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Every second, the world loses a full truckload of clothing to landfill or incineration. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation revealed this shocking reality to illustrate the sheer speed and scale of...

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36K views · 1K reactions | Fast fashion is killing the planet. There is enough clothing already on the planet to dress the next six generations, but consumers keep buying more. The fashion industry contributes to 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 20% of the world’s water pollution, while clothes are made out of plastic materials that are not easily recycled into new textiles. This is your sign to thrift clothes and buy clothing made of natural materials that is designed to last. #sustainability #shein #sustainablefashion #ethical | Zerowastestore.com

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Fast fashion is killing the planet. There is enough clothing already on the planet to dress the next six generations, but consumers keep buying more. The fashion industry contributes to 10% of global…

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Dedicated to all of you....my beloved students.... Miss you so much....

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Bob Marley - Everything's Gonna Be Alright

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How are you? Send your name and your message here!

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The Nazis, as we all know, are famous for acting out tremendously feeding their xenophobia, killing millions. Apart from genocide, the Hitler-led group also propagated ignorance, dissed scientific progress, sexual knowledge, and anything that spoke of the horrors of war.

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Animal Rights: 'I can't speak for myself, you're my voice'

"The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated." ~ Gandhi

'Every pet deserves our love and affection. The most touching thing you'll see all day, it should make us see every animal companion as a new member of the family, not just a simple toy we play with - and then discard the second we get bored with or inconveniences us in the slightest.' READ ARTICLE (SOURCE: thedodo.com)

Gift - ( Official Video ) Director's Cut from zsofia zsemberi on Vimeo.
CONVERSATION QUESTIONS: ANIMAL RIGHTS & ANIMAL TESTING DEBATE ON ANIMAL TESTING TEXT AND QUESTIONS
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF ANIMAL RIGHTS (SOURCE: jose.kersten.free.fr)

VIDEO SOURCE: encyclopedia.com

READ ARTICLE: Animal Experimentation (SOURCE: bbc.co.uk)
ANIMAL TESTING: PROS & CONS
CONVERSATION QUESTIONS (SOURCE: teflpedia.com)

VIEW THE SAME AMAZING VIDEO IN FRENCH: ANIMAL EMPATHY- (SOURCE:.zoo.gr)

VIDEO SOURCE:osocio.org

VIEW MORE VIDEOS (SOURCE: veganforum.com)

SOURCE: osocio.org
'The Ghost dogs of Aspropyrgos'
Read more (SOURCE: gawf.org.uk)

OLDER RELATED POST 1: A Bill Of Rights for Dogs

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Animal Rights: 'I can't speak for myself, you're my voice'

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"The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated." ~ Gandhi 'Every pet deserves our love and affection. The most touching thing you'll see all day, it should make us see every animal companion as a new member of the family, not just a simple...

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Add to saved lessons

|

LESSON OVERVIEW

This lesson plan about Banksy and the other artist Maurizio Cattelan deals with controversial art. The worksheet is based on two videos presenting works of art by these two artists.

B2 / Upper Intermediate 60 min Standard Lesson Printable & Digital $6 Plan/ Free

WARM-UP & VOCABULARY

One of the works presented in this lesson is Maurizio Catellan's Comedian, which in a nutshell, consists of a banana taped to the wall with a duct tape. This work of art has been sold for $120k. One of our subscribers came up with a cool warm-up task to this lesson, which we want to share with you. Basically, what you do is you bring a banana to your classroom and tape it to the wall. Ask your students then how much they would pay for it. You can even lead an auction. That's definitely going to spark their interest 🙂
The worksheet starts with a short discussion based on three quotes concerning art. Then, students move to an exercise on vocabulary that two videos include. Students read some sentences and they have to match underlined words and phrases to their meanings.

VIDEO & DISCUSSION

After that, students move to watching the videos. They have to watch both of them and using vocabulary from the previous exercise, summarize what they've seen. The videos present two pieces of art. One is Banksy's Girl with Balloon which was shredded during an auction. The other video presents Maurizio Cattelan's Comedian: the work of art consisting of a banana taped to a wall with duct tape. After summarizing, students start a discussion on what they've watched. Next, they have two more exercises on vocabulary for expressing surprise and shock. First, they need to read a sentence from one of the videos and match the word unfathomable to its meaning. Next, they have another three sentences and need to match synonyms to the following words: unfathomable, shockingly, staggering.

QUESTIONABLE CASES FROM THE WORLD OF ART

Finally, students discuss some interesting cases from the world of art. When appropriate, they should use the words from the previous exercise. They will discuss a restoration failure, a controversial artwork, a prank by two teenagers at a museum and the most expensive sculpture sold by a living artist. We linked to images related to that in the task so either download it before the lesson or open them up during the class to show that weird cases, This lesson plan about Banksy and Maurizio Cattelan ends with a short optional discussion about art in general.

