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The Australian Bureau of Statistics released data showing that one in twenty people in Australia currently have diabetes (ABS, 2022).

Reference:

Diabetes, 2020-21 Financial year. (ABS, 2022).

https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/diabetes/2020-21

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Key statistics

One in twenty Australians had diabetes (5.3% or 1.3 million people)

Males and females had similar rates of diabetes (5.7% and 4.9%)

The most common type of diabetes was Type 2 diabetes (4.5%)

The National Health Survey 2020-21 was collected online during the COVID-19 pandemic and is a break in time series. Data should be used for point-in-time analysis only and can't be compared to previous years. See Methodology for more information.

Diabetes is a chronic condition where the body cannot produce enough insulin, a hormone essential for converting glucose into energy. If poorly managed, diabetes can lead to additional health complications, such as heart attack, stroke, and limb amputation[1].

In 2020, diabetes was ranked seventh in the leading causes of death in Australia with 5,148 deaths[2]. In 2018, Type 2 diabetes was the twelfth leading contributor (2.3%) to Australia's total disease burden (fatal and non-fatal)[3].

One in twenty (5.3%) people had diabetes in 2020-21.

Rates were similar for males and females (5.7% and 4.9%)

The rate of diabetes increased with age from 10.3% for people aged 55-64 years to 14.9% for people aged 65-74 years

Almost one in five (19.2%) people over 75 years had diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes was the most common type of diabetes (85.5%), followed by Type 1 diabetes (11.0%) and type not known by person reporting (4.1%). (This analysis excludes gestational diabetes).

Previous catalogue number

This release previously used catalogue number 4364.0.00.006.

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Contains key statistics and information about diabetes and its prevalence in Australia

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Tarnopolsky et al. (1988) noted that in comparison to individual who follow a sedentary lifestyle, their physically active counterparts require 1.12 times (for strength athletes) and 1.67 (for endurance athletes) more protein intake on a daily basis.

Tarnopolsky, M. A., MacDougall, J. D., & Atkinson, S. A. (1988). Influence of protein intake and training status on nitrogen balance and lean body mass. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 64(1), 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.1.187

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Abstract

The present study examined the effects of training status (endurance exercise or body building) on nitrogen balance, body composition, and urea excretion during periods of habitual and altered protein intakes. Experiments were performed on six elite bodybuilders, six elite endurance athletes, and six sedentary controls during a 10-day period of normal protein intake followed by a 10-day period of altered protein intake. The nitrogen balance data revealed that bodybuilders required 1.12 times and endurance athletes required 1.67 times more daily protein than sedentary controls. Lean body mass (density) was maintained in bodybuilders consuming 1.05 g protein.kg-1.day-1. Endurance athletes excreted more total daily urea than either bodybuilders or controls. We conclude that bodybuilders during habitual training require a daily protein intake only slightly greater than that for sedentary individuals in the maintenance of lean body mass and that endurance athletes require daily protein intakes greater than either bodybuilders or sedentary individuals to meet the needs of protein catabolism during exercise.

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Phillips SM, Atkinson SA, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDougall JD. Phillips SM, et al. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1993 Nov;75(5):2134-41. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1993.75.5.2134. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1993. PMID: 8307870

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national center for biotechnology information

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Influence of protein intake and training status on nitrogen balance and lean body mass - PubMed

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The present study examined the effects of training status (endurance exercise or body building) on nitrogen balance, body composition, and urea excretion during periods of habitual and altered protein intakes. Experiments were performed on six elite bodybuilders, six elite endurance athletes, and si ...

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According to data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2020-2021 3.6% of people of any age are likely to suffer from a long-term health condition that effects the thyroid gland (ABS 2020).

Reference:

Health conditions prevalence, 2020-21. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (n.d.). https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/health-conditions-prevalence/2020-21#other-long-term-health-conditions

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Overweight & Obesity in Australia (Anne Evers)

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Overweight & Obesity in Australia (Anne Evers)

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In 2017-18, two thirds (67.0%) of Australian adults were overweight or obese (12.5 million people), an increase from 63.4% in 2014-15.

