# data[].attributes.body
[1. How did the Amerindians get to the Caribbean?
Mongolia to _______________ walked across the ______________________ on ice to ___________________________ travelled south to ____________________ then further south to ______________________ and finally ________________ to the Caribbean.
2. In what order did the Amerindians settle in the VI?
3. Name one place in the VI where each group settled.
4. Why did the Amerindians settle near water?
5. Describe the appearance of the Amerindians.
6. Which group had clearly defined social groups?
7. What was one religious belief of the Ciboneys?
8. Why were Carib boys taken from their mother at a young age?
9. What were three recreational activities enjoyed by the Amerindians?
10. What was one social practice of the Amerindians?
What is the English translation of the following terms:
Oboutou -
Shamans -
Cacique -
Carbet -
Bohio -
Adjoupas -
Zemis-

# data[].attributes.headline
Unit Three Study Guide for test on Wednesday, October 30, 2019

# data[].attributes.subject
Unit Three Study Guide for test on Wednesday, October 30, 2019

# data[].attributes.body
Questions for fill-in-the-blanks Section:
Which three groups settled St. Croix?
What lead to conflict on St. Croix in 1645?
How did people make a living in the VI in the 17th and 18th centuries?
Name all the European groups that governed the VI
What was the main purpose of the FWIC and DWIGC?
What were the reasons for the colonization of St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. John?
Who was the first governor of St. Croix and St. Thomas?
Name the oldest building on St. Thomas and state its purpose.

Essay Section:
Write an essay describing one European settlement in the Virgin Islands that you have studied.

# data[].attributes.headline
UNIT 3 - European Colonization and Exploration of the Caribbean

# data[].attributes.subject
UNIT 3 - European Colonization and Exploration of the Caribbean

# data[].attributes.body
Visit the website below to learn about some famous explorers and the age of exploration. What is/are the accomplishments of these explorers:
1. Amerigo Vespucci
2. Bartolomeu Dias
3. Francisco Pizarro
4. Hernan Cortes
5. Juan Ponce de Leon
6. Leonardo da Vinci
7. Marco Polo
8. Pierre D'Esnambuc
9. Sir Francis Drake
10. Sir John Hawkins
11. Ferdinan Magellan
12. Vasco Nunez de Balboa
13. Cabeza de Vaca
14. Hernando de Soto
15. John Cabot
16. Sir Walter Raleigh
17. Vasco Da Gama
Other:
18. Renaissance

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Vikings Discover the New World

The first attempt by Europeans to colonize the New World occurred around1000 A.D. when the Vikings sailed from the British Isles to Greenland, established a colony and then moved on to Labrador, the Baffin Islands and finally Newfoundland. There they established a colony named Vineland (meaning fertile region) and from that base sailed along the coast of North America, observing the flora, fauna and native peoples. Inexplicably, Vineland was abandoned after only a few years.

Did you know? Explorer Henry Hudson died when his crew mutinied and left Hudson, his son and seven crewmembers adrift in a small open boat in the Hudson Bay.

Although the Vikings never returned to America, other Europeans came to know of their accomplishments. Europe, however, was made up of many small principalities whose concerns were mainly local. Europeans may have been intrigued by the stories of the feared Vikings' discovery of a "new world," but they lacked the resources or the will to follow their path of exploration. Trade continued to revolve around the Mediterranean Sea, as it had for hundreds of years.

The Reformation, the Renaissance and New Trade Routes

Between 1000 and 1650, a series of interconnected developments occurred in Europe that provided the impetus for the exploration and subsequent colonization of America. These developments included the Protestant Reformation and the subsequent Catholic Counter-Reformation, the Renaissance, the unification of small states into larger ones with centralized political power, the emergence of new technology in navigation and shipbuilding and the establishment of overland trade with the East and the accompanying transformation of the medieval economy.

The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Church's response in the Counter-Reformation marked the end of several centuries of gradual erosion of the power of the Catholic Church as well as the climax of internal attempts to reform the Church. Protestantism emphasized a personal relationship between each individual and God without the need for intercession by the institutional church.

In the Renaissance, artists and writers such as Galileo, Machiavelli and Michelangelo adopted a view of life that stressed humans' ability to change and control the world. Thus, the rise of Protestantism and the Counter-Reformation, along with the Renaissance, helped foster individualism and create a climate favorable to exploration.