WORKSHEETS

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Add to saved lessons | This lesson plan about Banksy and the other artist Maurizio Cattelan deals with controversial art. The worksheet is based on two videos presenting works of art by these two artists.

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Find out how...watch this presentation.

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Theory and practice . Links available too.

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b Y GERUND-INFINITIVE 2 X g m 1 Created by Kallia Thiakaki p Introduction This presentation is about how to choose when to use the gerund verb form(verb+ ing ) or the infinitive verb form( full- to +verb / or bare -verb) F check this out! E Gerund By adding the ending -ing in a C

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Vincent Van Gogh Visits the Gallery | Vincent and the Doctor | Doctor Who

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The Doctor and Amy take Vincent Van Gogh - who struggled to sell a single painting in his own lifetime - to a Paris art Gallery in the year 2010. Subscribe: ...

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Book Creator is a simple tool for creating awesome digital books. Create your own teaching resources or have your students take the reins.

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Try this quiz in any mode you like. Hope you enjoy it!
Can you get a better score than me?

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English Language A class unit 4 Van Gogh

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Through a quiz you can check what you have learnt about the artist and his work. Learn with flashcards, games, and more - for free.

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MATCH THE SONGS TO THE ARTISTS Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free.

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We see photographs every day. Billboards, posters, and cereal boxes are just some examples that exist everywhere around us. As a teenager living in the 21st century, a lot of our input received is through social media. Immediately, I turned to photography to cope with my substantial amount of free time.

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Travel around the world....during Easter season

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A clear song that "gets us upset"!
Maritea Galanaki A'1

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H5P empowers everyone to create, share and reuse interactive content - all you need is a web browser and a web site that supports H5P.

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A FUN WAY TO PRACTICE..

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Assignement to write an essay..
The PPT and the mindmap we will work on will help you.. This task ia for next week...11/05/2020

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This map was created with your help after the brainstormong activity with all the A classes during our Webex meeting! So proud of you all!

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Psychologist Susan David shares how the way we deal with our emotions shapes everything that matters: our actions, careers, relationships, health and happiness. In this deeply moving, humorous and potentially life-changing talk, she challenges a culture that prizes positivity over emotional truth and discusses the powerful strategies of emotional agility.

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PRIMARY EMOTIONS ! Primary are the emotions we are born with and are wired...: PRIMARY EMOTIONS ! Primary are the emotions we are born with and are wired into our brain.That wiring causes our body to react in certain ways when the emotion arises. 4 MAJOR FACIAL EXPRESSIONSimages

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Can't wait for you to present it!

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Intermediate English grammar - Verb patterns, (verb + ing, verb + to) gerunds and infinitives

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When you combine grammar with music something nice comes out.

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Here you will practise listening for three verb forms:

INFINITIVE: To love, to sing, to drink

GERUND: Loving, singing, drinking

BARE INFINITIVE: love, sing, drink

Some verbs are followed by infinitive, some by gerund and some by bare infinitive:

- I want to dance
- I love dancing
- Let me dance

But you will learn all that in Unit 10 ( verb patters). Now you just must know that those different forms exist.

Listen to the video (reading the subtitles) and make a list of the infinitives, gerunds and bare infinitives you find. You don't need to do the last section (the one titled: infinitive or gerund).

Then check under the KEY tab to see if you were right.

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Grammar in songs: Infinitive, gerund and bare infinitive (Grammar in songs)

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Here you will practise listening for three verb forms: INFINITIVE: To love, to sing, to drink GERUND: Loving, singing, drinking BARE INFINITIVE: love, sing, drink Some verbs are followed by infinitive, some by gerund and some by bare infinitive: - I want to dance- I love dancing- Let me dance But you will learn all that in Unit 10 ( verb patters).

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Choose carefully , drag and drop in the right column!

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ТаракановаСВ

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Question tags online worksheet for B1. You can do the exercises online or download the worksheet as pdf.

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These verbs can be met with both the gerund and infinitive form but with a change in meaning...

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Is the main verb followed by a Gerund ( -ing ) or an Infinitve ( to )? Choose the right form.

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Latest comments

JuanJoseCC 12/22/2020
Thank you very much for sharing this. A great idea for revising irregular verbs, too!

justincase69 1/12/2019
I think 'had built' would also be possible for number 8. It's a great exercise to revise conditionals. Thanks!!

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Conditional Clauses (I, II, III) - irreg. verbs worksheet

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Font: Size: px Font color &nbsp Background color &nbsp Border color Background opacity: Border width: Rounded corners: Text align: JuanJoseCC 12/22/2020 Thank you very much for sharing this. A great idea for revising irregular verbs, too! justincase69 1/12/2019 I think 'had built' would also be possible for number 8.

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Look at these examples to see how zero, first and second conditionals are used.

If you freeze water, it becomes solid.
If it rains tomorrow, I'll take the car.
If I lived closer to the cinema, I would go more often.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

Conditionals describe the result of a certain condition. The if clause tells you the condition ( If you study hard) and the main clause tells you the result ( you will pass your exams). The order of the clauses does not change the meaning.

