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As a result, the use of experimental animals regulated by the AWA has dropped from a high of more than two million in 1985 to the 767,622 reported in 2015.
(Animal Experimentation 2016)

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A team of Maryland scientists is “using adult stem cells that can grow into cells from just about any of the body’s organs, which they believe will allow them to more accurately and more quickly test effects of a toxin or a drug–potentially any     substance–on a person, eliminating the need for animal subjects.” ( croswell 2013)

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"It should be encouraged everywhere," he says. "If you work with an animal instead of against it, it has no reason to struggle."
(Is it less cruel if the animals 'want' to do it? 2002)

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Wild birds would fly around the family kitchen, where she'd chop up food for them. "They all had names," Dodman remembers, and she understood their relationships with one another. When he grew up, his concern for animals and his interest in biology made becoming a veterinarian a logical choice.
(Clark 2018)

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In fiscal year 1988, about 142,000 dogs and 52,000 cats were used in experimentation, with 40,000 to 50,000 of those dogs being bred specifically for research and the others being acquired from pounds.

(Science, Medicine, and Animals 1991)

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One 2005 estimate put worldwide use between 58.3 million and 115.3 million (Taylor et al. 2008), whereas another placed the range at 50.0 million to 100.0 million (Nuffield Council on Bioethics 2005). (Singer and Unti 224)

Notes: statistic

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“Virtually every advance in medical science in the 20th century, from antibiotics and vaccines to antidepressant drugs and organ transplants, has been achieved either directly or indirectly through the use of animals in laboratory experiments.”

(Science, Medicine, and Animals 1991)

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Studies published in prestigious medical journals have shown time and again that animal experimenters are often wasting lives—both animal and human—and precious resources by trying to infect animals with diseases that they would never normally contract. Fortunately, a wealth of cutting-edge, non- animal research methodologies promises a brighter future for both animal and human health. The following are some statements supporting animal experimentation followed by the arguments against them.

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"They certainly look like they're enjoying themselves," says the researcher. "It's not for us to make these anthropomorphic judgments, but the animals certainly have a choice not to do tests. We never force our primates to do something."
(Is it less cruel if the animals 'want' to do it? 2002)

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Poker was one of many horses that couldn't stop "cribbing"--chewing on wooden fences or stall doors--until it made her sick. Wild horses who can graze all day don't crib, but the stress or boredom of living in stalls may bring out the behavior. The researchers discovered that when horses crib, their brains produce pleasant, soothing chemicals called endorphins. Poker's cribbing let up when she was given an endorphin-blocking medicine often used on humans.
(Clark 2018)

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While acknowledging the advances brought by animal experimentation, many people object to the use of animals in scientific studies because the animals are denied their freedom and often suffer serious injury and discomfort. Other people criticize certain practices used in animal studies as cruel and advocate for stricter guidelines of animal care while still recognizing the benefits of using live animals when no alternative is available. Proponents of animal experimentation maintain that these studies provide benefits to humans that cannot be achieved through other means.

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The pursuit of alternatives has largely centered on concepts first introduced in 1959 by British zoologists W. M. S. Russell and R. L. Burch in The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique . Russell and Burch framed their proposal around three Rs. They suggested that experimentation should replace animal subjects with something else, such as non-sentient material or less sentient animals; reduce the number of animal subjects used experimentally while increasing the amount of data obtained; and refine living conditions and experimental procedures for animal subjects to reduce pain and discomfort. '
(Animal Experimentation 2018)

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The only U.S. law that governs the use of animals in laboratories—the Animal Welfare Act—allows animals to be burned, shocked, poisoned, isolated, starved, forcibly restrained, addicted to drugs, and brain-damaged. No experiment, no matter how painful or trivial, is prohibited—and pain-killers are not even required.  (  Berlatsky 2015)

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Animal experimentation , also called animal testing, has contributed to many important scientific and medical discoveries. Breakthroughs include the development of many antibiotics , insulin therapy, modern anesthesia, vaccines for whooping cough and other diseases , the use of lithium in mental health treatments, and the discovery of hormones. Studies using animals have also led to the development of new surgical techniques and medical devices. Scientists use animals for testing the safety of products, known as toxicology testing, and for evaluating the effects of biological, nuclear, and chemical weapons.

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Act showed that 2.71 million procedures had been performed, a significant decrease from the 1970s, when the figure topped an estimated 6.50 million. By 2010 the number of procedures in the United Kingdom was rising and at 3.7 million was 3 percent more than in 2009 and 1.0 million more than the number of procedures conducted in 2001 (Singer and Unti 224 2014) Notes: statistics

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1 Natalie Purple
2 Erica Blue
3 AnnaMarie Green
4 Savannah Yellow

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An estimated 17 to 22 million vertebrate animals are used each year in research, education, and testing—less than 1 percent of the number killed for food.  (

Science, Medicine, and Animals 1991)

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97% of research in the UK is done on mice, rats, fish and birds.
(Understanding Animal Research 2014)