At the same time, political centralization ended much of the squabbling and fighting among rival noble families and regions that had characterized the Middle Ages. With the decline of the political power and wealth of the Catholic Church, a few rulers gradually solidified their power. Portugal, Spain, France and England were transformed from small territories into nation-states with centralized authority in the hands of monarchs who were able to direct and finance overseas exploration.

As these religious and political changes were occurring, technological innovations in navigation set the stage for exploration. Bigger, faster ships and the invention of navigational devices such as the astrolabe and sextant made extended voyages possible.

A Faster Route to the East

But the most powerful inducement to exploration was trade. Marco Polo's famous journey to Cathay signaled Europe's "discovery" of Chinese and Islamic civilizations. The Orient became a magnet to traders, and exotic products and wealth flowed into Europe. Those who benefited most were merchants who sat astride the great overland trade routes, especially the merchants of the Italian city-states of Genoa, Venice and Florence.

The newly unified states of the Atlantic-France, Spain, England and Portugal-and their ambitious monarchs were envious of the merchants and princes who dominated the land routes to the East. Moreover, in the latter half of the fifteenth century, war between European states and the Ottoman Empire greatly hampered Europe's trade with the Orient. The desire to supplant the trade moguls, especially the Italians, and fear of the Ottoman Empire forced the Atlantic nations to search for a new route to the East.

Portugal: Bartolomeu Dias, Vasco de Gama and Pedro Álvares Cabral

Portugal led the others into exploration. Encouraged by Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese seamen sailed southward along the African coast, seeking a water route to the East. They were also looking for a legendary king named Prester John who had supposedly built a Christian stronghold somewhere in northwestern Africa. Henry hoped to form an alliance with Prester John to fight the Muslims.

During Henry's lifetime the Portuguese learned much about the African coastal area. His school developed the quadrant, the cross-staff and the compass, made advances in cartography and designed and built highly maneuverable little ships known as caravels.

After Henry's death, Portuguese interest in long-distance trade and expansion waned until King John II commissioned Bartolomeu Dias to find a water route to India in 1487. Dias sailed around the tip of Africa and into the Indian Ocean before his frightened crew forced him to give up the quest. A year later, Vasco da Gama succeeded in reaching India and returned to Portugal laden with jewels and spices.

In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered and claimed Brazil for Portugal, and other Portuguese captains established trading posts in the South China Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Arabian Sea. These water routes to the East undercut the power of the Italian city-states, and Lisbon became Europe's new trade capital.

Spain and Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus launched Spain's imperial ambitions. Born in Genoa, Italy, around 1451, Columbus learned the art of navigation on voyages in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. At some point he probably read Cardinal Pierre d'Ailly's early fifteenth-century work, Imago mundi, which argued that the East could be found by sailing west of the Azores for a few days.

Columbus, hoping to make such a voyage, spent years seeking a sponsor and finally found one in Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain after they defeated the Moors and could turn their attention to other projects.

In August 1492, Columbus sailed west with his now famous ships, Niña, Pinta and Santa María. After ten weeks he sighted an island in the Bahamas, which he named San Salvador. Thinking he had found islands near Japan, he sailed on until he reached Cuba (which he thought was mainland China) and later Haiti.

Columbus returned to Spain with many products unknown to Europe-coconuts, tobacco, sweet corn, potatoes-and with tales of dark-skinned native peoples whom he called "Indians" because he assumed he had been sailing in the Indian Ocean.

Although Columbus found no gold or silver, he was hailed by Spain and much of Europe as the discoverer of d'Ailly's western route to the East. John II of Portugal, however, believed Columbus had discovered islands in the Atlantic already claimed by Portugal and took the matter to Pope Alexander II.

Twice the pope issued decrees supporting Spain's claim to Columbus's discoveries. But the territorial disputes between Portugal and Spain were not resolved until 1494 when they signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, which drew a line 370 leagues west of the Azores as the demarcation between the two empires.

Despite the treaty, controversy continued over what Columbus had found. He made three more voyages to America between 1494 and 1502, during which he explored Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Jamaica, and Trinidad. Each time he returned more certain that he had reached the East.

Subsequent explorations by others, however, persuaded most Europeans that Columbus had discovered a "New World." Ironically, that New World was named for someone else. A German geographer, Martin Waldseemüller, accepted the claim of Amerigo Vespucci that he had landed on the American mainland before Columbus. In 1507 Waldseemüller published a book in which he named the new land "America."