If you study hard, you will pass your exams.
You will pass your exams if you study hard.

Conditional sentences are often divided into different types.

Zero conditional

We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are generally true, especially for laws and rules.

If I drink too much coffee, I can't sleep at night.
Ice melts if you heat it.
When the sun goes down, it gets dark.

The structure is: if/w hen + present simple >> present simple.

First conditional

We use the first conditional when we talk about future situations we believe are real or possible.

If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.
Arsenal will be top of the league if they win.
When I finish work, I'll call you.

In first conditional sentences, the structure is usually: if/ when + present simple >> will + infinitive.

It is also common to use this structure with unless, as long as, as soon as or in case instead of if.

I'll leave as soon as the babysitter arrives.
I don't want to stay in London unless I get a well-paid job.
I'll give you a key in case I'm not at home.
You can go to the party, as long as you're back by midnight.

Second conditional

The second conditional is used to imagine present or future situations that are impossible or unlikely in reality.

If we had a garden, we could have a cat.
If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a big house in the country.
I wouldn't worry if I were you.

The structure is usually: if + past simple >> + would + infinitive.

When if is followed by the verb be, it is grammatically correct to say if I were, if he were, if she were and if it were. However, it is also common to hear these structures with was, especially in the he/ she form.

If I were you, I wouldn't mention it.
If she was prime minister, she would invest more money in schools.
He would travel more if he was younger.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

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Look at these examples to see how zero, first and second conditionals are used. If you freeze water, it becomes solid. If it rains tomorrow, I'll take the car. If I lived closer to the cinema, I would go more often. Try this exercise to test your grammar.

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SOCIAL MEDIA . IS IT A DISTRACTION?

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How often do you check your phone? According to some stats, it's a minimum of 85 times a day. Neil and Sophie discuss how social media is interrupting our lives and may be changing our physiology too!

This week's question

Which word describes a situation where you're talking to someone and they suddenly look down at their phone or answer it? Is it...

a) phobbing?

b) phibbing?

c) phubbing?

You can hear the right answer at the end of the programme.

Vocabulary

etiquette
rules of polite behaviour in society or among people in a certain group

wind someone up
say or do something deliberately in order to annoy someone

have a connection with someone
engage emotionally

physiology
the way a living thing works or functions

interact
engage

intimacy
closeness

snub
deliberately ignore someone you know

Transcript

Note: This is not a word-for-word transcript

Sophie
Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Sophie...

[pause]

Sophie
Neil? ... [sound of a smartphone] Neil!

Neil
Oh, sorry! ... And I'm Neil.

Sophie
Neil, please put down your phone. We're doing the show!

Neil
Yeah, I know. Hang on a minute. I just need to tweet something and... Done!

Sophie
And the subject of today's show is social media and its impact on our daily lives.

Neil
Hmm, well, I suppose it has had quite a big impact on mine.

Sophie
That's all too clear. Now, perhaps we can move on to today's quiz question?

Neil
Of course - I'm all ears. [sound of a smartphone] Oh, hang on, wait a second...

Sophie
There's a word to describe what you're doing, you know. Answer me this: Which word describes a situation where you're talking to someone and they suddenly look down at their phone or answer it? Is it...

a) phobbing?
b) phibbing?
Or c) phubbing?

Neil
Well, you've got me there, Sophie! I have no idea! But I'll guess that it's c) phubbing!

Neil
Well... interrupting conversations to check your phone has become a social norm, hasn't it, Sophie?

Sherry Turkle, American clinical psychologist and professor of the social studies of Science and Technology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
I interviewed hundreds of college students and what they talked about was what some of them called 'the rule of three'. And what the rule of three is which is that if you go to dinner with friends, you don't want to look down at your phone until you see that three people, let's say you're six at dinner, are looking up in the conversation. So there's a new etiquette where you don't look down unless three people are looking up kind of to keep a little conversation alive.

Neil
Professor Sherry Turkle.

Sophie
Why don't you try out the rule of three once in a while?

Neil
There are only two of us here, Sophie - do the math! And I'm listening to you... mmm... let me just send a text message here on my phone ... hang on...

[pause]

Sophie
Neil... NEIL! I'm not going to carry on with the show unless you pay attention!

Neil
Sorry, Sophie. Actually I was just doing that to wind you up. I wasn't really using my phone... Sorry.

Neil
But you can have moments of connection using your devices, you know?

Neil
Exactly. I was on the train this morning and there were a couple sharing a tablet. They were looking at the screen, and talking about what they saw there. It was very intimate, and they were... well... very connected. Let's hear from Ian Sinclair, British poet and filmmaker, talking about a new generation of connected humans.

Iain Sinclair, British writer, poet, and filmmaker
Physiologically we're changing, that almost the neck muscles are tipped over to look down. We're getting a new kind of human being. And I think - maybe I'm not getting it - but there is actually a different kind of intimacy emerging in which these instruments are very important.