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Key statistics

67% of adults were overweight or obese, an increase from 63% in 2014-15.

A greater proportion of men were overweight or obese than women (75% compared with 60%).

25% of children were overweight or obese.

Being overweight or obese increases a person's risk of developing long-term health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure and Type 2 diabetes, while being underweight can also be a health risk factor for some people.

Key findings

In 2017-18, two thirds (67.0%) of Australian adults were overweight or obese (12.5 million people), an increase from 63.4% in 2014-15.

This change was driven by the increase in the proportion of adults categorised as obese, which increased from 27.9% to 31.3%

There was a large increase for those aged 18-24 years, with 38.9% overweight or obese in 2014-15 compared with 46.0% in 2017-18.

In 2017-18, a greater proportion of men aged 18 years and over were overweight or obese than women (74.5% and 59.7% respectively).

Almost one quarter (24.9%) of children aged 5-17 years were overweight or obese in 2017-18 (17% overweight and 8.1% obese). The rates were similar for boys and girls and this has remained stable over the previous ten years.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a commonly used measure for defining whether a person is underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese. In the National Health Survey, respondents' height and weight were measured to determine their BMI score. In the 2017-18 NHS, respondents were also asked to self report their height and weight.

In 2017-18, 33.8% of respondents aged 18 years and over did not have their height and or weight measured. For these people, height and weight were imputed using a range of information including their self reported height and weight. For more information see Appendix 2: Physical measurements in the 2017-18 National Health Survey.

Another method used to measure whether a person is a healthy weight or not is waist circumference. See Waist circumference for more information.

In 2017-18, two thirds (67.0%) of Australians 18 years and over were overweight or obese. Slightly more than a third (35.6%) were overweight and slightly less than a third were obese (31.3%). Just under one third (31.7%) were within the healthy weight range and one percent (1.3%) were underweight.

Since 2014-15, the proportion of adults aged 18 years and over who were overweight or obese increased from 63.4% to 67.0%. This change was driven by the increase in the proportion of adults categorised as obese, which increased from 27.9% to 31.3%. Since 1995, the proportion of adults aged 18 years and over who were overweight or obese increased from 56.2% to 67.0%, which was also associated with an increase in the proportion of people who were obese, which increased from 18.7% in 1995 to 31.3% in 2017-18. The proportion of adults who were overweight remained steady throughout this time.

In 2017-18, a greater proportion of men aged 18 years and over were overweight or obese than women (74.5% and 59.7% respectively). This difference was greatest in the overweight category, with 42.0% of men compared with 29.6% of women). The proportion of men who were in the obese category was also higher than for women but the gap was much narrower (32.5% compared with 30.2%). Since 2014-15, the proportion of both men and women in the obese category increased. For men this changed from 28.4% to 32.5% and for women the increase was from 27.4% to 30.2%. The proportion of men and women in the overweight category has remained constant since 2014-15.

In 2017-18, the proportion of adults aged 18 years and over who were overweight or obese in general increased with age. Less than half of those aged 18-24 years (46.0%) were overweight or obese. By age 35-44 years, this had increased to 68.7% and by the age of 65-74 years, the proportion had increased to almost four out of five (78.2%). However, there was a large increase for those aged 18-24 years, with 38.9% overweight or obese in 2014-15 compared with 46.0% in 2017-18.

In 2017-18, the proportion of adults aged 18 years and over who were overweight or obese increased with relative disadvantage. Seven in ten (71.8%) adults living in the areas of most disadvantage (first quintile) were overweight or obese in comparison to six in ten (62.6%) in the least disadvantaged (fifth quintile). This pattern remained relatively constant since 2014-15.

In 2017-18, adults aged 18 years and over living in Inner Regional, and Outer Regional and Remote Australia were more likely to be overweight or obese than those living in Major Cities (72.4% and 72.2% compared with 65.0% respectively). Again, this pattern was consistent with the results from 2014-15 (Inner Regional Australia: 69.2% and Outer Region and Remote Australia: 69.2%, Major Cities: 61.1%,).

