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2007; Journalism Education Association; created several free podcasts about the first amendment.

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2007; Journalism Education Association; created several free podcasts about the first amendment.

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2006; Wall street Journal; started running ads on its front page 

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2006; Wall street Journal; started running ads on its front page 

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2004; Jayson Blair; resigned because he admitted he had lied about some facts and had plagiarized

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2004; Jayson Blair; resigned because he admitted he had lied about some facts and had plagiarized

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1950; television was beginning to create competition for radio

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1950; television was beginning to create competition for radio

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1895; Willliam Randolph Hearst; bought the New York Morning Joural

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1895; Willliam Randolph Hearst; bought the New York Morning Joural

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1878; Joseph Pulitzer; bought the St.Louis Dispatch 

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1878; Joseph Pulitzer; bought the St.Louis Dispatch 

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The St. Louis Post-Dispatch is the major regional newspaper in St. Louis, Missouri, serving St. Louis City and County, St. Charles County, the Metro East and surrounding counties (roughly, the Greater St. Louis area). It is the only daily newspaper in the city. The publication has received 18 Pulitzer Prizes.

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1851; Frederick Douglass & Julia Griffiths; started Frederick Douglass paper

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1851; Frederick Douglass & Julia Griffiths; started Frederick Douglass paper

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The paper's basic layout remained fairly constant. Page 1 featured current events involving racial or abolitionist issues. "The Den of Villany" was introduced as a regular feature on 11 March 1853 as a place where Douglass could expose discriminatory practices in American society; it appears in the 18 March issue too, but thereafter appeared irregularly.

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1841; Horace Greely; founded the New York Tribune

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1841; Horace Greely; founded the New York Tribune

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The New-York Tribune (from 1914: New York Tribune) was an American newspaper founded in 1841 by editor Horace Greeley. It bore the moniker New-York Daily Tribune from 1842 to 1866 before returning to its original name. From the 1840s through the 1860s it was the dominant newspaper first of the American Whig Party, then of the Republican Party. The paper achieved a circulation of approximately 200,000 in the 1850s, making it the largest daily paper in New York City at the time. The Tribune's editorials were widely read, shared, and copied in other city newspapers, helping to shape national opinion. It was one of the first papers in the North to send reporters, correspondents, and illustrators to cover the campaigns of the American Civil War. It continued as an independent daily newspaper until 1924, when it merged with the New York Herald. The resulting New York Herald Tribune remained in publication until 1966.

Among those who served on the paper's editorial board were Bayard Taylor, George Ripley, and Isidor Lewi.

Daguerreotype of the Tribune editorial staff by famed later Civil War photographer Mathew Brady (1822-1896), taken c. 1850s. Horace Greeley (1811-1872), is seated, second from the right. Editor Charles Anderson Dana (1819-1897), is standing, center.

The New York Tribune Building is today the site of One Pace Plaza in lower Manhattan.

The Tribune was created by Horace Greeley in 1841 with the goal of providing a straightforward, trustworthy media source. Greeley had previously published a weekly newspaper, The New Yorker (unrelated to the later modern magazine of the same name), in 1833 and was also publisher of the Whig Party's political organ, . In 1841, he merged operations of these two publications into a new newspaper that he named the New-York Tribune.

Greeley sponsored a host of reforms, including pacifism and feminism and especially the ideal of the hardworking free laborer. Greeley demanded reforms to make all citizens free and equal. He envisioned virtuous citizens who would eradicate corruption. He talked endlessly about progress, improvement, and freedom, while calling for harmony between labor and capital. Greeley's editorials promoted social democratic reforms and were widely reprinted. They influenced the free-labor ideology of the Whigs and the radical wing of the Republican Party, especially in promoting the free-labor ideology. Before 1848 he sponsored an American version of Fourierist socialist reform, but backed away after the failed revolutions of 1848 in Europe.

To promote multiple reforms, Greeley hired a roster of writers who later became famous in their own right, including Margaret Fuller, Charles Anderson Dana, George William Curtis, William Henry Fry, Bayard Taylor, George Ripley, Julius Chambers, and Henry Jarvis Raymond, who later co-founded The New York Times. In 1852-62, the paper retained Karl Marx as its London-based European correspondent. Friedrich Engels also submitted articles under Marx's by-line. Marx resented much of his time working for the Tribune, particularly the many edits and deadlines they imposed upon him, and bemoaned the "excessive fragmentation of [his] studies", noting that since much of his work was reporting on current economic events, "I was compelled to become conversant with practical detail which, strictly speaking, lie outside the sphere of political economy". Engels wrote "It doesn't matter if they are never read again.". In the same correspondence Marx disparagingly referred to the publication as a "blotting paper vendor". Nevertheless, Engels cited this career as a positive achievement of Marx's during a eulogy given at his funeral.