So Iain Sinclair says our physiology is changing - our bodies, our neck muscles are changing - to make it easier to look down all the time at our devices! But it isn't only muscles that might change as a result of our techie habits - it's the way we interact - or engage with each other too. Ian Sinclair talks about a different kind of intimacy emerging - what does he mean, Neil?

Sophie
What a horrible thought!

Neil
Let's have the quiz question again Sophie to take your mind off it.

Sophie
OK. I asked: Which word describes a situation where you're talking to someone and they suddenly look down at their phone or answer it? Is it...a) phobbing? b) phibbing? Or c) phubbing?

Neil
And I said c) phubbing.

[Silence, as Neil is concentrated on his phone]

Neil? OK! I'll say the words myself:
etiquette
wind someone up
have a connection with someone
physiology
interact
intimacy
snub

Sophie
Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English. Don't forget to connect with us again soon! Come on Neil, connect with us! Come on!

Neil
Oh, yeah, hang on, just got to...

Sophie
Goodbye!

Neil
Hang on... I'll be with you in a second... Yes. OK. Bye!

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BBC Learning English - 6 Minute English / Is social media a distraction?

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How often do you check your phone? According to some stats, it's a minimum of 85 times a day. Neil and Sophie discuss how social media is interrupting our lives and may be changing our physiology too! Which word describes a situation where you're talking to someone and they suddenly look down at their phone or answer it?

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Word document.

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Which News Sources Can Be Trusted? - BTN Media Literacy

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Who can you trust in the media?(This video is classified 'PG' under the Australian classification system. Parental guidance is recommended.)Sources are a key...

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Look at these examples to see how zero, first and second conditionals are used.

If you freeze water, it becomes solid.
If it rains tomorrow, I'll take the car.
If I lived closer to the cinema, I would go more often.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

Conditionals describe the result of a certain condition. The if clause tells you the condition ( If you study hard) and the main clause tells you the result ( you will pass your exams). The order of the clauses does not change the meaning.

If you study hard, you will pass your exams.
You will pass your exams if you study hard.

Conditional sentences are often divided into different types.

Zero conditional

We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are generally true, especially for laws and rules.

If I drink too much coffee, I can't sleep at night.
Ice melts if you heat it.
When the sun goes down, it gets dark.

The structure is: if/w hen + present simple >> present simple.

First conditional

We use the first conditional when we talk about future situations we believe are real or possible.

If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.
Arsenal will be top of the league if they win.
When I finish work, I'll call you.

In first conditional sentences, the structure is usually: if/ when + present simple >> will + infinitive.

It is also common to use this structure with unless, as long as, as soon as or in case instead of if.

I'll leave as soon as the babysitter arrives.
I don't want to stay in London unless I get a well-paid job.
I'll give you a key in case I'm not at home.
You can go to the party, as long as you're back by midnight.

Second conditional

The second conditional is used to imagine present or future situations that are impossible or unlikely in reality.

If we had a garden, we could have a cat.
If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a big house in the country.
I wouldn't worry if I were you.

The structure is usually: if + past simple >> + would + infinitive.

When if is followed by the verb be, it is grammatically correct to say if I were, if he were, if she were and if it were. However, it is also common to hear these structures with was, especially in the he/ she form.

If I were you, I wouldn't mention it.
If she was prime minister, she would invest more money in schools.
He would travel more if he was younger.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Look at these examples to see how zero, first and second conditionals are used. If you freeze water, it becomes solid. If it rains tomorrow, I'll take the car. If I lived closer to the cinema, I would go more often. Try this exercise to test your grammar.

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Wordwall - Create better lessons quicker

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I would have been happier if..., If I didn't trust someone, ..., If I had taken a course in French, ..., If I were on a diet,....

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Enjoy...and hopefully visit it some day......

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Useful linking words and expressions for your essay writing....

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Transition Words in English | Linking Words and Phrases | English Writing

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VideoLink lets you share videos on YouTube easily, without distracting third-party content or advertisements.

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Christmas mood is all around, don't you agree?

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Christmas mood is all around, don't you agree?

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TOUCH this image to discover its story. Image tagging powered by ThingLink

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Talking about the weather is common small talk for English residents

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Talking about the weather is common small talk for English residents

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One of the most basic topics of conversation is the weather. It seems like a discussion that you can't get away from! It's also an easy way to start a conversation, even with strangers. Knowing some simple weather phrases in English will help you get through "small talk" much more easily.

Some questions you might hear

Is it hot or cold?

Is it sunny, should I take sunglasses?

Is it raining outside?

Should I take my umbrella?

What's the weather forecast?

What's the weather expected to be tomorrow?

What's the temperature?

How's the weather?

What's it like outside?

No matter what season it is, there are a handful of standard words you would naturally use to describe the weather outside. Perhaps it's sunny, bright, partly-cloudy, overcast, windy or raining.

