# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
SCORING RUBRICS Final Draft 1 10 July edited

# data[].attributes.body
Language Development
Listening & Speaking Skills
Topic1d
(Social conventions in Interactions)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Transcript

Vocabulary

How much did you understand?

In the podcast, Rich and Jack used some words and phrases that might be new for you. Do you know the words in bold?

It's kind of work. I'm looking at the football gossip online.

It says contract negotiations are in progress!

The roleplay is between the director of football at a football club and an agent for a player.

I've heard you drive a hard bargain when negotiating contracts.

There were a few more tricky words and phrases in the podcast. Do you know what they all mean? Try the activity below, then, listen to the podcast again to hear how we used the words. This can really help your understanding.

Negotiating

In this week's podcast, Jack and Rich were negotiating a player's contract. They were in negotiations about the player's salary, bonuses, length of contract etc. Here is how we defined negotations in the podcast:

Negotiations are when two people or groups of people try to agree about something.

Negotiate can also be a verb:Here is how we defined to negotiate in the podcast:

To negotiate means to discuss and try to reach an agreement between two people or groups about a deal or a problem.

People negotiate all the time about all kinds of things. Governments and political groups negotiate about decisions that will affect their populations. Businesses negotiate about costs and prices. Individual people negotiate with their bosses, teachers and parents. In this podcast, we looked at an example of negotiations between a director of football and an agent. They were negotiating a transfer to a new club.

Phrases we use when negotiating

In the podcast, we looked at three types of phrases that are used when we are negotiating:

1. Phrases we use to disagree with something or reject a deal

2. Phrases we use to persuade someone to accept a deal or compromise

3. Phrases we use to agree with something or accept a deal

Disagreeing or rejecting a deal

When people negotiate, especially if it is a formal situation, they are usually very polite. This includes when people disagree or reject an idea or a deal. To be polite in this situation it's very common to start sentences with 'I'm afraid ...' or 'I'm sorry, but ...' Look at these examples::

I'm afraid this is not a good starting point.

I 'm really sorry, but we can't agree on this.

I'm afraid I have a few reservations or worries about this point.

We also introduced a few phrases in the podcast that are used in negotiations when we reject something. Take a look at the phrases in bold. Do you understand what they mean? Listen to the language focus section of the podcast if you are not sure or check the transcript.

This doesn't really work for me.

The salary was a bit of a sticking point.

The salary was a bit of a lowball offer.

Persuading and compromising

Trying to persuade the other person or group to agree with you and compromising is an important part of any negotiation. People are often positive about the other person's idea at the beginning and use phrases such as :

I totally understand where you're coming from. But as you know, this could be the last contract of the player's career.

Another way to persuade people is to talk about wanting the same thing:

I'm confident we can come to some kind of understanding.

I'm sure we can come to an agreement that suits both parties.

Another thing that often happens is that one person offers to compromise and then the other person also compromises. To compromise means to give up something so the people you are negotiating with are happy to make a deal. Usually, both sides have to compromise. These are some examples of compromises or persuading someone to compromise:

What if we were to meet halfway?

Why don't we meet in the middle?

I'm prepared to compromise, but you have to compromise, too.

We might be able to give you more money if you work a few more hours.

Agreeing or accepting a deal

Towards the end of successful negotiations, both groups will start to agree to a deal and may accept a deal or move forward to the next step in the process. At this point, you might hear phrases such as:

I can see this part of the offer is very generous and I think we're in the same ballpark in terms of the figures.

This is definitely something I could take back to the player. Let me get back to him and we'll carry on talking in the morning.

I completely/totally /wholeheartedly agree.

That's a fair point.

I think we can both agree that ...

I see where you're coming from.

In the activity below, read the dialogue of a negotiation and complete the gaps with an appropriate word.

Activity 2

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
تعلم اللغة الإنجليزية

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
выучить английский язык

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In the podcast, Rich and Jack used some words and phrases that might be new for you. Do you know the words in bold? It's kind of work. I'm looking at the football gossip online. It says contract negotiations are in progress!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Negotiation in Action: Win-Win and Win-Lose | SkillsYouNeed

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn how to negotiate effectively and the differences between the win-win and win-lose methods of negotiation.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Negotiation is a method by which people settle differences. It is a process by which compromise or agreement is reached while avoiding argument and dispute.

In any disagreement, individuals understandably aim to achieve the best possible outcome for their position (or perhaps an organisation they represent). However, the principles of fairness, seeking mutual benefit and maintaining a relationship are the keys to a successful outcome.

Specific forms of negotiation are used in many situations: international affairs, the legal system, government, industrial disputes or domestic relationships as examples. However, general negotiation skills can be learned and applied in a wide range of activities. Negotiation skills can be of great benefit in resolving any differences that arise between you and others.

