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the rise of nationalism and Colonial Rivalries
Nationalism is the shared belief of loyalty to the ethnicity and culture of a nation state
nationalism brewed tension between nations.

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the tension caused by growing nationalism worsened internal conflicts.
class warfare shook the balance of power held by conservative leadership classes.
nation states with the worst internal conflicts were on the verge of revolution
Russian army around that time employed 1.3 million men.
a popular method of drafting soldiers called conscription

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European powers organized themselves in case war breaks out.
The triple alliance composed of Germany, Austrian- Hungary, and Italy.
a coalition between France and Britain, shaped the dangerous balance of power in Europe in the onset of the 20th century with the formation of alliance comes bitter tension between rivals.

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alliances between European
the decline and modernization of the ottoman empire in the early 20th century created a power vacuum in its territoriese in the balkans

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instead of promoting peaceful coexistence.
nationalism forged rivalries

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Declaration of war
the assassination of the archduke incited anger among the national lines in Europe Austrian riots in Sarajevo Killed many ethnic serbs.
On July 28, Austria- Hungary declared war on Serbia
on august 1 Germany  declared war against the Russian Czar. Germany forseeing the possibility of a two front war carried out the Schlieffen plan against both Russia and France. The plan was to send 75% of its troops to France which would entail marching into Belgium a neutral terrirory. Since it violated Belgian neutrality
the French and Russians declared war on Germany on August 3.
The Allied powers composed of the triple Entente  (France, Russia and Britain)
The Central powers  comoposed of the triple alliance (Germany Austria- Hungary and Italy)

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the western front
the Shlieffen plan aimed to surround the Freench city of Paris, dealing a critical blow to the French Army.
Germany took Control of Belgium in a Few weeksand continued its march toward the French capital
French and British troops proved resistant against the German Army. The German defeat at the Battle of Marne ended the Plan to the hope of a quick victory As aproduct of industrial Revolution both Allied powers and Central powers were evenly matched
Between the trenches of both camps is a “ no man’s land “ during the height of the war these trenched stretched from English channel to the borders of Switzerland.
the Eastern front
while the trench warefare of the Western front proved to be almost futile and immobile the eastern front was more fluid and involved over a thousand miles of land. At the onset of The great war, the Russians and Germans fought a seesaw battle.
Italy betrayed the Central powers by attacking Austria in May 1915
Because of the successful campaign of the central powers in Eastern Front on September 1915, Bulgaria joined the alliance and attacked Serbia dealing a critical blow the eliminated the nation from war.

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The United states at War
President Woodrow Wilson of the United States of America proclaimed neutrality when the war broke out in August 1914. on April 2 1917, Woodrod Wilson cancelled all diplomatic ties with Germany and asked the US congress to declare war, which the legislative body approved
American reinforcement were sent to Europe in support of the allies as the US mobilized its troops during the first half of 1917. This boosted the morale of the Allied soldiers.

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The Aftermath of the Great War
A new world order to began to form. In the Place of old European empires sprang new states.
Germany faced a major financial crisis which encourages a passive resistance to the French reparations agreement Wages dropped leading to massive labor strikes among German Workers. The government in order to pay war debt and restless labor force started printing paper money without any metal backing. Levied taxes increased eventually causing a massive rise in general prices called inflation to battle these economic problems Germany introduced reforms and implemented economic nationalism.
The World War II
the unresolved conflicts growing bitterness.
world warII spanned across five continents and combats occurred in land sea and air. Its estimated cost  $1.6 Trillion truly a world war the rise of leadership fueled by alternative ideologies awakened age old aggression between the victors and the defeated. The failure of the league nations to act as an interevening body to international realtions encouraged nations to take defensive stance democracy freedom and unity are once again challenged and a new wolrd order is called upon.
The Path to World War
unlike the first world war whose beginnings were caused by an interweaving of complex events world war II started out because of conflicting ideologies that set nations pitting against each other. Aggression among states with rising political extremism shook most of the democratic world. And  the rise of dictators formed new alliances. These created the preconditions for the beginning of World War

The Expansion of Nationalism
The decline of the Ottoman Empire already being labelled as the “sick man of Europe” during and after WWI, enocouraged much of the Middle East to experience a surge of nationalistic sentiments.
Much of the former African colonies alse experienced a wave of nationalism. African soldiers aided much the British and French campaigns against Central Powers. Asian nationalism was also brewing Indian led the reform against the british leading Indian independence
In japan, the growing economic inequalities due to the corruption of the zaibatsu

