# data[].attributes.body
(n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2020, from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/animal.html

Admin. (2020, November 24). Phylum Porifera- Characteristics & Examples Of Phylum Porifera. Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://byjus.com/biology/porifera/

Admin. (2020, October 05). Phylum Chordata - Characteristics, Classification And Examples. Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://byjus.com/biology/phylum-chordata-classification/

IASZoology.com. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://www.iaszoology.com/annelida-classification/

Karki, G. (2020, January 24). Phylum Platyhelminthes: General Characteristics and Classification. Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-general-characteristics-classification/

Libretexts. (2020, August 15). 28.3F: Classification of Phylum Mollusca. Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book:_General_Biology_(Boundless)/28:_Invertebrates/28.3:_Superphylum_Lophotrochozoa/28.3F:_Classification_of_Phylum_Mollusca

Nematodes - Phylum Examples, Classification and Characteristics. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://www.microscopemaster.com/nematodes.html

Nematodes - Phylum Examples, Classification and Characteristics. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://www.microscopemaster.com/nematodes.html

Neupane, L., & Keerthana. (2020, August 25). Phylum Platyhelminthes- characteristics, classification, examples. Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/

Neupane, L., & Komal. (2020, March 08). Phylum Annelida- characteristics, classification, examples. Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://microbenotes.com/phylum-annelida/

Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://naturalhistory2.si.edu/smsfp/IRLspec/Phyl_Cnidar.htm

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Ursus maritimus

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Panthera tigris

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1. All human beings and other animals and birds fall under this phylum.

2. Chordates show four features, at different stages in their life:

1.Notochord: It is a longitudinal rod that is made of cartilage and runs between the nerve cord and the digestive tract. Its main function is to support the nerve cord.

2.Dorsal Nerve Cord: this is a bundle of nerve fibres which connects the brain to the muscles and other organs.

3.Post-anal tail: this is an extension of the body beyond the anus.

4.Pharyngeal slits: They are the openings which connect the mouth and the throat.

1. Most of them have a backbone, some of them are invertebrates.

2. They are triploblastic animals having bilaterally symmetrical bodies.

3. They are coelomate organisms with organ-system level of organization.

4. They have a closed type of blood circulatory system with a ventral heart.

5. They are found in various environments; some live in marine habitat, some in freshwater and others in terrestrial environments.

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Pecten Maximus

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Mytilus Edulis

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-They are essentially mostly marine, few freshwater and some terrestrial form.
-They may be found as hidden parasites in the interior of other animals.
-They vary in size from giant squids and clams to little snails.
-They have at least two characters radula and mantle not found elsewhere.
-The body is soft, unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical, coelomate and triploblastic.
-They have tissue-system grade of body organization.
-Sexes are usually separate (dioecious) but some are monoecious (hermaphroditic).
-Fertilization is external or internal.
-Development is direct or with metamorphosis through the trochophore stage called veliger larva.
-The body is soft and unsegmented.
-Body is divisible into three regions: head, a visceral mass, and ventral foot.
-The digestive system is well developed and complex. It has a radula, which is a rasping structure that has chitinous teeth, and it is used in feeding.
-The nervous system is made up of paired ganglia, connectives, and nerves.
-The circulatory system is open, with heart and aorta.
-Respiration occurs through gills called ctenidia.
-Sexes are separate and reproduction is through sexual reproduction.
-Fertilisation can be internal or external.

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Physalia physalis

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Aurelia Aurita

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1. Cnidarians are aquatic and radially symmetrical animals.

2. Body represents tissue grade of organization but no organs or rarely organs.

3. They are diploblastic in nature with an outer layer of ectoderm and an inner layer of endoderm separated by a non-cellular jelly-like layer called mesoglea.

4. Digestion is initially extracellular, then intracellular.

5. No respiratory, cicularto or excretory organs.

6. Cnidarians exist in two forms: polyp (representing asexual generation) and medusa (representing sexual generation).

7. They can move with the help of smooth muscle fibrils in the epithelia or ectoderm.

8. Fertilization is internal or external and development is indirect with a larval stage.

9. They are carnivorous and can digest all types of food.

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Echinus Esculentus

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Asterias Rubens

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1. They have a star-like appearance or are spherical or elongated.

2. All echinoderms are pentameral, they have limbs in multiples of five.

3. They are exclusively marine animals.

4. The body surface is covered with calcareous spicules.

5. Sexes are separate.

6. Fertilisation is external.

7. Lost parts can be regenerated.

8. The organisms are spiny-skinned.

9. They are triploblastic and have a coelomic cavity.

10. The skeleton is made up of calcium carbonate.

11. They have an open circulatory system.

12. They respire through gills or cloacal respiratory trees.

13. They have a simple radial nervous system and the excretory system is absent.

14. The body is unsegmented with no distinct head.

15. They reproduce sexaully through gametic fusion and asexually through regeneration.

16. They have poorly developed sense organs.

17. Examples: asterias starfish, echinus (sea urchin), antedon (sea lily), cucumaria (sea cucumber), ophiura (brittle star).