Edgar Allan Poe's poem " Annabel Lee" was first published in the newspaper as part of his October 9, 1849, obituary, "Death of Edgar A. Poe", by Rufus Griswold. In addition, Poe's "The Bells" was published in the October 17, 1849, issue as "Poe's Last Poem".

Political influence

Founded in a time of civil unrest, the paper joined the newly formed Republican Party in 1854, named it after the party of Thomas Jefferson, and emphasized its opposition to slavery. The paper generated a large readership, with a circulation of approximately 200,000 during the 1850s. This made the paper the largest circulation daily in New York City-gaining commensurate influence among voters and political decision-makers in the process. During the Civil War Greeley crusaded against slavery, lambasting Democrats while calling for a mandatory draft of soldiers for the first time in the U.S. This led to an Irish mob attempting to burn down the Tribune building in lower Manhattan during the Draft Riots.

Greeley ran for president as the nominee of the Liberal Republican Party (and subsequently the Democratic Party) in the 1872 election against incumbent Ulysses S. Grant in his bid for a second term. Greeley was unsuccessful and, soon after the defeat, checked into Dr. George C.S. Choate's Sanitarium, where he died only a few weeks later. Tribune editor Whitelaw Reid purchased the paper following Greeley's death.

In 1886, with Reid's support, the Tribune became the first publication in the world to be printed on a linotype machine, which was invented by a German immigrant, inventor Ottmar Mergenthaler. This technique allowed it to exceed the standard newspaper size of only eight pages while still speeding up printing time per copy, thereby increasing the overall number of copies that could be printed.

New York Herald Tribune

Under Reid's son, Ogden Mills Reid, the paper acquired and merged with the New York Herald in 1924 to form the New York Herald Tribune. The New York Herald Tribune continued to be run by Ogden M. Reid until his death in 1947.

Copies of the New-York Tribune are available on microfilm at many large libraries and online at the Library of Congress. Also, indices from selected years in the late nineteenth century are available on the Library of Congress' website. The original paper articles from the newspaper's morgue are kept at The Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin.

The New York Tribune: A Sketch of Its History. New York. 1883.

"New-York Tribune and New York Daily Tribune". Chronicling America, Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress.

Baehr, Harry W. (1936). The New York Tribune since the Civil War. New York: Octagon Books. ISBN 0374903352.

Borchard, Gregory A. (2008). "New York Tribune". In Vaughn, Stephen L. (ed.). Encyclopedia of American Journalism. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 343-345. ISBN 978-0-415-96950-5.

Fahrney, Ralph Ray (1936). Horace Greeley and the Tribune in the Civil War. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: Torch Press.

Guarneri, Carl J. Lincoln's Informer: Charles A. Dana and the Inside Story of the Union War (University Press of Kansas, 2019).

Holzer, Harold. Lincoln and the Power of the Press: The War for Public Opinion (Simon & Schuster, 2014).

Isely, Jeter A. (1947). Horace Greeley and the Republican Party, 1853-1861: A Study of the New York Tribune. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Kluger, Richard, with the assistance of Phyllis Kluger. (1986). The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0394508777.

Lundberg, James M. Horace Greeley: Print, Politics, and the Failure of American Nationhood (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019).

Maihafer, Harry J. (1998). The General and the Journalists: Ulysses S. Grant, Horace Greeley, and Charles Dana. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. ISBN 1574881051.

Seitz, Don C. Horace Greeley: Founder of the New York Tribune (1926) online edition Archived 2012-05-24 at the Wayback Machine

Tuchinsky, Adam. Horace Greeley's 'New-York Tribune': Civil War-Era Socialism and the Crisis of Free Labor (Cornell University Press, 2009).

Van Deusen, Glyndon G. Horace Greeley, Nineteenth-Century Crusader (1953), standard biography online edition Archived 2012-05-24 at the Wayback Machine

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The New-York Tribune (from 1914: New York Tribune) was an American newspaper founded in 1841 by editor Horace Greeley. It bore the moniker New-York Daily Tribune from 1842 to 1866 before returning to its original name. From the 1840s through the 1860s it was the dominant newspaper first of the American Whig Party, then of the Republican Party.

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September 1833; Benjamin Day; started the daily New York Sun; Sold it for a cent 

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September 1833; Benjamin Day; started the daily New York Sun; Sold it for a cent 

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Notorious newspaper chain magnate Frank Munsey bought both editions in 1916 and merged the Evening Sun with his New York Press . The morning edition of The Sun was merged for a time with Munsey's New York Herald as The Sun and New York Herald, but in 1920, Munsey separated them again, killed The Evening Sun, and switched The Sun to an evening publishing format.