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the After of World WarII
one of the deadlist of Human conflicts World War II influenced the political socioeconomic, and diplomatic ties that can still be felt in modern international relations Truly a “world was”. Almost all continets have in some way participated. Starting in Europe.
Devastations Across the World.
the number of casualties varies necause some statistics do not acoount unrecorded deaths: however, it is estimated that 75 million people died.
the holocaust alone claimed 6million Jews. The war drove people homeless across continets.
socio political Landscape After World War II
the long term effects of world war II can be Allied powers and Soviet Union
Asia was also divided into western and Eastern spheres of influence.
Society also changed.
the united nation
the desire for lasting peace resounded lang before the end of world war II.
the charter which was signed by orginal 51 members staees on June 26 1945 state that the united nations aim to
1. Maintain international peace and security
2. Develop friendly realtion among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self determination of peoples and to take other appropriate measure to strengthen universal peace
3.achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic social cultural or humanitarian character and promotingand encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race sex language or religion.
4. Be a center of harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common cause.
Three years later in Paris on December 10,1948 the nations of the world declared adopted the universal Declaraiton of Human Rights a document that proctect all of mankind.
currently the UN is made up of 193 members states it provides a forum for nations to dicuss pressing issues instead of rising up in arms in conflict.
the UN has envolved into an organazization that promotes humanitarian and sustainable development towards better world.

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The Waning of Democracy
Because of the impact caused by post war economic and political turmoil, it became difficult for goverments to remain intact and in power. Tensions between socioeconomic classes resulted in encouraging the massesto seek for reforms. Most democracies fell under the impact of the Great Depression causing higher unemployment, worsening inflation and unfair corporate practices against labor with the rise of Lenin 1920’s.
Totalitarianism ang The Rise of Dictators
totaliatarianism is a form of government that uses absolute control over sociopolitical and even cultural aspects of a state. In Italy, dictatorship was invitable Divisions due to economic inequalities between industrial and agriculture classes caused strife to Italians. Out of the extreme right wing movement came the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini of the Italin Fascist Party. Facism is a system of hypernationalistic govermentwhere the dictator absoulty controls the lives of citizens. In 1922 King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy relegated power to Mussolini as II duce ( the leader ) As prime minister after the fascist threat of marching to Rome. Once in power Mussolini enforced strict government policies, restricting media and information and establishing secret police. This increased militarism in Italy. In Russia a power struggle began in the politburo, the decision making committee of the communist party after the death of lenin in 1924 the rivalry between such as Leaon Trotsky gave rise to another powerfil dictator Joseph Stalin with the goal of building a strong industrialist Russia under a communist Regime Stalin imposed his Five year Plan of transforming Russia into an economic powerhouse. Probably the strongest among the dictators is Adolf Hitler of National Socialist German Workers’ party or The Nazi  a soldier himself duting World war I Hitler entered the political scene campaigining against communism and democracy
Nazi party gave more Hitler Power. In his autobiographical work Mein Kampf, he outlined his ideals of a government led by extreme German nationalist based on social Darwinism.

New Alliances and the new Asian Order.
With the resentment of German defeat in world war I , the rise of Hitler and the belief in Aryan supremacy the seeds of World WarII were sown. In 1933, Hitler withdrew from the League of Nations causing concern among member – states By march of 1935, Hitler started increasing military spending through the expansion of the German army and creation of the German air Fore- an act violating the limitaions set by the Treaty of Versailles. On October 1935 Mussolinii invaded Ethiopia and welcomed the support of Hitler against the dissent of British and the French. Hitler also committed another violation of the treaty by sending troops to Rhineland A demilitarized zone created after world war I, in March 7 1936 this caused an uproar in the former Allied Power, Britain France and Italy with similar motives Mussolini and Hitler grew closer in October of 1936 the facist and Nazi Parties supported the Rome-Berlin Axis the new alliance provided aid to another dictator Francisco Franco who was leading the Spanish Civil war. The rise of japan in the Asian continent began the New Asian order – abelief that Asian modernization lies at the hands of modernized Asian Nation- a belief held by the Japanese.
Germany and Japan signed the Anti- Comintern pact Italy joined japan and Germany in 1937. With the Tripartite pact 1930 a new powerful alliance was formed between Germany, Italy and japan the Axis Powers.