However, there are so many more interesting ways to describe the different seasons. So, let's take a look at season-specific vocabulary.
HANDPICKED RELATED CONTENT: HOW TO TALK ABOUT YOURSELF IN ENGLISH
Spring Vocabulary

Spring is definitely welcome by all. It's when everything reawakens after a cold winter. The ice melts, the flowers start to bloom, and the trees come alive. Many people take this opportunity to spring clean after a winter spent indoors, throwing open their windows and doors for a bit of cool fresh air.

Summer Vocabulary

Then comes summer: the temperature increases, the sun becomes brighter and the days become lazy and long. The outdoor season has begun, and life is definitely easier when the weather is good.

Boiling / scorching: very hot
Today is a scorcher, it's boiling! We need to swim.

Not a cloud in the sky: a perfectly blue sky
It definitely won't rain today, there is not a cloud in the sky.

Autumn Vocabulary

After a hopefully long, hot summer autumn is up next. Jumpers and jerseys come out, meals get warmer and leaves turn yellow and red. It's time to get cozy!

Winter Vocabulary

And then just like that it's winter. Dark evenings and snowy days are frequent, and people spend most of their time indoors shielded from the harsh elements outside.

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One of the most basic topics of conversation is the weather. It seems like a discussion that you can't get away from! It's also an easy way to start a conversation, even with strangers. Knowing some simple weather phrases in English will help you get through "small talk" much more easily.

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A suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word to form a new word or to change the grammatical function (or part of speech) of the word. For example, the verb read is made into the noun reader by adding the suffix -er. Similarly, read is made into the adjective readable by adding the suffix -able.

Understanding Suffix Meanings

Understanding the meanings of the common suffixes can help you figure out the meanings of new words you encounter. In some cases, the spelling of a root or base word changes when a suffix is added. For example, in words ending in y preceded by a consonant (such as the noun beauty and the adjective ugly), the y may change to an i when a suffix is added (as in the adjective beautiful and the noun ugliness). In words ending in silent -e (such as use and adore), the final -e may be dropped when the suffix that's added begins with a vowel (as in usable and adorable).

As with all spelling rules, there are exceptions. Not all suffixes can be added to all roots. For example, the adjective beautiful is formed by adding the suffix -ful to the noun beauty, and the noun ugliness is formed by adding the suffix -ness to the adjective ugly.

Also note that a suffix may have more than one meaning. With adjectives and adverbs, for instance, the - er suffix usually conveys the comparative meaning of "more" (as in the adjectives kinder and longer). But in some cases, the -er ending can also refer to someone who performs a particular action (such as a dancer or builder) or to someone who lives in a particular place (such as a New Yorker or a Dubliner).

Common Suffixes in English

Think of the 26 common suffixes that follow as clues to the meanings of words, however, bear in mind that the meanings of words are best determined by studying the contexts in which they are used as well as the construction of the words themselves.

Noun Suffixes:

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A List of 26 Common Suffixes in English (With Examples)

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Understanding the meanings of common suffixes can help learners deduce the meanings of words they encounter, as a table and explanations illustrate.

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Liveworksheets.com - Interactive worksheets maker for all

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Liveworksheets transforms your traditional printable worksheets into self-correcting interactive exercises that the students can do online and send to the

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EFL for Upper Secondary Students - B' Class Material

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Grammar-Quizzes | Practice on Points of English Grammar (ESL/ELL)

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Improve and update your knowledge of English grammar with contrastive examples, modern descriptions, contexts, images, diagrams, quizzes, editing exercises.

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Try to match the three columns.

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English Idiom #8 - Do You Eat Like a Bird?

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Easily create beautiful interactive video lessons for your students you can integrate right into your LMS. Track students' progress with hassle-free analytics as you flip your classroom!

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International Women's Day- Can You Solve the Riddle? (Mindspace)

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Is gender equality in the workplace still an issue? We ran an experiment with 22 people, all trying to solve the same riddle, and recorded their surprised re...

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Women's working history in Europe

by

Long before the home office was invented, working at home was already commonplace for one group within society: women.

Even today, unpaid and care tasks at home are still often perceived as women's work - or not appreciated for the hard work it is. In order to discover the reasons behind today's inequalities in the workplaces of men and women, this blog takes a closer look at women's work history in Europe.

When we look back at the history of work, there is often a bias towards work performed by men.

Women have been historically depicted as housewives, engaging in crafts or occupied as mothers. Although this might have been accurate for parts of European societies in the past, it only accounts for wealthy elites. Until industrialisation, the majority of Europe's population worked in agriculture, and women were just as involved in working on farms as men.

The industrial revolution changed women's working lives greatly.

Working in shifts for a salary and in locations such as a factory, office or shop became part of modern life. Young, unmarried or working-class women especially moved to cities to work in the growing industries. Education played a major role for women entering the workforce, with an increasing percentage of girls attending school during the 20th century.