Spanish Explorers After Columbus

More Spanish expeditions followed. Juan Ponce de León explored the coasts of Florida in 1513. Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean in the same year.

Ferdinand Magellan's expedition (in the course of which he put down a mutiny and was later killed) sailed around the tip of South America, across the Pacific to the Philippines, through the Indian Ocean and back to Europe around the southern tip of Africa between 1519 and 1522.

Two expeditions led directly to Spain's emergence as sixteenth-century Europe's wealthiest and most powerful nation. The first was headed by Hernán Cortés, who in 1519 led a small army of Spanish and Native Americans against the Aztec Empire of Mexico. Completing the conquest in 1521, Cortés took control of the Aztecs' fabulous gold and silver mines.

Ten years later, an expedition under Francisco Pizarro overwhelmed the Inca Empire of Peru, securing for the Spaniards the great Inca silver mines of Potosí.

In 1535 and 1536, Pedro de Mendoza went as far as present-day Buenos Aires in Argentina, where he founded a colony. At the same time, Cabeza de Vaca explored the North American Southwest, adding that region to Spain's New World empire.

A few years later (1539-1542), Francisco Vásquez de Coronado discovered the Grand Canyon and journeyed through much of the Southwest looking for gold and the legendary Seven Cities of Cíbola. About the same time, Hernando de Soto explored southeastern North America from Florida to the Mississippi River. By 1650, Spain's empire was complete and fleets of ships were carrying the plunder back to Spain.

Religious Motivations

As European powers conquered the territories of the New World, they justified wars against Native Americans and the destruction of their cultures as a fulfillment of the European secular and religious vision of the New World. The idea of "America" antedated America's discovery and even Viking exploration.

That idea had two parts: one paradisiacal and utopian, the other savage and dangerous. Ancient tales described distant civilizations, usually to the west, where European-like peoples lived simple, virtuous lives without war, famine, disease or poverty. Such utopian visions were reinforced by religious notions. Early Christian Europeans had inherited from the Jews a powerful prophetic tradition that drew upon apocalyptic biblical texts in the books of Daniel, Isaiah and Revelations. They connected the Christianization of the world with the second coming of Christ. Such ideas led many Europeans (including Columbus) to believe it was God's plan for Christians to convert pagans wherever they were found.

If secular and religious traditions evoked utopian visions of the New World, they also induced nightmares. The ancients described wonderful civilizations, but barbaric, evil ones as well. Moreover, late medieval Christianity inherited a rich tradition of hatred for non-Christians derived in part from the Crusaders' struggle to free the Holy Land and from warfare against the Moors.

European encounters with the New World were viewed in light of these preconceived notions. To plunder the New World of its treasures was acceptable because it was populated by pagans. To Christianize the pagans was necessary because it was part of God's plan; to kill them was right because they were Satan's warriors.

France: Giovanni da Verrazano, Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain

While Spain was building its New World empire, France was also exploring the Americas. In 1524, Giovanni da Verrazzano was commissioned to locate a northwest passage around North America to India. He was followed in 1534 by Jacques Cartier, who explored the St. Lawrence River as far as present-day Montreal.

In 1562, Jean Ribault headed an expedition that explored the St. Johns River area in Florida. His efforts were followed two years later by a second venture headed by René Goulaine de Laudonnière. But the Spanish soon pushed the French out of Florida, and thereafter, the French directed their efforts north and west. In 1608 Samuel de Champlain built a fort at Quebec and explored the area north to Port Royal and Nova Scotia and south to Cape Cod.

Unlike Spain's empire, "New France" produced no caches of gold and silver. Instead, the French traded with inland tribes for furs and fished off the coast of Newfoundland. New France was sparsely populated by trappers and missionaries and dotted with military forts and trading posts. Although the French sought to colonize the area, the growth of settlements was stifled by inconsistent policies.

Initially, France encouraged colonization by granting charters to fur-trading companies. Then, under Cardinal Richelieu, control of the empire was put in the hands of the government-sponsored Company of New France. The company, however, was not successful, and in 1663 the king took direct control of New France. Although more prosperous under this administration, the French empire failed to match the wealth of New Spain or the growth of neighboring British colonies.

The Netherlands: Henry Hudson Leads the Dutch

The Dutch were also engaged in the exploration of America. Formerly a Protestant province of Spain, the Netherlands was determined to become a commercial power and saw exploration as a means to that end.

