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- Most prosperous & stable country in Latin America (20th century)

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-Beside Haiti Bolivia was the poorest country in Latin America.

-The Bolivian government wanted to support the workers which kept it in power.

-Bolivia was plagued by the international metal market

-President Hernán Siles Zuazo asked for loans from the USA to help support the Bolivian economy as reduced prices and exports of tin was harming the economy.

USA said it would if Bolivia worked towards compensating American shareholders from when the mines were nationalised in 1952.  Bolivia also had to work towards establishing an effective financial stabilization program.

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- US gave $125 million b/c of low earnings due to low exports & high imports
- Removed anti-American & authoritarian leader Juan Perón
- Nixon arrived at inauguration of new democratic president - Frondizi
- Army officers' nationalism fueled by protectionist (economic policies designed to protect domestic economy) practices by countries such as USA

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- US economy crashed 1929, army officers became a political force
- Post-war export earnings plummeted, partly because US competition hit Argentine wheat exports (After 1947, Marshall Plan stimulated NA grain exports to Europe)
- Received $125 million 'credit' from US in 1949, which went against President Juan Perón's aim of economic independence
- Perón went into exile in 1955 due to likelihood of civil war caused by economic problems and increased violence

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New US policies versus old policy continued

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New US policies versus old policy continued

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-Eisenhower believed that giving aid to Bolivia was in the interest of the US strategic needs.
-1960 Soviet union offered to provide mining equipment and to set up tin mines in exchange for setting up diplomatic relations with Bolivia

-In response to the USSR the USA adopted a policy of “direct loan support” for the state owned mining and oil companies.]

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- American companies dominated Peruvian copper mining and oil fields
- 3 days before Nixon's visit the US Tariffs Commission increased export duties and put import quotas on zinc and lead, which further depressed the already plummeting exports of Peru
- Some Peruvian student's greeted Nixon with 'Go Home Nixon' or 'Death to Yankee imperialism'
- Around 2000 students prevented Nixon from entering San Marcos University crying 'Death to Nixon' and throwing oranges, bottles and small stones
- State departments felt the new elected Peruvian government had been embarrassed and that the visits purpose (generate goodwill) was compromised

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- Huge oil resources,more prosperous of latin american states.
- Eisenhower decorated dictator General perez Jimenez for services to anti-communism.
- Eisenhower described his government as a model for latin america.
- Eisenhower granted him political asylum when he was deposed by a military junta

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The Truman administration tried to eradicate the leftist parties, however, the miners lead a revolution, which elected a socialist party into power. This created a communist problem in Latin America.

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most guatemalans were poor illiterate indians who farmed for white or mestizo people.

these were only 2% of the population but owned 70% of the land

the US United Fruit Company controlled the Guatemalan econmy since 1899 which benefited from conservative Guatemalan goverments including minimal taxes, proteccion from competition, and control of the port facilities

payed low wages to their 40,000 employees

forced to purchase their goods

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-The militantly anti-communist Paraguayan dictator General Alfredo Stroessner brought stability and economic prosperity to Paraguay,but he was considered to be one of the toughest and most objectionable strongmen in Latin American.

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-His visit to paraguay was an excellent illustration of US ambivalence about dictators who provided stability and were anti communist

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-  Nixon's visits are a good illustration of US ambivalence about dictators who provided stability and were anti communist.
-  His visits demonstrated a lack of US understanding of its southern neighbors.

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- Nixon's Peruvian visit was a very favorable publicity for USA.
- Americans felt Nixon had stood up to "a bunch of communist thugs."

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- Jimenez overthrow, people turned on the police, burning them alive. new police inexperienced,fearful and demoralized.
- Eisenhowers support for the unpopular dictator and rumors that the usa will cut its oil imports generated much discontent.
- USA is not only unpopular among communist.
- when Nixon arrived large crowd of teenagers shouted obscenities and 'go home nixon' and threw fruit and other objects. spitted tobacco at him..
- Mob over 4000 shouting "kill nixon".
-smash his limosine windows.
- nixon restrained those around him who wanted to star shooting at students.
- when Venezuelan soldiers cleared the path limousine sped off.

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1944 student riots and the middle class prompted a nationalist-liberal revolution led by Juan Jose Arevalo, Guatemala's first democratically elected president.

More education for people as they were more civilised.

His government aimed for greater democracy and the divisions of the plantations that dominated Guatemalan agriculture

He initiated a program of political, labor, and land reforms and allowed trade unions and strikes

1950 Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán became president 1950

Arbenz enacted a agrarian reform where he gained support of the communist party

He expropriated unused land and gave it to the poorest peasants

Took around 15 percent from the united fruit company and offered to pay them $600,000 as established by the 1950 tax return

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The united fruit company undervalued the land to pay less taxes to the GT government but faced with expropriation valued the land in 16 million.

Castillo armas established a dictatorship, in which United Fruit got its land back

The US involvement alienated Guatemalans who were against the new regime and also many other Latin Americans

Arbenz lost support and was forced to leave the country

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- Nixon recognised the problem during a press conference, "The United States must realize its not enough to convince government officials. We must reach peoples. This can't be done in a two-and-a half week goodwill visit.

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Aims of Nixon's visit:
- Demonstrate US support for an elected leader.
- To reassure Latin Americans that they were respected and that the USA did not take them for granted.
- USA was concerned about the warm welcome given to Soviet deputy premier Vasily Kuznetsov.
- Historian Stephen Ambrose suggested that the visit simply was "all about theatre" as the vice president was not authorized to make either trade agreements or important pronouncements on US policies.

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- The omens were not good on the eve of the visit, many Latin american countries were highly dependent on US producers and consumers and the US economic recession in 1957-8 hit Latin american nations hard.
- Latin American Diplomats were deeply dismayed by the US attitude to their continent. They requested testimony from the State Department. The State Department said that relations were "never better". Council on Foreign Relations said otherwise.

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- Nixon was impressed by two unpleasant and unpopular dictators: Cuban Fulgencio Batista which he described as “a very remarkable man who would give stability to Cuba” and Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza.  He believed they would deal effectively with communism.
-  Nixon sent a report to the cabinet and the NSC that said: “We must keep our eyes open on this part of the world.  They are close to us, they are our best customers, they buy more from us than all Europe”.  However the problem is that there is not enough democracy due to the dictatorship. “A very few organized people can take over - so we should concentrate on winning them.
-  Nixon had a republican viewpoint on Latin America.  Republicans wanted stability ,anti- communism,and a favorable climate for US business interest in the region.
-  Nixon pushed hard for more help in latin america through public speeches, in the State Department and with export-import bank.  Unfortunately neither Eisenhower nor the press showed much interest in Nixon’s visits or ideas.

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In the spring of 1958, President Eisenhower sent Vice President Nixon on a tour of Latin America to improve relations. Unfortunately, the tour would create even more friction, as it was punctuated by protests in various countries, including Ecuador and Peru. His May 13 visit to Venezuela turned violent and threatened the safety of the Vice President, his wife, and his support staff. Robert Amerson, who was Press Attaché in Caracas, explains the fragile transition Venezuela was undergoing at the time and how the public’s opinion of the U.S.– and Communist Party agitprop — made for a very unwelcome visit.

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@venezuela4life-
# Nixonout!

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#BetterNotSendtheBoats

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#NoMoreGringo