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Nail is made with a sharp tip
Therefore the cross-sectional area of the tip is very small
cross-sectional area is inversely proportional to Pressure
Higher pressure will produce

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Real life applications of Pressure in Fluids

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Real life applications of Pressure in Fluids

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Blood transfusion

The bottle is hung at a higher position to increase the pressure of the liquid

So it has a sufficient pressure to flow into the patient's vein

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Step 1 :
Determine the difference in height h of the water  on the two sides of manometer

h = 60 - 30 = 30 cm

Step 2 :
Because the level of water on the side of the tube next to the gas pipe is lower than on the side open to the atmosphere, the pressure in the gas pipe is above atmospheric pressure.

Pressure difference = p x g x h = 1000 x 9.81 x 0.3
= 2940 Pa

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General calculation of pressure in fluids

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General calculation of pressure in fluids

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Additional note : pressure in fluid is not affected by the shape of the container, total mass or the surface area

Let's say the
1) Height, h : 40cm
2) Density, p : 1000

the pressure will be
P = phg
= 1000 x 0.4 x 9.81
=3924 Pa/Nm-2

All of the beakers will have the same pressure at the same depth
All value must be converted into SI Unit

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- usually on suspended mass
- use resolution of forces to find the tension [mgsin(theta) and mgcos(theta)]

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In a pulley system:
- mg - T = ma (for a non stationary object moving downwards)
- T - mg = ma (for a non stationary object moving upwards)

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- the "pulling" force by a string/cable/rope etc.
- tension = weight of supported mass
- T = w = mg

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basis for studying forces

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- due to two objects being in contact with each other
- example: for an object on a table, weight acts downwards, the contact force (normal reaction force) acts upwards (from table to object)
- if on an inclined plane: contact force = Wcos(theta)

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- force that pushes an object upwards when immersed in a fluid
- makes it seem the object is losing weight (lighter)
- also known as buoyancy
- examples: keeps a ship afloat, a swimmer from sinking, keeps any object afloat in water
- upthrust = weight of fluid displaced
- weight of object = upthrust + viscous drag

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- acts opposite to the direction of motion of an object moving through a fluid
- examples: airplanes experience drag in air, cars experience drag when driven, a falling object experiences drag
- example situation: when an object is falling, its acceleration is constant (g due to gravity), weight is the downward force. drag/air resistance acts upwards opposite to the direction of weight. as the object increases in velocity, the amount of drag increases. eventually, drag = weight. when this happens, the acceleration becomes zero. since F=ma, when a=0, the net force is zero. hence, the object reaches terminal velocity. it falls down at a constant velocity after it reaches terminal velocity

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- Unit = N (newton)
- frictional force is directly proportional to contact force
- resists movement of an object in conctact with a surface (more friction, harder for the object to be in motion)
- ratio of friction to contact force IS the coefficient of friction μ (greek letter mu)
- if an object is in motion, applied force > frictional force
- if there is no motion, applied force = frictional force
- F(net) = F(applied) - F(friction)
- F L = μ N (F is the frictional force, N is the normal reaction force)

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- EQUATION = W=mg
m is mass in kg, g is acceleration due to gravity (ms^-2) or (Nkg^-1)
- SI unit - N (newton)
- weight varies from place to place (always depends on g/acceleration due to gravity)
- mass is always constant but weight of an object on one planet is different than on another planet
- Weight is directly proportional to mass

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1. weight - mg - force of gravity acting on an object
2. friction - force that resists motion
3. drag - similar to friction, but involving air molecules
4. upthrust - upwards force on an object placed in a fluid (ie. water or air)
5. contact force - normal reaction of an object
6. tension - aka tensile force (usually involving a rope, string, or a spring)

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- F = ma
m is mass (kg)
a is acceleration (ms^-2)

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in simplest terms - a push or a pull

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F/A = Nm⁻²
hpg = m x kgm-3 x Nkg⁻¹
= Nm-2

P = F/A = W/A, W = mg
P = mg/A, p = m/v
P = p Vg/A, v = Ah
P = p(Ah)g/A
P = p hg

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-Affected by 3 factors :-

depth, h

density of liquid, p

acceleration of gravity, g

Pressure = pgh

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Pressure is normal force acting per unit cross-sectional area

Unit SI = Pa/Nm⁻²

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MUHAMMAD SYABIL BIN MOHD SOBERI (AE19D)

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1. Resultant force acting on it in any direction equals
zero
2. Resultant torque about any point is zero.

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For a body to be in equilibrium,
the sum of all the anticlockwise moments about any
point must be equal to the sum of all the clockwise
moments about that same point.

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N m

(Product of forces and its perpendicular distances from the pivot)

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The product of one of the forces of the couple and the perpendicular distance between the lines of action of the forces.

Torque = Force × ⊥ Distance between Forces

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Product of the force and the perpendicular distance of its line of action to the pivot

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1. Equal in magnitude
2. Parallel but in opposite directions
3. Separated by a distance s

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Pair of forces that produce rotation only

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MUHAMMAD MIRZA BIN MAHSHAR (AE19D)

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ALIFF HAKIMI BIN EYSAMUDEEN (AE19D)

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Sea water exits the Ballast Tank through the valves,
the sub's mass decreases but the volume remains constant,
the submarine's density decreases thus the sub will rise to the surface of the sea.

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Sea water fills the submarine's Ballast Tank through the valves,
the sub's mass increases but its volume remains the same,
the submarine's density increases thus the sub will dive deeper into the sea.

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Submarines have tank like structures called Ballast Tanks.
Concepts:-
1) The submarine's volume is constant
2) The submarine's mass varies as it dives and surfaces

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Diving and Surfacing of modern submarines

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The density of water is approximately 1000 kg/m ³

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Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance
SI Unit: kg/m ³