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The atmospheric condition of a specific place for a short period of time is known as weather.

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The instruments that are used to measure different weather elements are called weather instruments.
ELEMENTS OF WEATHER              INSTRUMENT
TEMPERATURE                            THERMOMETER
SUNSHINE                                  CAMPBELL-STROKES SUNSHINE RECORDER

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE             BAROMETER
WIND                                         ANEMOMETER FOR SPEED;WIND VANE FOR
DIRECTION
HUMIDITY                                  HYGROMETER {PSYCHROMETER}
CLOUDS                                      CEILOMETER {CLOUD COVER}
PRECIPITATION                            RAIN GAUGE {RAINFALL}; SNOW GAUGE
{SNOWFALL}

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A THERMOMETER IS USED FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE THAT WORKS ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT MERCURY EXPANDS WHEN HEATED AND CONTRACTS ON COOLING. AN ANALOG THERMOMETER CONSISTS OF A SEALED GLASS TUBE WITH A METAL TIP.WHEN THE THERMOMETER COMES IN CONTACT WITH THE MATERIAL TO BE TESTED, THE MERCURY TURNS INTO LIQUID AND BEGINS TO RISE UP IN THE TUBE. THE POINT AT WHICH IT STOPS IS WHERE WE CAN TAKE THE TEMPERATURE READING ON THE SCALE. CELSIUS AND FAHRENHEIT ARE THE TWO COMMONLY USED UNITS FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE. IN CELSIUS, THE FREEZING POINT IS 0 DEGREE CELSIUS AND BOILING POINT IS 100 DEGREE CELSIUS,WHEREAS IN FAHRENHEIT IT IS 32 DEGREE FAHRENHEIT AND 212 DEGREE FAHRENHEIT RESPECTIVELY.

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What is temperature and how to measure it?

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What is temperature and how to measure it?

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J157oziu3zQ

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FORMULA FOR CONVERTING CELSIUS INTO FAHRENHEIT AND VICE-VERSA-

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FORMULA FOR CONVERTING CELSIUS INTO FAHRENHEIT AND VICE-VERSA-

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C TO F: (C*9/5) +32=F
F TO C: (F-32)*5/9=C
FOR EX.
IF THE TEMPERATURE IN CELSIUS IS 22 DEGREE CELSIUS THEN IT WILL BE :
(22*9/5)+32=F
(198/5)+32=F
39.6+32=F
71.6=F

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NOWADAYS METEOROLOGISTS USE THERMOGRAPH (A SELF-RECORDING INSTRUMENT THAT CONTINUOUSLY MEASURES AND RECORDS TEMPERATURE ON A ROTATING DRUM)FOR RECORDING TEMPERATURE.

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TO MEASURE THE SUNSHINE,SCIENTISTS USE CAMPBELL-STROKES SUNSHINE RECORDER.THIS INSTRUMENT USES A CUT GLASS SPHERE THAT CONCENTRATES THE SUN"S RAYS TO ONE SPOT ON THE CALIBRATED CURVED CARDS .  SUNRAYS THAT FALL ON THIS POINT CREATE A CHARRED MARK ON THE CARD. IT RECORDS THE HOURS OF BRIGHT SUNSHINE.

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ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS MEASURED WITH AN INSTRUMENT CALLED BAROMETER.THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF BAROMETER.THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF BAROMETER-MERCURY AND ANEROID BAROMETER.A MERCURY BAROMETER CONSISTS OF A LONG GLASS TUBE OPEN AT ONE END AND CLOSED AT THE OTHER.AIR PRESSURE IS MEASURED BY OBSERVING THE HEIGHT OF THE COLUMN WITH MERCURY IN THE TUBE.
THE ANEROID BAROMETER IS MORE CONVENIENT TO USE AS IT DOES NOT HAVE ANY LIQUID. IT CONSISTS OF A PARTIALLY VACUUM CHAMBER THAT EXPANDS AND CONTRACTS WITH CHANGING AIR PRESSURE.A BAROGRAPH CONSISTS OF A BAROMETER AND A PEN AT THE END OF THE POINTER,WHICH MOVES ALONG A ROTATING DRUM. BAROGRAPH IS USED IN METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORIES,WHILE MOUNTAIN CLIMBERS,SAILORS AND PILOTS USE ANEROID BAROMETER TO MEASURE AIR PRESSURE.MILLIBAR(mb) IS THE UNIT OF MEASUREMENT FOR AIR PRESSURE AND NORMAL AIR PRESSURE AT SEA LEVEL IS 1013.2 mb. THE AVERAGE AIR PRESSURE VARIES BETWEEN 940-1040 mb. JUST LIKE TEMPERATURE,IT VARIES WITH PLACE AND TIME.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkDhlzA-lwI