As they earned less than men and were not unionised, employers often considered women to be attractive workers. At the same time, women worked in their homes, for example in piecework, where they were only paid for each completed piece, or in assembling pieces such as copper coils.

Thus, women carried a double burden: they had to take care of children, elder family members, and the household - work that was not paid and hidden in private spaces. And they contributed to the family's income with their paid work. As these jobs were often located at home, part-time, casual or even illegal, records on female work are not as reliable and well-documented as men's labour.

Until industrial, urban work became normal, men had not been idealised as the sole providers for the family. As more women entered the workforce, women became idealised as a counterpart to men. The married woman, taking care of her family and the household, not engaging in paid work, became the social ideal - although most female biographies were different.

As legislation developed to regulate women and children's working hours and ban them from especially dangerous tasks, the role of men as sole wage earners was gradually reinforced during the 19th century.

These ideals were considered normal by the turn of the 20th century: women were perceived as the opposite sex, weaker and of finer nature than men, with natural abilities in care work. As mothers and wives, the private home sphere became their domain; the public sphere belonged to men.

Explore more women's history on Europeana

In contrast to these ideals, women were needed in the workforce, especially in times of war. Still, these cannot be seen as emancipatory.

Jobs in temporary factories for weapons or other materials needed in the battlefields meant working in dangerous circumstances, for low wages and in many nations, women's service to their nations was rapidly neglected after both World Wars - and they were driven out of their employment after the men came back.

After World War II, the situation for women in Western and Eastern Europe was quite different.

Whereas some nations such as Germany experienced a wave of conservatism, where women were expected to fulfill roles as housewives and mothers, there was also a progressive movement with women entering the workforce with more and more equal rights, for example in Scandinavia. In the new political systems in Eastern Europe, women were formally equal to men and expected to work in paid employment.

In all cases, the home was still often perceived as the domain of women and all household tasks from child-rearing to cleaning and cooking as women's work. They continued to carry the double burden - with paid and unpaid, visible and invisible work.

Resulting from the difficult heritage of work circumstances for women, even today, there are still striking inequalities for women at the workplace.

RELATED: Explore this gallery of photographs and images of women's working lives

In 2018, women in the European Union earned an average 16% less than men. Nevertheless, if including unpaid work, they work six hours longer than men. More than half of women have experienced workplace harassment or sexual violence. 73% of Europeans say that women spend more time on household and caring tasks than men. Women are promoted less, in part because they tend to take more career breaks to care for children or family members. Because of this life-long gender discrimination, women face a higher risk of poverty in old age, receiving pensions that are a third smaller than men.

So although a lot has changed for women at work, there's still a lot to be done in order to achieve equality, at work, at home and beyond.

By Larissa Borck, Swedish National Heritage Board

Have you or your family a story to share about working inside or outside the home? Share your story and help us tell the story of Europe through our working lives in the past and the present.

This blog post is a part of the Europeana Common Culture project, which explores varied aspects of our shared cultural heritage across Europe.

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Women's working history in Europe by Long before the home office was invented, working at home was already commonplace for one group within society: women. Even today, unpaid and care tasks at home are still often perceived as women's work - or not appreciated for the hard work it is.

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It's International Women's Day!

Here's a list of TED-Ed Lessons to watch as you celebrate all of the world's women, past and present:

Frida Kahlo: The woman behind the legend: In 1925, Frida Kahlo was on her way home from school in Mexico City when the bus she was riding collided with a streetcar. She suffered near-fatal injuries and her disability became a major theme in her paintings. Over the course of her life, she would establish herself as the creator and muse behind extraordinary pieces of art. Iseult Gillespie dives into the life and work of Frida Kahlo.

How one scientist averted a national health crisis: In 1960, Frances Kelsey was one of the Food and Drug Administration's newest recruits. Before the year was out, she would begin a fight that would save thousands of lives - though no one knew it at the time. Andrea Tone explains how Kelsey was able to prevent a massive national public health tragedy by privileging facts over opinions, and patience over short-cuts.

From pacifist to spy: WWII's surprising secret agent: In May 1940, with the German army ready to occupy Paris, Noor Inayat Khan was faced with a difficult choice: stand on the sidelines or join the Allied forces fighting the Nazis. After witnessing the devastation across Europe, she travelled to England to learn the art of espionage. Shrabani Basu details how a pacifist turned spy helped build the resistance that toppled a fascist regime.

Did the Amazons really exist?: It was long assumed that Amazons, the fierce and fearsome women warriors of Greece, were imaginary. But curiously enough, stories from ancient Egypt, Persia, the Middle East, Central Asia, India and China also featured Amazon-like warrior women. And Amazons were described in ancient historical accounts, not just myths. Who were the real women warriors known as Amazons? Adrienne Mayor investigates.

History's "worst" nun: Juana Ramírez de Asbaje sat before a panel of prestigious theologians, jurists, and mathematicians. They had been invited to test Juana's knowledge with the most difficult questions they could muster. But she successfully answered every challenge, from complicated equations to philosophical queries. Who was this impressive woman? Theresa Yugar details the life of the Mexican poet and scholar.