In 2017-18, the states which saw increases in the proportion of adults aged 18 years and over that were overweight or obese were Victoria (increased from 63.3% to 68.3%), South Australia (increased from 65.8% to 69.7%), Western Australia (increased 60.3% to 66.7%) and Tasmania (increased from 67.5% to 70.9%).

Waist circumference is a commonly used measure of whether a person is of a healthy weight or not. In particular it provides a good estimate of body fat, and in conjunction with Body Mass Index can indicate a person's potential risk of developing chronic diseases such as heart disease and Type 2 diabetes.

A waist measurement of 94cm or more for men or 80cm or more for women indicates that a person is at increased risk of developing chronic disease[1].

In 2017-18, 35.4% of respondents aged 18 years and over did not have their waist circumference measured. For these people, waist circumference was imputed. For more information see Appendix 2: Physical measurements in the 2017-18 National Health Survey.

In 2017-18, the average waist measurement for adult men was 98.0cm, and for women it was 87.9cm. Three out of five (59.6%) Australian men and two-thirds of Australian women (66.0%) had a measured waist circumference that put them at an increased risk of disease. The proportion of population at increased risk has remained stable since 2011-12.

The proportion of men and women with a waist circumference that puts them at risk of developing chronic diseases increases with age, with more than three-quarters of men and women aged 55 years and over at increased risk in 2017-18 (76.8% of men compared with 80.3% of women).

Men and women in Regional and Remote areas of Australia were more likely to have waist measurements that put them at an increased risk than those in Major Cities of Australia. Around two thirds of men in Inner Regional (64.8%), Outer Regional (65.2%) and Remote Australia (66.7%) had waist measurements indicating increased risk, compared with less than three in five (57.5%) men in Major Cities. Seven in ten women in Inner Regional (72.0%), Outer Regional (71.5%) and Remote Australia (73.5%) had waist measurements indicating increased risk, compared with over six in ten (63.6%) women in Major Cities.

People living in the most disadvantaged areas were more likely to have waist measurements that put them at increased risk than those living in the least disadvantaged areas. Close to two-thirds (62.8%) of men living in the most disadvantaged areas had waist measurements indicating increased risk, compared with just over half (54.3%) of men living in least disadvantaged areas. Similarly, women living in the most disadvantaged areas were more likely to have an increased risk waist measurement compared with those living in areas of least disadvantage (72.5% compared with 58.7%).

Adults (18 years and over)

In 2017-18, 67.0% of Australian adults were overweight or obese.

Tasmania had the highest rate of adults who were overweight or obese (70.9%), compared with Australian Capital Territory (64.0%) who had the lowest.

In 2017-18, the states which saw increases in the proportion of adults that were overweight or obese from 2014-15 were Victoria (increased from 63.3% to 68.3%), South Australia (increased from 65.8% to 69.7%), and Tasmania (increased from 67.5% to 70.9%).

Across all States and Territories, men were more likely than women to be overweight or obese. Tasmania had the highest proportion of men overweight or obese (76.7%) while Australian Capital Territory had the lowest (70.5%). For women, Tasmania also had the highest proportion overweight or obese (65.3%) compared with New South Wales (58.0%), Northern Territory (57.5%) and the Australian Capital Territory which had similarly low rates (57.2%).

The proportion of adults who were overweight or obese in general increased with age.

Children (2-17 years)

In 2017-18, almost one quarter (24.9%) of Australian children were overweight or obese (17% overweight and 8.1% obese).

Across all States and Territories, the proportion of children (boys and girls) who were overweight or obese has remained stable since 2014-15, with the exception of Victoria where this rate has declined since 2014-15 from 28.6% to 22.6%.

In 2017-18, children in Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory had the highest rates of overweight or obese at 28.7% and 28.6% respectively. The lowest rate was 22.6% in Victoria.

Previous catalogue number

This release previously used catalogue number 4364.0.55.001.

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Overweight and obesity, 2017-18 financial year

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Contains key statistics and information about overweight and obesity trends and its prevalence in Australia, including state and territory findings

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Jeong et al (2023) found that trial participants who consumed either the DASH diet or a fruit and vegetable (FV) diet reduced their 10 year ASCVD risk by 10.3% compared to the control group.