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AN ANEMOMETER IS USED FOR MEASURING THE SPEED OF THE WIND AND THE WIND VANE IS USED TO MEASURE THE DIRECTION.AN ANEMOMETER CONSISTS OF FOUR CUPS THAT SPIN AROUND A VERTICAL POLE. IT RECORDS THE WIND SPEEDS IN "knots" OR kilometers per hour {km/hr}.
THE WIND VANE IS A MECHANICAL INSTRUMENT COMPRISING A FREELY MOVING ,ARROW SHAPED HORIZONTAL POINTER THAT POINTS TOWARDS THE DIRECTION FROM WHICH THE WIND BLOWS. SOMETIMES,WINDSOCK IS ALSO USED TO ASCERTAIN THE STRENGTH AND THE DIRECTION OF THE WIND. IT IS A CONICAL SHAPED CLOTH WHICH IS OPEN AT ONE END AND ATTACHED TO A POLE. WHEN THERE IS A STRONG CURRENT OF AIR, THE WINDSOCK GETS FILLED WITH AIR AND BILLOWS OUT IN THE DIRECTION OF THE BLOWING WIND. AN ANEMOGRAPH IS USED FOR CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING OF WIND SPEED ON A GRAPH PAPER.

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HUMIDITY IS MEASURED WITH A HYGROMETER. THE PSYCHROMETER IS A TYPE OF HYGROMETER THAT USES TWO THERMOMETERS.IT HAS ONE WET BULB AND ONE DRY BULB THERMOMETER. IT MEASURES THE HUMIDITY THROUGH EVAPORATION. THE DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE READINGS OF WET AND DRY BULB THERMOMETER IS USED TO INTERPRET THE AIR.

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CEILOMETER MEASURES THE CLOUD THICKNESS. THIS DEVICE CAN BE USED BOTH DURING THE DAY AND DURING THE NIGHT. IT THROWS AN INTENSE BEAM OF LIGHT TOWARDS THE CLOUDS . A REFLECTION OF THIS LIGHT FROM THE BASE OF THE CLOUD IS RECEIVED AT THE RECEIVER END, USING A CEILOMETER. WHEN THE REFLECTION IS DETECTED BY THE RECEIVER ,IT MEASURES THE VERTICAL ANGLE TO THE SPOT AND CALCULATES THE CLOUD THICKNESS.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqbTrbxWT1o

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A RAIN GAUGE IS AN INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING RAINFALL. IT IS MEASURED IN millimeters{mm}. THE INSTRUMENT IS USUALLY INSTALLED IN AN OPEN SPACE AWAY FROM ANY OBSTRUCTION LIKE A TREE OR BUILDING. THE WATER IS COLLECTED IN A MEASURING JAR ANS THE READING IS TAKEN AT A FIXED TIME.

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A SNOW GAUGE IS AN INSTRUMENT USED BY METEOROLOGISTS TO MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF SOLID PRECIPITATION{SNOW} AT A GIVEN PLACE, OVER A SET PERIOD OF TIME.
THE ABOVE INSTRUMENTS HELP METEOROLOGISTS TO MEASURE AND COMPARE THE CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN THE WEATHER PATTERN AT DIFFERENT PLACES AROUND THE GLOBE.