Why should you read sci-fi superstar Octavia E. Butler?: Much science fiction features white male heroes who blast aliens or become saviors of brown people. Octavia E. Butler knew she could tell a better story. She built stunning worlds rife with diverse characters, and brought nuance and depth to the representation of their experiences. Ayana Jamieson and Moya Bailey dive into the works of the visionary storyteller who upended science fiction.

The murder of ancient Alexandria's greatest scholar: In the city of Alexandria in 415 CE, the bishop and the governor were in a fight. It started with a disagreement over the behavior of a militia of monks, and ended with an accusation of witchcraft leveled against one of the most powerful figures in the city: Hypatia, philosopher and advisor to the city's leaders. Who was Hypatia and why was she deemed a threat? Soraya Field Fiorio investigates.

How one journalist risked her life to hold murderers accountable: In the late 1800's, lynchings were happening all over the American South, often without any investigation or consequences for the murderers. A young journalist set out to expose the truth about these killings. Her reports shocked the nation, launched her journalism career and a lifelong pursuit of civil rights. Christina Greer details the life of Ida B. Wells and her tireless struggle for justice.

Rosalind Franklin: DNA's unsung hero: The discovery of the structure of DNA was one of the most important scientific achievements in human history. The now-famous double helix is almost synonymous with Watson and Crick, two of the scientists who won the Nobel prize for figuring it out. But there's another name you may not know: Rosalind Franklin. Cláudio L. Guerra shares the true story of the woman behind the helix.

The breathtaking courage of Harriet Tubman: Escaping slavery; risking everything to save her family; leading a military raid; championing the cause of women's suffrage; these are just a handful of the accomplishments of one of America's most courageous heroes. Janell Hobson details Harriet Tubman's many fights for freedom.

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10 TED-Ed Lessons to watch on International Women's Day

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Here's a list of TED-Ed Lessons to watch as you celebrate all of the world's women, past and present: Frida Kahlo: The woman behind the legend: In 1925, Frida Kahlo was on her way home from school in Mexico City when the bus she was riding collided with a streetcar.

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jonathan livingston seagull by richard bach interpreted and illustrated

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Jonathan Livingston Seagull by Richard Bach, interpreted and illustrated

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Jonathan Livingston Seagull by Richard Bach, interpreted and illustrated The storybook version of this video (PDF file) - http://compositionawebb.pbworks.com...

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How to See London in a Day | Travel Guide

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Watch NPR's: Planet Money Makes a T-Shirt to get another view on just what it takes to create that piece of clothing you just bought at the store. How Your T-Shirt Can Make a Difference from National Geographic is another great video perspective on this topic.

The Travels of a T-shirt in the Global Economy by Pietra Rivoli is a book that also follows the journey of a t-shirt across the world. Read it to learn more. What is the environmental footprint of a t-shirt? Click here to find out.

Want another look at all those machines work that make your clothing? Click here.

Wondering about the environmental impact of all those clothes you have in your closet or the dyes that may be on them? Check out this article on sustainable fashion. What should you do with those old clothes that you don't wear anymore? My Fashion Footprint: Is Your Wardrobe Bad For The Planet? will help answer those questions.

Worried about your carbon footprint? Read this and find out how to decrease your impact.

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The life cycle of a t-shirt - Angel Chang

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Consider the classic white t-shirt. Annually, we sell and buy 2 billion t-shirts globally, making it one of the most common garments in the world. But how and where is the average t-shirt made, and what's its environmental impact? Angel Chang traces the life cycle of a t-shirt.

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Fast Fashion, fashion, impact on nature online exercise for Pre - Intermediate. You can do the exercises online or download the worksheet as pdf.

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The fashion industry has a disastrous impact on the environment. In fact, it is the second largest polluter in the world, just after the oil industry. And the environmental damage is increasing as the industry grows.

However, there are solutions and alternatives to mitigate these problems. The first step lies in building awareness and willingness to change.

Fashion & Water Pollution

In most of the countries in which garments are produced, untreated toxic wastewaters from textiles factories are dumped directly into the rivers.

Wastewater contains toxic substances such as lead, mercury, and arsenic, among others. These are extremely harmful for the aquatic life and the health of the millions people living by those rivers banks. The contamination also reaches the sea and eventually spreads around the globe.

Another major source of water contamination is the use of fertilizers for cotton production, which heavily pollutes runoff waters and evaporation waters.

WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT IT?

Choose clothes made in countries with stricter environmental regulations for factories (EU, Canada, US...).

Choose organic fibers and natural fibers that do not require chemicals to be produced.

Fashion & water CONSUMPTION

The fashion industry is a major water consumer.
Huge quantity of fresh water are used for the dyeing and finishing process for all of our clothes. As reference, it can take up to 200 tons of fresh water per ton of dyed fabric.