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1719; Andrew Bradford; American Weekly Mercury;  first newspaper started outside boston

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1719; Andrew Bradford; American Weekly Mercury;  first newspaper started outside boston

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The first newspaper to appear in America outside Boston was the , launched by Andrew Bradford (1686-1742) in Philadelphia in 1719. His father, William Bradford (1663-1752), had opened the first print shop in the new city of Philadelphia in the 1680s, before moving on to New York, where Andrew grew up. Andrew Bradford's decision to use the word "American" in the name of his newspaper was telling. He intended that the paper would seek readers and advertisers beyond the city of Philadelphia-in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and even New York. And it did just that. The American Weekly Mercury was the only newspaper outside Boston until 1725, when Andrew's father started the New York Gazette.

This issue of the American Weekly Mercury is from the last year of Andrew Bradford's proprietorship. Like most newspapers of the time, it includes mainly European news, but with some attention as well to news from Boston and New York. England was at war with Spain in 1741, so the paper also has a substantial amount of war news from the Caribbean. This issue is also typical in that it includes an essay, a style Bradford began to use in the 1720s when he published young Benjamin Franklin's satirical "Busy-Body papers." This particular essay is on manners.

American Weekly Mercury was aimed mainly at the commercial class, with shipping notices and ads for the mercantile trade. The elaborate woodcut banner on the front page nicely illustrates the newspaper's commitment to news and commerce. The first image in the banner is the Roman deity Mercury, the messenger of the gods and the god of trade and commerce; the second is the Philadelphia waterfront, bustling with ships; the third is a galloping post rider, delivering the Mercury to subscribers far distant from the city. Post riders announced their arrival by blasting on a horn and carried in their pouches not just the "public prints"-newspapers, pamphlets, and broadsides-but personal mail as well. They generally delivered the newspapers to a central location in the community, such as a general store, tavern, or post office where rural subscribers would retrieve them with the rest of their mail when next they came to this location. Printers were often also postmasters and their printing offices were thus communication hubs from which post riders were coming and going.

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The first newspaper to appear in America outside Boston was the , launched by Andrew Bradford (1686-1742) in Philadelphia in 1719. His father, William Bradford (1663-1752), had opened the first print shop in the new city of Philadelphia in the 1680s, before moving on to New York, where Andrew grew up.

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1719; William Brooker; Boston Gazette started

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1719; William Brooker; Boston Gazette started

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The Boston Gazette (1719-1798) was a newspaper published in Boston, in the British North American colonies. It was a weekly newspaper established by William Brooker, who was just appointed Postmaster of Boston, with its first issue released on December 21, 1719. The Boston Gazette is widely considered the most influential newspaper in early American history, especially in the years leading up to and into the American Revolution. In 1741 the Boston Gazette incorporated the New-England Weekly Journal, founded by Samuel Kneeland, and became the Boston-Gazette, or New-England Weekly Journal. Contributors included: Samuel Adams, Paul Revere, Phyllis Wheatley.

Woodcut used in the heading on the first issues of the Boston Gazette

Publishers, and men acting on their behalf, included: (dates are approximate)

Obituary of Patrick Carr, Boston Massacre victim. Boston Gazette, 19 March 1770. Engraving by Paul Revere.

The paper's masthead vignette, produced by Paul Revere shows a seated Britannia with Liberty cap on staff, freeing a bird from a cage. Motto: "Containing the freshest Advices, Foreign and Domestic" This issue is often reprinted.

"After the Revolution [the paper] lost its great contributors and its tone and policy were changed. It bitterly opposed the adoption of the constitution of the United States and the administration of Washington. The paper declined in power, interest and popular favor, till, after a long struggle, in 1798, it was discontinued for want of support." It was noted for its many spirited and often controversial political essays. Like most newspapers of its era it often published ads for the sale of slaves and notices of runaway slaves and runaway indentured servants.

Benjamin Franklin acquired a packet of about twenty letters that had been written to Thomas Whately, an assistant to Prime Minister George Grenville. Upon reading them, Franklin concluded that Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson and his colonial secretary (plus brother-in-law) Andrew Oliver, had mischaracterized the situation in the colonies, and thus misled Parliament. He felt that wider knowledge of these letters would then focus colonial anger away from Parliament and at those who had written the misleading letters. Franklin sent the letters to Thomas Cushing, the speaker of the Massachusetts assembly, in December 1772. He specifically wrote to Cushing that the letters should be seen only by a few people, and that he was not "at liberty to make the letters public."

