Satellite in One Table

Since December 2005, the UCS has compiled data on every operational satellite in Earth's orbit. In the table below, you'll find every commercial satellite in orbit, as of April 2020.

Satellite Owner/Operator

Number of Satellites

Country of Operator/Owner

Cubesats, microsats, nanosats, and more-the new space race is all about small satellites.

With its flock of small EO satellites, or "doves", Planet Labs now has more than 150 satellites in operation (however, in April 2020, the number exceeded 250, as per above data).

Even Amazon is preparing for space. In July of 2020, the FCC granted approval for Jeff Bezos's tech empire to launch and operate an internet constellation of 3,236 satellites.

Nations that Dominate Earth's Orbit

It may be no surprise that the United States, China, and Russia top the list of countries with operational satellites.

The U.S. and Russia (then the USSR) piloted the space race throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Both nations are found in the top three of current satellite operators, with the U.S. operating nearly half of all satellites- 1,308 as of April 2020.

China trails the U.S. with approximately 356 satellites. Taking third spot, Russia has 167 satellites in operation, and the UK comes in at a close fourth with 130 satellites.

Collectively, the above five countries operate roughly 76% of the world's satellites.

The New Space Race

Where the original space race was a nationalistic competition between Cold War rivals, the new space race is collaborative and commercialized.

Today, international cooperation allows for the deployment of satellites, as well as space-based science. Before SpaceX, NASA and the other space agencies that operate the International Space Station had been reliant on Russian Soyuz rockets for hundreds of missions.

With the success of its famed reusable rockets, SpaceX is on track to reduce launch costs by as much as US$6 million per flight-which is likely to support the proliferation of satellites in the coming years.

With improved technology and commercial partnerships, all signs point to a crowded orbit.

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What Happens in an Internet Minute in 2017?

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For centuries, humans have looked to space and the stars for answers. The fascination is more than philosophical-it's coupled with the need to solve problems here on Earth. Today, there are seemingly countless benefits and applications of space technology. Satellites, for instance, are becoming critical for everything from internet connectivity and precision agriculture, to border security and archaeological study.

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How is the history of the moving image similar or different to that of the cinema of your country?

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How is the history of the moving image similar or different to that of the cinema of your country?

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Myanmar - The film industry here has a long history dating all the way back to the 1910s. At one time the film industry was illustrious and booming, circa mid 1950s, with people even calling it the "biggest and most vibrant industry in South East Asia". However, after the 1960s the once praised industry began to crumble with harsh censorship laws hitting filmmakers at every angle; restricting any real progress or innovation in the industry. Nowadays, the industry in merely a fragment of what it used to be; most of the films being low budget direct to DVD releases with the same handful of actors and the same plot lines in constant rotation. Though, not all hope is lost for the Burmese film industry; "Mudras Calling" has been making the rounds through many international film festivals and has been racking up praise from critics and audiences alike. Perhaps films like these will able to reignite the once bright flame of the industry.

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I have been to cinema museum in Shanghai, i saw the history of the  Chinese film. I think one difference is that in old Chinese times, most of the animation used pictures and paper cut things, such as shadow puppet, which can be seen as a original way to produce visual experience. And the most similar thing might be the invention of television, even until now, most of the people in China gain information on television. As a result, I think, television may be the best invention ever to improve life quality.