Stages of Negotiation
In order to achieve a desirable outcome, it may be useful to follow a structured approach to negotiation. For example, in a work situation a meeting may need to be arranged in which all parties involved can come together. The process of negotiation includes the following stages:
1. Preparation
Before any negotiation takes place, a decision needs to be taken as to when and where a meeting will take place to discuss the problem and who will attend. Setting a limited time-scale can also be helpful to prevent the disagreement continuing.
This stage involves ensuring all the pertinent facts of the situation are known in order to clarify your own position. In the work example above, this would include knowing the 'rules' of your organisation, to whom help is given, when help is not felt appropriate and the grounds for such refusals. Your organisation may well have policies to which you can refer in preparation for the negotiation.

Undertaking preparation before discussing the disagreement will help to avoid further conflict and unnecessarily wasting time during the meeting.

2. Discussion
During this stage, individuals or members of each side put forward the case as they see it, i.e. their understanding of the situation.
Key skills during this stage include questioning, listening and clarifying.

Sometimes it is helpful to take notes during the discussion stage to record all points put forward in case there is need for further clarification. It is extremely important to listen, as when disagreement takes place it is easy to make the mistake of saying too much and listening too little. Each side should have an equal opportunity to present their case.

3. Clarifying Goals
From the discussion, the goals, interests and viewpoints of both sides of the disagreement need to be clarified.
It is helpful to list these factors in order of priority. Through this clarification it is often possible to identify or establish some common ground. Clarification is an essential part of the negotiation process, without it misunderstandings are likely to occur which may cause problems and barriers to reaching a beneficial outcome.

4. Negotiate Towards a Win-Win Outcome
This stage focuses on what is termed a 'win-win' outcome where both sides feel they have gained something positive through the process of negotiation and both sides feel their point of view has been taken into consideration.
A win-win outcome is usually the best result. Although this may not always be possible, through negotiation, it should be the ultimate goal.

Suggestions of alternative strategies and compromises need to be considered at this point. Compromises are often positive alternatives which can often achieve greater benefit for all concerned compared to holding to the original positions.

5. Agreement
Agreement can be achieved once understanding of both sides' viewpoints and interests have been considered.
It is essential to for everybody involved to keep an open mind in order to achieve an acceptable solution. Any agreement needs to be made perfectly clear so that both sides know what has been decided.

6. Implementing a Course of Action
From the agreement, a course of action has to be implemented to carry through the decision.
See our pages: Strategic Thinking and Action Planning for more information.

Failure to Agree
If the process of negotiation breaks down and agreement cannot be reached, then re-scheduling a further meeting is called for. This avoids all parties becoming embroiled in heated discussion or argument, which not only wastes time but can also damage future relationships.
At the subsequent meeting, the stages of negotiation should be repeated. Any new ideas or interests should be taken into account and the situation looked at afresh. At this stage it may also be helpful to look at other alternative solutions and/or bring in another person to mediate.

See our page on Mediation Skills for more information.

Informal Negotiation

There are times when there is a need to negotiate more informally. At such times, when a difference of opinion arises, it might not be possible or appropriate to go through the stages set out above in a formal manner.

Nevertheless, remembering the key points in the stages of formal negotiation may be very helpful in a variety of informal situations.

In any negotiation, the following three elements are important and likely to affect the ultimate outcome of the negotiation:

Attitudes

All negotiation is strongly influenced by underlying attitudes to the process itself, for example attitudes to the issues and personalities involved in the particular case or attitudes linked to personal needs for recognition.

Always be aware that:

Negotiation is not an arena for the realisation of individual achievements.

There can be resentment of the need to negotiate by those in authority.

Certain features of negotiation may influence a person's behaviour, for example some people may become defensive.

Knowledge
The more knowledge you possess of the issues in question, the greater your participation in the process of negotiation. In other words, good preparation is essential.
Do your homework and gather as much information about the issues as you can.

Furthermore, the way issues are negotiated must be understood as negotiating will require different methods in different situations.

Interpersonal Skills
Good interpersonal skills are essential for effective negotiations, both in formal situations and in less formal or one-to-one negotiations.
These skills include:

Further Reading from Skills You Need
Conflict Resolution and Mediation
Learn more about how to effectively resolve conflict and mediate personal relationships at home, at work and socially.

Our eBooks are ideal for anyone who wants to learn about or develop their interpersonal skills and are full of easy-to-follow, practical information.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Negotiation is a method by which people settle differences - explore the stages of negotiation and learn how to improve your negotiating skills.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Greetings are used to say hello in English. It's common to use different greetings depending on whether you greet a friend, family or a business associate. When you meet friends, use informal greetings. If it's really important, use formal greetings. Formal greetings are also used with people you do not know very well.

Greetings also depend on whether you are saying hello, or you are saying goodbye. Learn the correct phrases using the notes below, and then practice using greetings with the practice dialogues.

Formal Greetings: Arriving

Good morning / afternoon / evening.

Hello (name), how are you?

Good day Sir / Madam (very formal)

Respond to a formal greeting with another formal greeting.

