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a malicious computer worm

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websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking.

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a person who uses computers to gain unauthorized access to data.

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disclosure by a person, usually an employee in a government agency or private enterprise, to the public or to those in authority, of mismanagement, corruption, illegality, or some other wrongdoing.

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the electronic posting of mean-spirited messages about a person often done anonymously.

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extortion or coercion by threats especially of public exposure or criminal prosecution

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a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis.

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an international agreement reached in 2015 aimed at reducing carbon emissions, slowing rising global temperatures .

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an international treaty among industrialized nations that sets mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions

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a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.

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is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.

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the using up of a resource

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a provision of a law enacting a penalty for disobedience or a reward for obedience.

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the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class or a certain geographic area.

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an economic term that refers to an economy's ability to produce goods and services at a lower opportunity cost than that of trade partners

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armed conflict that began in 2011 with an uprising against the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad

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the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims

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series of airline hijackings and suicide attackscommitted in 2001 by 19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda against targets in the United States, the deadliest terrorist attacks on American soil in U.S. history.

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conformity to the law or to rules

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Regaining a previous degree of activity, influence, or success

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religious movement or point of view characterized by a return to fundamental principles, by rigid adherence to those principles.

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the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

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a state of disorder due to absence or nonrecognition of authority.

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an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence.

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a school of thought within international relations theory which can be thought to revolve around three interrelated principles

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an American political scientist, political economist, and author.

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the introduction of a democratic system or democratic principles

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was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s and 1990s and is widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform.

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the declared public policy within the Soviet Union of openly and frankly discussing economic and political realities: initiated under Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985.

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Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars Program)

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Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars Program)

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a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons.

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the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation.

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an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War.

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a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was Chairman and First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam.

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was a 13-day (October 16–28, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union initiated by American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba.

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a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency

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a war between North Korea and South Korea . The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border.

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the campaign undertaken by the Chinese communists between 1958 and early 1960 to organize its vast population, especially in large-scale rural communes, to meet China’s industrial and agricultural problem

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Did you know that since 2013, one of out every ten immigrants in Canada comes from China? According to Rahul Sethi, director of insights at Vividata, the highest number of Chinese people are trying...

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an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions

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a Cold War policy that suggested a communist government in one nation would quickly lead to communist takeovers in neighboring states

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policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate peacefully

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a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe

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State that is supposedly independent but is in fact dependent upon an outside power

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the boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1989. .

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

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created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.

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monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and Japan after the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement.

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one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), charged with the maintenance of international peace and security as well as accepting new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its United Nations Charter.

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an intergovernmental organization that was tasked to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international co-operation and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.

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an integral feature of the regime in Nazi Germany

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intentional action to destroy a people, usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group, in whole or in part.

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was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe

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the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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the crossing of an ocean by a series of shorter journeys between islands, as opposed to a single journey directly to the destination.

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were the landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II.

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a method of warfare whereby an attacking force, spearheaded by a dense concentration of armoured and motorised or mechanised infantry formations with close air support, breaks through the opponent's line of defence by short

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an international context is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict

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also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940

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a form of radical authoritarian ultra nationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and strong regimentation of society and of the economy

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a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

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a severe economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States.

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an Indian activist who was the leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule.

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a Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the People's Republic of China

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a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist.

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the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons.

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a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, and journalist.

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a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment

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a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe.

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the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

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any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals.

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was a small slave owner, and formerly enslaved, who later became a leader of the Haitian Revolution.

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one of the most important international conferences in European history, called to remake Europe after the downfall of Napoleon I

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a state that is supposedly independent but is in fact completely dependent upon an outside power.

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a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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a military strategy of burning or destroying buildings, crops, or other resources that might be of use to an invading enemy force.

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the French civil code established under Napoleon I in 1804. It was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804.

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an illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus

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patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.

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a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.

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set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution. The Declaration was drafted by the Abbé Sieyès and the Marquis de Lafayette, in consultation with Thomas Jefferson.

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an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading.

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a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799. It was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire.

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the legislative body in France until 1789, representing the three estates of the realm

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, a form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment.

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, a form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment.

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an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.

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conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence.

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"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."

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an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. Theories of a social contract became popular in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects.

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a supreme ruler, especially a monarch.

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a person engaged or learned in philosophy, especially as an academic discipline.

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a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.

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UPLIFT inspires people to embrace a life of love in action.

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the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.

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an edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

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the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

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a kind of tax on goods a country imports or exports.

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belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

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a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.

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a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.