The letters arrived in Massachusetts in March 1773, and came into the hands of Samuel Adams, then serving as the clerk of the Massachusetts assembly. By Franklin's instructions, only a select few people, including the Massachusetts Committee of Correspondence, were to see the letters. Alarmed at what they read, Cushing wrote Franklin, asking if the restrictions on their circulation could be eased. In a response received by Cushing in early June, Franklin reiterated that they were not to be copied or published, but could be shown to anyone

A longtime opponent of Hutchinson's, Samuel Adams informed the assembly of the existence of the letters, after which it designated a committee to analyze them. Strategic leaks suggestive of their content made their way into the press and political discussions, causing Hutchinson much discomfort. The assembly eventually concluded, according to John Hancock, that in the letters Hutchinson sought to "overthrow the Constitution of this Government, and to introduce arbitrary Power into the Province", and called for the removal of Hutchinson and Oliver. Hutchinson complained that Adams and the opposition were misrepresenting what he had written, and that nothing he had written in them on the subject of Parliamentary supremacy went beyond other statements he had made. The letters were finally published in the Boston Gazette in mid-June 1773, causing a political firestorm in Massachusetts and raising significant questions in England.

Boston Gazette, June 26, 1776, Revolutionary War issue

For years before the first shots were fired at Lexington, Green, Samuel Adams, Joseph Warren, Josiah Quincy, James Otis, Edes and Gill were writing article after article in the Boston Gazette, rebelling against royal authority. Adams wrote so many articles, under so many pen names (at least 25), historians don't even know exactly how many he wrote. It was the Boston Gazette that hired Paul Revere to create his famous engraving of the Boston Massacre.

The British officials resented the Boston Gazette as they feared it undermined their authority. British officers placed the paper's name on a list of enemy institutions to be captured, and if possible, laid waste. Those "trumpeters of sedition", Edes and Gill, were to be put out of business once and for all.

The Sons of Liberty met at the Boston Gazette. It was there that they darkened their faces, disguising themselves as Mohawk Indians before setting out to dump British tea into Boston Harbor (The Boston Tea Party). Samuel Adams practically lived at the Boston Gazette.

In recent years, the Boston Gazette print shop of Edes & Gill has been recreated and is open to the public as a museum in Boston.

Apfelbaum, Charles; Apfelbaum, Lois (1980). Early American Newspapers and their Printers: 1715-1783. Valley Stream: Appletree Press.

Burns, Eric (2006). Infamous Scribblers: The Founding Fathers and the Rowdy Beginnings of American Journalism. Public Affairs, New York, New York. ISBN 978-1-58648-334-0.

Alexander, John (2011). Samuel Adams: The Life of an American Revolutionary. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-7033-7. OCLC 678924183.

Patricia Bradley. The Boston Gazette and slavery as revolutionary propaganda. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 22 Sep 1995. Vol.72,Iss.3;p. 581(16).

Brigham. History and Bibliography of American Newspapers. 1968.

Buckingham, Joseph Tinker (1850). Specimens of newspaper literature : with personal memoirs, anecdotes, and reminiscences. Boston : Charles C. Little and James Brown.

Copeland, David A. (2000). Debating the issues in colonial newspapers : primary documents on events of the period. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313309823.

Mary Farwell Ayer, Albert Matthews. Check-list of Boston newspapers, 1704-1780. Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 1907.

TOLD IN ADS; Newspaper Notices a Source of History. Paul Revere Advertised Sale of Best Psalm Tune. First Umbrella Picture in Boston Gazette. Boston Daily Globe, Mar 29, 1914. p.SM15.

Holmberg, Georgia McKee. "British-American Whig Political Rhetoric, 1765-1776: A Content Analysis of the London Gazette, London Chronicle, and Boston Gazette" (dissertation). University of Pittsburgh, 1979.

Walt Nott. From "uncultivated Barbarian" to "poetical genius": the public presence of Phillis Wheatley. MELUS. Fall 1993. Vol.18,Iss.3;p. 21(12).

Sandra Moore. The Boston Gazette and Country Journal: Voice of resistance and mouthpiece of the Revolution (dissertation). University of Houston, 2005

Thomas, Isaiah (1874). The history of printing in America, with a biography of printers. Vol. I. New York, B. Franklin.

"Boston Gazette April 10, 1775". Walking Tours of Historic Boston. 2004-2006. Archived from the original on April 5, 2006.

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The Boston Gazette (1719-1798) was a newspaper published in Boston, in the British North American colonies. It was a weekly newspaper established by William Brooker, who was just appointed Postmaster of Boston, with its first issue released on December 21, 1719.

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1704; John Campbell; Boston News-Letter; First Continuously Published American Newspaper

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1704; John Campbell; Boston News-Letter; First Continuously Published American Newspaper

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America's First Newspaper - Archiving Early America

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America's first newspaper published its first issue on April 24, 1704.

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September 25, 1690; Benjamin Harris; Public Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestic; First American Newspaper.

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September 25, 1690; Benjamin Harris; Public Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestic; First American Newspaper.

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The emergence of the new media in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the spread of the printing press from which the publishing press derives its name. The German-language Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien , printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg, is often recognized as the first newspaper.