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final Offensive 1918
with the withdrawal of the Russians from the War, Allied victory seemed at a loss Central powers were advancing as Germany regains strength in the Western Front . The Germans saw the opportunity to attack Paris to finally break the stalemate. However, with the entry of the US a year earlier supported by tank warefare, German forces were defeated at the second battle of Marne on July 18 1918
the Empire finally collapsed with the declaration of independence of Czechlovakia, Hungary and Poland By September Bulgaria accepted defeat and surrendered to allies
Peace Settlements
after the armistice agreement, the Allies faced a war- torn Europe. The men who facilitated the Paris Peace Conference, known as the “big four” were President Woodrow of the U.S Prime Minister David Llyod George of Britain Premier Georges Clemenencau of France and Prime Minister Vittirio Orlando of Italy
the highlights of the paris peace conference revolved around Wilson’s fourteen points  in his sincere desire to establish democracy and wolrd peace he proposed fourteen points which focused on five major tenets to enduring peace:
1. Open Covenants of Peace nation should not enter secret treaties of any kind
2. Freedom of Navigation, Fair Trade and the fair Treatment of Colonial peoples
Bodies of water outside territorial waters must have absolute freedom of navigation
3. Disarmament- Militarism  and the race to arms must be reduced to the lowest points consistent with domestic safty
4.The Right of Self Determination Ethic and national lines have the right to draw their ownborders and establish their own goverments without foreign control.
5.  The Establishmrent of the League of Nations – An association of nations must guarantee the covenants of peace political interdependence and territorial integrity among nation- states
American idealism led by wilson’s vision of a democratic world was hindered by different motivesof other Allied powers. Bitterness grew among powers especially with France who suffred most from German aggression.

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The League of Nations On January 25,1919, the paris peace Conference created the inter nation peace keeping organization called the League of Nations President Wilson believed that an international mediatating body could prevent the onset of another great war by Januart 10 of the following year the league was established with 42 member State the league aims
1.prevent wars by reducing military
2.promote collective security
3. Settle international disputes through diplomacy
the League proved to be weak that cause isolationism
During the 1930s, the combination of the Great Depression and the memory of tragic losses in World War I contributed to pushing American public opinion and policy toward isolationism. Isolationists advocated non-involvement in European and Asian conflicts and non-entanglement in international politics.

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the Soviet Invasion
with the defeat of the French, Hitler expected the Britain would inevitably receive support from the last major allied power the soviet union. In order to seize valuble resources such as farm land and oil fields. He launched a surprise invasion on Soviet Oil on June 22 1941 under operation Barbarossa. Hitlet sent about 3 million soldiers proving effective Against Soviet defenses. Stretching 2,900km long. In matter of fourmonths the german Gained control over the Ukraine, Leningrad, and the soviet capital city, Moscow.
Winter became a turning point in the battle. The lack of winter Uniforms supplies and a suitable winter military tactic prevented the further Advence of the German troops. The soviets Prevented the further expansion of the Germans.
The War in The Pacific
When General Hideki Tojo became the new Japanese Prime Minister, he sent envoys to negotiate a continued rade deal and prevent the entry of the US into war. Japan offered The US withdrawal of its troops in Southeast Asia but the US saw this as inadequate. The US then started a military build- up in the Philippines as a preparation to counter japenese occupation in the region.
the Japanese Conduct a surprise attack. 360 japanese airplanes attacked Pearl Harbor a ver important Pacific Naval base in Hawaii they sank 8 big battle ships.
Allied Offensive
The Attack on Pearl Harbor unified American sentiments leading them to join the war. Inclusion of the US a new alliance was created together with Britain and Soviet Union- the Grand Alliance
the second half of the World war II (1942- 1945) can be decribed as a turning point.
as the war progressed, the large armies of Germany and japan proves useless in a long term battle. With the failure of the German to seize the Soviet Union.
US forces deterred the Axis of a quick World War II victory.
the US and Soviet Union proved to be a stronger advantage.
Germany and Japan fights the weary their troops became. Three battles became crucial Allied Victory in its offensives against Axis Powers.
As for the pacific front the American forces under McArthur, who have left the island after Allied defeat in the Battle of Bataan in 1942 gathered strength in the Philippines.
Gen. MacArthur finally fulfilled his promise to rerutn to the Philippines.
Final years of World War II (1943-1945)
with the massive advances of Allied Forces since Autumn of 1943, the implementation of D-Day, otherwise known as Operation Overlord or the Normandy landings, a plan to free France and the rest of western Europe began. In December 1944 the German conducted a surprise attack pouring the remaining strength of Nazi troops against France, known as the battle of the Bulge German forces initially won ground but due to operational failure the Allied forces regained victory with the liberation Hitler is fighting a three front wasr the begging of the End of War in Europe Soviet liberated Ukraine and Baltic States. Mussolini was shot after two days Hitler committed Suicide with the death of the Great leader Germany proclaimed defeat on may 7 1945 officially ending World war II in Europe knows as VE (victory in Europe)
in asia in other hand US and Filipino work hand in hand against the Japanese. US airforce conducted aerial raids on Tokyo. Atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki the atomic bomb cause utmost devastation. By September 2,1945 MacArthur accepted the surrender of the Japanese and officialy ended the war in the pacific after 6 years and 1 day World war Finally ended.

