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common optical problem that occurs when a lens is either unable to bring all wavelengths of color to the same focal plane, and/or when wavelengths of color are focused at different positions in the focal plane.

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entails conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, with abrupt changes from one tone to another. Originally done for posters.

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a form of distortion that occurs when two elements of the signal being processed to form a digital image become indistinguishable from one another. Aliasing often appears in an image in the form of moiré or false coloring. When odd stripes and patterns appear in your images, this is called a moiré effect.

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the unwanted side-effects of processing an image.

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an effect associated with wide-angle lenses and, in particular, zoom wide-angles. This effect causes the image to spheres, which means that the edges of the photo look curved and bowed to the human eye .Pincushion distortion is a lens effect which causes images to become pinched in the center.

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2.

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A full-frame camera uses a sensor that's the same size as a single frame of traditional 35mm film, measuring 36 x 24mm. ... This means a full-frames sensor has more than 2.5 times the surface area of an APS-C sensor.

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an electronic device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal. It is used in digital cameras and imaging devices to convert the light received on the camera or imaging device lens into a digital image.

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the ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame. Use it to calculate effective focal lengths and compare lenses between DSLRs. Crop factor is a term that describes the difference between your camera's sensor size and a traditional 35mm film frame.

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Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte

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Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte

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· 8 Bits = 1 Byte. · 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte. · 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte. · 1024Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte. · 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte.

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Cubism comes from trying to use multiple images like a cubist artist to create an image. The term comes from the artist David Hockney.

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minimalism depends on high simplicity and involves using a minimal amount of compositional components such as shape, color, and line. The goal of minimalist art, or photography, is to convey a concept – or an idea – provoke an emotional response, or provide a unique visual experience.

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With vibrant colors and recognizable imagery, pop art on canvas creates unique modern works of art from your photos

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The term is used where the artist is being innovative and experimental in an aspect of their art. The Avant-garde in photography are critical of existing aesthetic views. ... An example of avant-garde photography is the 1970's feminist movement

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Surrealism originated as a philosophical, literary and artistic movement in France in the late 1910s. ... Surrealist photographer Man Ray used double exposure, solarization and reversed tonality to disturb the viewer's recognition of things and to suggest the overlapping of dream and reality.

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the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them. ... In the visual arts, to appropriate means to properly adopt, borrow, recycle or sample aspects (or the entire form) of human-made visual culture.

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multiple exposure is the superimposition of two or more exposures to create a single image, and double exposure has a corresponding meaning in respect of two images.

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means taking photos for commercial use. And by commercial we mean for business, for sales, for money. Commercial photography is often associated with advertisements, sales pitches, brochures, product placements as well as merchandising

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taking of photographs from an aircraft or other flying object

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graphical representation of the tonal values of your image. In other words, it shows the amount of tones of particular brightness found in your photograph ranging from black (0% brightness) to white (100% brightness).

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loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general. Somewhat paradoxically, anti-art tends to conduct this questioning and rejection from the vantage point of art. ... It was used to describe revolutionary forms of art.

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an artistic form or medium usually created on a defined substrate that consists of three-dimensional elements projecting out of or from the substrate. It is similar to collage, a two-dimensional medium.

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neutral-density filter, orND filter, is a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition. It can be a colorless (clear) or grey filter, and is denoted by Wratten number 96.

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Cross processing (sometimes abbreviated to Xpro) is the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film. ... Color cross processed photographs are often characterized by unnatural colors and high contrast.

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is a tight structure of a similar shape to the honeycomb made by honey bees. It's affixed to the front of a studio strobe. Or it can be fixed to an off-camera flash. The light shines through the grid and creates a tight beam of light.

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a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. The light created is between that of a direct flash and a softbox, giving the image a wrapped, contrasted look, which adds a more dramatic effect.

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a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam. These may be conical, cylindrical, or rectangular in shape.

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diffuses the light into a pleasing soft, even light. When used properly, it reduces harsh shadows. The closer the softbox is to the model or subject, the softer the light appears, emulating window light.

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self-contained photographic flash lighting unit usually found in a studio. Each monolight has its own independent power source. It does not depend on a centralized power supply as a "pack and head" system does

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light source that causes a specular highlight in a subject's eye in an image. bright spot of light that appears on shiny objects when illuminated

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Curves adjustment, you adjust points throughout an image's tonal range. Initially, the image's tonality is represented as a straight diagonal line on a graph. When adjusting an RGB image, the upper-right area of the graph represents the highlights and the lower-left area represents the shadows.

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tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast, and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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simple lighting tool that is commonly used for beauty shots, portraits, and macro photography. ... When used in photography, it creates an attractive catch light on a subject's eyes while emitting even, diffused lighting that helps eliminate shadows

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the use of camera movements that change the orientation and/or position of the lens with respect to the film or image sensor on cameras.

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straight out of camera - a photo that has not been edited at all

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also known as a collodion positive in the UK, is a positive photograph on glass made by a variant of the wet plate collodion process. Like a print on paper, it is viewed by reflected light.

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a photographic image-transfer process, or print making technique, which uses instant film. This way an image can be put on textiles, cups, glass and many other surfaces.

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an intaglio printmaking or photo-mechanical process whereby a copper plate is grained (adding a pattern to the plate) and then coated with a light-sensitive gelatin tissue which had been exposed to a film positive, and then etched, resulting in a high quality intaglio plate that can reproduce detailed continuous tones of a photograph.

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a photographic printing process that produces a cyan-blue print. Engineers used the process well into the 20th century as a simple and low-cost process to produce copies of drawings, referred to as blueprints.

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organic alternative photography process akin to the anthotype process. However, instead of printing on the crushed extract of fruit or plant matter, the prints are bleached by sunlight directly onto the surface of leaves using a positive

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one of the 5 basic lighting setups used in studio portrait photography. Split lighting at its most basic level is constructed with a single light source placed 90 degrees offset from the subject and a bit higher than eye level, lighting one half of the face, and leaving the other in shadow.

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lighting technique that is used in studio portrait photography. It can be achieved using one light and a reflector, or two lights, and is popular because it is capable of producing images which appear both natural and compelling with a minimum of equipment

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portrait lighting pattern where the subject is lit from about 45 degrees in front of them and above. This creates a nose shadow that 'loops' down at an angle onto their cheek. It is a slightly directional lighting pattern - the light is not flat, but the face is still mostly illuminated.

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portrait lighting pattern where the key light is placed above and directly centered with a subject's face. This creates a shadow under the nose that resembles a butterfly. It's also known as 'Paramount lighting,' named for classic Hollywood glamour photography.

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a portrait lighting pattern where the portion of the subject's face that is turned toward the camera is lit most brightly. ... Broad lighting is typically less flattering than short lighting as it widens the look of the face.

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Short lighting, by definition, refers to when the main light illuminates the side of the face that is turned away from the camera. This lets light fall on the narrow side of the face leaving a shadow on the broad side of the face, which is facing the camera.