Also, cotton needs A LOT of water to grow (and heat), but is usually cultivated in warm and dry areas. Up to 20,000 liters of water are needed to produce just 1kg of cotton. This generates tremendous pressure on this precious resource, already scarce, and has dramatic ecological consequences such as the desertification of the Aral Sea, where cotton production has entirely drained the water (see pictures above).

"85 % of the daily needs in water of the entire population of India would be covered by the water used to grow cotton in the country.
100 million people in India do not have access to drinking water."

- Stephen Leahy, The Guardian

Fashion & MICROFIBERS IN OUR OCEANS

Every time we wash a synthetic garment (polyester,nylon, etc), about 1,900 individual microfibers are released into the water, making their way into our oceans. Scientists have discovered that small aquatic organisms ingest those microfibers. These are then eaten by small fish which are later eaten by bigger fish, introducing plastic in our food chain.

FASHION & WASTE ACCUMULATION

Clothing has clearly become disposable. As a result, we generate more and more textile waste. A family in the western world throws away an average of 30 kg of clothing each year. Only 15% is recycled or donated, and the rest goes directly to the landfill or is incinerated.

Synthetic fibers, such as polyester, are plastic fibers, therefore non-biodegradable and can take up to 200 years to decompose. Synthetic fibers are used in 72% of our clothing.

FASHION & CHEMICALS

Chemicals are one of the main components in our clothes.

They are used during fiber production, dyeing, bleaching, and wet processing of each of our garments.

The heavy use of chemicals in cotton farming is causing diseases and premature death among cotton farmers, along with massive freshwater and ocean water pollution and soil degradation.

Some of these substances are also harmful to the consumer (see section about toxicity).

FASHION & GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
The apparel industry accounts for 10% of global carbon emissions.
The global fashion industry is generating a lot of greenhouse gases due to the energy used during its production, manufacturing, and transportation of the millions garments purchased each year.

Synthetic fibers (polyester, acrylic, nylon, etc.), used in the majority of our clothes, are made from fossil fuel, making production much more energy-intensive than with natural fibers.

Most of our clothes are produced in China, Bangladesh, or India, countries essentially powered by coal. This is the dirtiest type of energy in terms of carbon emissions.

" Cheap synthetic fibers also emit gases like N2O, which is 300 times more damaging than CO2."

- James Conca - FORBES

FASHION & SOIL DEGRADATION

The soil is a fundamental element of our ecosystem. We need healthy soil for food production but also to absorb CO2. The massive, global degradation of soil is one of the main environmental issues our planet is currently facing. It presents a major threat to global food security and also contributes to global warming.

The fashion industry plays a major part in degrading soil in different ways: overgrazing of pastures through cashmere goats and sheep raised for their wool; degradation of the soil due to massive use of chemicals to grow cotton; deforestation caused by wood-based fibers like rayon.

FASHION & RAINFOREST DESTRUCTION

Every year, thousands of hectares of endangered and ancient forests are cut down and replaced by plantations of trees used to make wood-based fabrics such as rayon, viscose, and modal.

This loss of forests is threatening the ecosystem and indigenous communities, as in Indonesia where large-scale deforestation of the rainforests has taken place over the past decade.
WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT IT?

Written by Mathilde Charpail in 2017

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Environmental Impacts of the Fashion Industry - SustainYourStyle

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The fashion industry has a disastrous impact on the environment. In fact, it is the second largest polluter in the world, just after the oil industry. And the environmental damage is increasing as the industry grows. However, there are solutions and alternatives to mitigate these problems. The first step lies in building awareness and willingness to change.

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On 21 st of March let's all celebrate Poetry Day!

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Caxtons are mechanical birds with many wings
and some are treasured for their markings -

they cause the eyes to melt
or the body to shriek without pain.

I have never seen one fly, but
sometimes they perch on the hand.

Mist is when the sky is tired of flight
and rests its soft machine on ground:

then the world is dim and bookish
like engravings under tissue paper.

Rain is when the earth is television.
It has the property of making colours darker.

Model T is a room with the lock inside -
a key is turned to free the world

for movement, so quick there is a film
to watch for anything missed.

But time is tied to the wrist
or kept in a box, ticking with impatience.

In homes, a haunted apparatus sleeps,
that snores when you pick it up.

If the ghost cries, they carry it
to their lips and soothe it to sleep

with sounds. And yet, they wake it up
deliberately, by tickling with a finger.

Only the young are allowed to suffer
openly. Adults go to a punishment room

with water but nothing to eat.
They lock the door and suffer the noises

alone. No one is exempt
and everyone's pain has a different smell.

At night, when all the colours die,
they hide in pairs

and read about themselves -
in colour, with their eyelids shut.

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Poetry By Heart | A Martian Sends a Postcard Home

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Caxtons are mechanical birds with many wings and some are treasured for their markings - they cause the eyes to melt or the body to shriek without pain. I have never seen one fly, but sometimes they perch on the hand.