Good morning Mr. Smith.

Hello Ms. Anderson. How are you today?

Informal Greetings: Arriving

It's important to note that the question How are you? or What's up? doesn't necessarily need a response. If you do respond, these phrases are generally expected:

How are you? / How are you doing?

Very well, thank you. And you? (formal)

Fine / Great (informal)

What's up?

Not much.

I'm just (watching TV, hanging out, cooking dinner, etc.)

Informal Greetings After a Long Time

If you haven't seen a friend or family member for a long time, use one these informal greetings to mark the occasion.

It's great to see you!

How have you been?

Long time, no see.

How are you doing these days?

Formal Greetings: Departing

Use these greetings when you say goodbye at the end of the day. These greetings are appropriate for work and other formal situations.

Good morning / afternoon / evening.

It was a pleasure seeing you.

Goodbye.

Goodnight. (Note: Use after 8 p.m.)

Informal Greetings: Departing

Use these greetings when saying goodbye in an informal situation.

Nice seeing you!

Goodbye / Bye

See you later

Later (very informal)

Here are some short example conversations for you to practice greetings in English. Find a partner to practice and take a role. Next, switch roles. Finally, make up your own conversations.

Greetings in Informal Conversations: Practice Dialogue

Anna: Tom, what's up?
Tom: Hi Anna. Nothing much. I'm just hanging out. What's up with you?
Anna: It's a good day. I'm feeling fine.
Tom: How is your sister?
Anna: Oh, fine. Not much has changed.
Tom: Well, I have to go. Nice seeing you!
Anna: Later!

***

Maria: Oh, hello Chris. How are you doing?
Chris: I'm well. Thanks for asking. How are you?
Maria: I can't complain. Life is treating me well.
Chris: That's good to hear.
Maria: Good to see you again. I need to go to my doctor's appointment.
Chris: Nice seeing you.
Maria: See you later.

Greetings in Formal Conversations: Practice Dialogue

John: Good morning.
Alan: Good morning. How are you?
John: I'm very well thank you. And you?
Alan: I'm fine. Thank you for asking.
John: Do you have a meeting this morning?
Alan: Yes, I do. Do you have a meeting as well?
John: Yes. Well. It was a pleasure seeing you.
Alan: Goodbye.

Greeting someone when you are introduced.

Once you have been introduced to someone, the next time you see that person it is important to greet them. We also greet people as we leave people. In English (as in all languages), there are different ways to greet people in formal and informal situations.

Introduction (first) Greeting: How do you do?

The question 'How do you do' is only a formality. In other words, the question does not need to be answered. Rather, it is a standard phrase used when meeting some for the first time.

Tom: Peter, I'd like to introduce you to Mr. Smith. Mr. Smith this is Peter Thompson.

Peter: How do you do?

Mr. Smith: How do you do?

Use these phrases to say that you are happy to meet someone when introduced for the first time.

It's a pleasure to meet you.

It's nice to meet you.

Greetings after an Introduction: How are you?

Once you have met someone, it's common to use standard greetings such as 'Good Morning', 'How are you?' and 'Hello'.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Practice Greeting People in Both Formal and Informal Situations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn how to greet people in English and the differences between saying hello and saying goodbye. Practice with these role-play examples.

# data[].attributes.body
a. Listen and complete the cloze test.
b. Identify the types of listening skills involved.

# data[].attributes.body
a. Listen and answer the questions that follow.
b. Identify the type of listening skill for each question.

# data[].attributes.body
Listen to a lecture about the History of Leisure in twentieth century America. Choose the correct answers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
cefr b2 - free listening practice  exam practice english language elt efl grammar writing structure cambridge business exercises a2

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Listen to a lecture about the History of Leisure in twentieth century America. Choose the correct answers.

# data[].attributes.body
Listen to a news report about eco-homes. Choose the correct answer.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
cefr pet- free reading practice  exam practice english language elt efl grammar writing structure cambridge business exercises a2

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Listen to a news report about eco-homes. Choose the correct answer.

# data[].attributes.body
Listen to a radio show about the value of a university education. Choose the statement that best represents the opinions of the callers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
cefr pet- free reading practice  exam practice english language elt efl grammar writing structure cambridge business exercises a2

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Listen to a radio show about the value of a university education. Choose the statement that best represents the opinions of the callers.

# data[].attributes.body
(Student Version)

# data[].attributes.body
LAM PT 05 01

# data[].attributes.headline
Listening to and articulating English Sounds: the phonemic Chart

# data[].attributes.subject
Listening to and articulating English Sounds: the phonemic Chart

# data[].attributes.headline
TOPIC 1: LISTENING TO AND ARTICULATING SOUNDS

# data[].attributes.subject
TOPIC 1: LISTENING TO AND ARTICULATING SOUNDS

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
TOPIC 1_ LISTENING TO AND ARTICULATING ENG SOUNDS REC

# data[].attributes.body
Some additional Vowel Practice for you ..