In 1609, Henry Hudson led an expedition to America for the Dutch East India Company and laid claim to the area along the Hudson River as far as present-day Albany. In 1614 the newly formed New Netherland Company obtained a grant from the Dutch government for the territory between New France and Virginia. About ten years later another trading company, the West India Company, settled groups of colonists on Manhattan Island and at Fort Orange. The Dutch also planted trading colonies in the West Indies.

England: John Cabot and Sir Walter Raleigh

In 1497 Henry VII of England sponsored an expedition to the New World headed by John Cabot, who explored a part of Newfoundland and reported an abundance of fish. But until Queen Elizabeth's reign, the English showed little interest in exploration, being preoccupied with their European trade and establishing control over the British Isles.

By the mid-sixteenth century, however, England had recognized the advantages of trade with the East, and in 1560 English merchants enlisted Martin Frobisher to search for a northwest passage to India. Between 1576 and 1578 Frobisher as well as John Davis explored along the Atlantic coast.

Thereafter, Queen Elizabeth granted charters to Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh to colonize America. Gilbert headed two trips to the New World. He landed on Newfoundland but was unable to carry out his intention of establishing military posts. A year later, Raleigh sent a company to explore territory he named Virginia after Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen," and in 1585, he sponsored a second voyage, this time to explore the Chesapeake Bay region. By the seventeenth century, the English had taken the lead in colonizing North America, establishing settlements all along the Atlantic coast and in the West Indies.

Sweden and Denmark

Sweden and Denmark also succumbed to the attractions of America, although to a lesser extent. In 1638, the Swedish West India Company established a settlement on the Delaware River near present-day Wilmington called Fort Christina. This colony was short-lived, however, and was taken over by the Dutch in 1655. The king of Denmark chartered the Danish West India Company in 1671, and the Danes established colonies in St. Croix and other islands in the cluster of the Virgin Islands.

Sources

Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, a.d. 500-1600 (1971); John H. Parry, The Spanish Seaborne Empire (1966; 2nd ed., 1980); David B. Quinn, England and the Discovery of America, 1481-1620, from the Bristol Voyages of the Fifteenth Century to the Pilgrim Settlement at Plymouth: The Exploration, Exploitation, and Trial-and-Error Colonization of North America by the English (1974).

Fact Check

We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The first attempt by Europeans to colonize the New World occurred around1000 A.D. when the Vikings sailed from the British Isles to Greenland, established a colony and then moved on to Labrador, the Baffin Islands and finally Newfoundland.

# data[].attributes.body
1. List the different island groups in the Caribbean

2. What islands make up these island groups?

3. What water bodies wash the shores of the Caribbean?

4. What are the features of coral and volcanic islands?

5. Name two coral islands, their capital, language and main economic activity.

6. Name two volcanic islands, their capital, language and main economic activity.

7. Which island in the Virgin Island was created mainly be corals?

8. Which islands in the Virgin Islands were created mainly by volcanos

9. What is the main economic activity of the Caribbean?

10. What is the average temperature in the Virgin Islands?

11. When is the hurricane season?

12. Who named the Virgin Islands and why?

13. Name two active volcanoes and the islands on which they are located

14. What is the capital of the US and British Virgin Islands?

15. What are the highest peak on St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. John and Tortola

16. What is the size of islands in the USVI and BVI?

17. What are the coordinates of the USVI?

18. What is the national bird and flower of the USVI

19. Why should tourists visit the USVI?

# data[].attributes.body
VI History Textbook. https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/s/?view=att&th=16d1bc8f46b35066&attid=0.1&disp=attd&safe=1&zw

https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/

https://www.visitusvi.com/about-the-islands/culture-history

# data[].attributes.headline
The Geology and  Geography of the Virgin Islands

# data[].attributes.subject
The Geology and  Geography of the Virgin Islands

# data[].attributes.body
Activity:

Click on the link below, watch the video, then answer the questions at the end of the video.
https://youtu.be/QATFf-At-5A

You are awesome! (:

# data[].attributes.headline
The Geology and Geography of the Caribbean

# data[].attributes.subject
The Geology and Geography of the Caribbean

# data[].attributes.body
Unit 1 Guided Reading Activities:
1. Watch the video below and read your notes regarding the formation of volcanic islands.
2. Draw a diagram/diagrams to explain the formation of volcanic islands.
4. List three islands formed by volcanos and three islands formed by corals
5. What are the main characteristics of both types of islands?
6. Our rainy season is_____________________.
7. The temperature of the islands average __________________ year round.
8. The Caribbean enjoy subtropical weather thanks to the__________________.
9. We experience three major types of natural disasters ________________, __________________, __________________.