Jeong, S. Y., Wee, C. C., Kovell, L. C., Plante, T. B., Miller, E. R., Appel, L. J., Mukamal, K. J., & Juraschek, S. P. (2023). Effects of Diet on 10-Year Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk (from the DASH Trial). The American Journal of Cardiology, 187, 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.10.019

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Mancino et al., (2023) found that female athletes are between 2-8 times more likely to suffer an ACL tear compared to male athletes. Despite efforts to prevent this type of injury the occurrence of injury is still rising. Unfortunately, up to 45% of athletes that experience this injury receive the devastating news of being unable to return back to their pre-injury level of sport. (Mancino et al., 2023).

Reference List

Mancino, F., Gabr, A., Plastow, R. & Haddad, Fares S. (2023) Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: is it time for a new approach? The Bone and Joint Journal, 105-B (10), p.1033-1037. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.105B10.BJJ-2023-0881.R1

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Abstract

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is frequently injured in elite athletes, with females up to eight times more likely to suffer an ACL tear than males. Biomechanical and hormonal factors have been thoroughly investigated; however, there remain unknown factors that need investigation. The mechanism of injury differs between males and females, and anatomical differences contribute significantly to the increased risk in females. Hormonal factors, both endogenous and exogenous, play a role in ACL laxity and may modify the risk of injury. However, data are still limited, and research involving oral contraceptives is potentially associated with methodological and ethical problems. Such characteristics can also influence the outcome after ACL reconstruction, with higher failure rates in females linked to a smaller diameter of the graft, especially in athletes aged < 21 years. The addition of a lateral extra-articular tenodesis can improve the outcomes after ACL reconstruction and reduce the risk of failure, and it should be routinely considered in young elite athletes. Sex-specific environmental differences can also contribute to the increased risk of injury, with more limited access to and availablility of advanced training facilities for female athletes. In addition, football kits are designed for male players, and increased attention should be focused on improving the quality of pitches, as female leagues usually play the day after male leagues. The kit, including boots, the length of studs, and the footballs themselves, should be tailored to the needs and body shapes of female athletes. Specific physiotherapy programmes and training protocols have yielded remarkable results in reducing the risk of injury, and these should be extended to school-age athletes. Finally, psychological factors should not be overlooked, with females' greater fear of re-injury and lack of confidence in their knee compromising their return to sport after ACL injury. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors should be recognized and addressed to optimize the training programmes which are designed to prevent injury, and improve our understanding of these injuries.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(10):1033-1037.

Correspondence should be sent to Fabio Mancino. E-mail: fabio_mancino@yahoo.com

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Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes

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Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes

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Balreldin et al. (2018) conducted a study in the USA and found over a 12-month period, nearly 50% of postnatal women were given opioid prescriptions upon discharge for pain relief. This included 87% of those who had a caesarean section and 30% of those who had a vaginal delivery, despite varying pain levels reported. The opioid strength prescribed was consistent across all women, irrespective of their reported pain intensity according to Balreldin et al. (2018).

Reference List

Badreldin, N., Grobman, W. A., Chang, K. T., & Yee, L. M. (2018). Opioid prescribing patterns among postpartum women. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 219(1), 103-e1.

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Karis Malone - Distribution of child mortality (2019)

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Karis Malone - Distribution of child mortality (2019)

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Globally, the distribution of childhood deaths from the ages of 5-14 years old have risen from accounting for 12% of childhood deaths in 1990, to accounting for 15% of childhood deaths in 2018. (UN-IGME, 2019). The data from UN-IGME (2019) also states that infant deaths have become less distributed than in 1990, accounting for 24% of childhood deaths in 2018 when they made up 26% of childhood deaths in 1990. At the time of the data collection, neonatal deaths had the highest distribution, accounting for 40% of childhood deaths for children aged 14 and under. (UN-IGME, 2019).

Reference list:

UN interagency group for child mortality estimation (2019). Percentage distribution of under 15 deaths by age for the world, 1990, 2000 and 2018 from the UN-IGME 2019 time series. [Data set]. World Health Organisation. https://platform.who.int/data/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent-ageing/static-visualizations/distribution-of-under-15-deaths-by-age-for-world