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The Expansion of the war : 1939 to 1945
By gainig momentum in ther military campaigns, the Axis powers- Germany, Italy and Japan- became military superpowers a clear violation of the disarmament uner the Treaty of Versailles. With successive Victories the Threat of World War II expanded.
The War Begins in Europe
With German victory  I Rhineland in 1936, Hitler began another plan for expansion in 1938 he launched his unification efforts with his home land, Austria. In order to avoid Hitler’s threat of another World War, british Prime Minister and French prime minister and Mussolini met with Hitler in the Munich Conference to appease and make concessions. Hitler and Mussolini continued expanding in Lithuania, Albania, and the rest of Czechlovakia in March 1939 Through his successive vitories Hitler known to his people as the Furer or Great Leader, declared himself as the most powerful German on March 1939
Blitzkrieg and The Invasion of Poland
Hitler’s next move was to invade the City of Danzig in Poland a former German territory
Britain and France vowed to protect the Polish corridor by negotiating with  Russia
Hitler made negotiations with Stalin and the Soviet Union. The Nazi- Soviet Non- aggression Pact was signed on August 23 1939, legitimizing the Nazi invasion of Poland. By September 1, 1939 German forces marched and invaded Poland on September 3, 1939. The British and French declared war against the Nazi. This was followed by successive declaration of war by Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa all of which are part of british commonwealth however this declaration did very little to the already mobilized German Army known as Blitzkrieg or “lightning war”  Germany quickly and efficiently swept across Europe with deadly precision using airplanes and panzer tanks. The soviet invaded the East under the Nazi Soviet Pact Poland was completely divided on September 28 1939 to counter this
French troops was sent to Maginot line.
The Battle of Britain
After the French Surrendered, the british found themselves the only force against the mighty Nazi Army.
A new Prime minister Winston Churchill rallied the british people under the call for “ blood, sweat, and tears” and to “never surrender” the German air force bombes the british air and naval bases as aerial invasion of Britain. The british invented a new radar System. Hitler then shifted his strategy by bombing British cities , sush as Conventry and London to break British Morale. However the british Quickly recovered dealing critical blow to German plans. The british received Help from the U.S. Hitler cancelled the British invasion how ever much of Western Europe are controlled by the Axis Powers
Europe and the Holocaust
Probably the most terrifying event in the history of mind kind happened during world war II by 1942, Nazi Germany strtched from atlantic Ocean to the soviet union with the rise of hitler to power.
Hitler unveiled his “final solution” against unclean races the extermination of The Jews or Genocide who he believed are to be blamed for the war. Reinhard Heydrish chief of Nazi security Service, Created the Einsatzgruppen a special task force that aims to capture all European Jews and put them in concetraction camps also called death camps. Around five to six million jews died on death camps.

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The Russian Revoltuion
Because of humiliating defeat the morale of Russian military was dampened Worsened by the Tsarist goverments inability to provide for its peopledue to military and economic disters,
To salvage its humiliating defeat Against the Germans the proviosional government decided to remain in the world war I.
However the morale of the Russian army remained low. This resulted into the rising of another challenge to the newly established Russian authority led by the representatives of the working class Known as the Soviets the soviets composed of Socailist made their own army