# data[].attributes.headline
Unit 1 The Geography and Geology of the Caribbean

# data[].attributes.subject
Unit 1 The Geography and Geology of the Caribbean

# data[].attributes.body
Map of The Caribbean
Instructions:

1. Write your name on the the map of the Caribbean provided then:
A. Use crayons to color code the following groups of islands:
ABC Islands, USVI, BVI, The Bahamas, Turks and Caicos, Cayman Islands, Greater Antilles, Windward Islands, Leeward Islands (this  group of islands includes the USVI and the BVI so you will also need to draw a line around all the Leeward Islands)
B. Circle the Lesser Antilles

2. Label the instrument that tells direction

On the back of the map:
3. Create a key for the map
Then answer the following questions:
4.   What is the title of the map?
5.   Why are the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos a part of the Caribbean?
6.  What are the geological and geographical characteristics of the leeward and windward islands?

# data[].attributes.body
In Groups Students will:
1. Find the correct definition for each word
3. Write the definition for the words you received on the sheet of paper provided

# data[].attributes.body
1. Caribbean

2. West Indies

3. Greater Antilles

4. Lesser Antilles

5. Hurricane

6. Volcano

7. Archipelago

8. Geography

9. Geology

10. Windward Islands

11. Leeward Islands

12. Topography

13. Map

14. Legend

15. Scale

16.  Compass

17.  Trade Winds
18.  Prime Meridian
19.  Equator
20.  Longitude
21.  Latitude

# data[].attributes.body
A. The four largest islands in the Caribbean

B. The smallest islands in the Caribbean from the VI to the ABC Islands

C. A chain of islands

D. An instrument that shows directions

E. The shape and features of land area

F. Tells what the symbols on the map represents

G. The region that comprises the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and mainland islands that are washed by the Caribbean sea.

H. The relationship (or ratio) between distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground

I. The study of Earth's landscapes, peoples, places, and environments

J. Deals with the composition of Earth materials, Earth structures, and Earth processes.

K. A representation or drawing of an area.

L. A storm with wind speed above 74 miles per hour

M. The southernmost islands of the Lesser Antilles from Dominica to Trinidad and Tobago

N. the northernmost islands of the Lesser Antilles from the VI to Guadeloupe

O. The Islands of the Greater and Lesser Antilles

P. An opening in the earth's crust that allows molten materials and gasses to escape

Q. Imaginary line on the earth that run from north to south and measure distance east and west of prime meridian

R. Imaginary lines on the earth that run from east to west and measure distance north and south of the equator

S. The main line of latitude

T.  The main line of longitude
U.  Winds from the northeast that brings cooler temperatures to the Caribbean

# data[].attributes.headline
Make-Up Assignments - New Students Only 

# data[].attributes.subject
Make-Up Assignments - New Students Only 

# data[].attributes.body
1. Map of the Caribbean

On the map of the Caribbean color code the following groups of islands. Please ensure to use a different color for each group of islands.:
A. Greater Antilles - The four largest islands in the Caribbean (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico)
B. Cayman Islands
C. Bahamas
D. Turks and Caicos
E. Netherland Antilles (ABC Islands- the southernmost islands of the Caribbean)
F. Leeward Islands - Islands from the St. Thomas to Guadeloupe
G. Windward Islands - Islands from Dominica to Grenada
Circle:
G. The USVI
H. The BVI
I. The Lesser Antilles - The smaller islands in the Caribbean from the VI to ABC Islands
* Label the compass rose
*On the back of your map - create a key.

2. Unit 1 Vocabulary Terms
In copy book define the list of 21 vocabulary terms. Use the definitions found in the section Unit 1 Vocabulary Terms Definitions. You will be quizzed on this.

3. Unit 1 Guided Reading Questions
Answer the 9 questions under unit 1 guided reading section.

4. The Geology and Geography of the Virgin Islands
Watch the video then answer the questions at the end of video

5. Refer to Units 2 and 3 attachment below for additional assignments:
Unit 2 project and classwork
Unit 1 and 2 essay tests
Unit 3 questions
Unit 3 project and classwork
Please see me for further explanations