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Haliclona Cinerea

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Haliclona Mediterranea

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1. Porifera are all aquatic, mostly marine except one family Spongillidae which lives in freshwater.

2. They are sessile and sedentary and grow like plants.

3. Characteristic skeleton consisting of either fine flexible spongin fibers, siliceous spicules or calcareous spicules.

4. Mouth absent, digestion intracellular.

5. The cells of Poriferans are loosely organized.

6. Their bodies consist of loosely organized cells.

7. They are mostly found in marine water, only a few are found in freshwater.

8. They are either radially symmetrical or asymmetrical.

9. Their body is usually cylindrical.

10. They have no organs in their body.

11. They depict cellular grade of organization.

12. Their nutrition is holozoic.

13. They have the power to regenerate the lost parts.

14. The exchange of respiratory gases and nitrogenous waste occurs by the process of diffusion.

15. They have no tissue or organ.

16. Asexual reproduction takes place by buddingg.

17. Fertilization is internal but cross-fertilization can occur.

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Fasciola hepatica

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Taenia saginata

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1. They are free-living, commensal or parasitic.

2. Their habitats are mostly parasitic, few are free living in sea water or fresh water.

3. No true stomach structure.

4. Their respiration is by diffusion of gases through the body surface.

5. They are bilaterally symmetrical and dorsoventrally flattened, triploblastic worms.

6. Bilaterally symmetrical with the definite polarity of head and tail ends.

7. Their body generally shapes as a worm, but varies from moderately elongated flattened to long ribbon-like and leaf-like.

8. The majority of them are white, colorless, grey, brown-black or brilliantly colored.

9. Their parasitic form has adhesive structures like hooks, spines and suckers.

10. Their digestive system is branched and incomplete without an anus and totally absent in acoela and cestode.

11. They lack skeletal, respiratory and circulatory systems.

12. Their nervous system is primitive, ladder-like.

13. The main nervous system consists of a pair of ganglia or brain and one or three pairs of longitudinal nerve cords connected by transverse nerves.

14. They are mostly hermaphrodite.

15. Their life cycle is complicated and involves one or more hosts.

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Scytodes Maculata.

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Dermacentor Variabilis

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1. A segmented body with a head, a thorax, and abdomen segments.

2. Have a nervous system.

3. They have a hard exoskeleton made of chitin, which gives them physical protection and resistance to drying out.

4. An open circulatory system with hemolymph,  blood-like fluid.

5. Have a complete digestive system with a mouth and an anus.

6. Land-living arthropods have internal surfaces that help exchange gases.

7.  Insects and most other terrestrial species have a tracheal system.

8. The arthropods include: chelicerates, including spiders, mites, and scorpions; myriapods, centipedes, millipedes, hexapods.

9. Highly developed sense organs.

10. Arthropods nervous systems run along the front of their bodies, near their stomach.

11. The name arthropod actually comes from the Greek “arthro,” meaning joint, and “pod,” meaning foot. All arthropods have jointed limbs attached to their hard exoskeletons that allow for flexibility and movement.

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Ascaris lumbricoides

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Ascaridia Galli

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1.They are thin and elongated.
2. Tubular in appearance.
3. Feed on just about everything.
4. They are widely distributed, aquatic or terrestrial, parasitic or free-living.
5. Their body is elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented, worm-like, bilaterally symmetrical and tapering at both ends.
6. The body is generally covered with thick, flexible multi-layered collagenous cuticle and often bears cuticle setae,
7. They consist of longitudinal muscle fibers with four bands.
8. Circulatory and respiratory systems are absent, respiration occurs through the general body surface and aerobic in free-living form and anaerobic in parasitic form.
9. The digestive system is complete with a distinct mouth and anus.
10. The nervous system is not much developed.
11.Sense organs are poorly developed in the form of papillae.
12.Sexes are separate, the male is smaller than females.
13.No asexual reporduction.
14.Nematodes are bilaterally symmetrical, meaning both halves of their bodies are identical.

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Hediste diversicolor

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Hirudo medicinalis

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-Annelids are also known as ringworms or segmented worms.
-They exist in various environments including marine waters, fresh waters and also in moist terrestrial areas.
-The size of the annelids can range from a few millimetres to an amazing three metres in length.
-The Annelids are coelomate and triploblastic.
-They exhibit organ level organization.
-Their body is segmented.
-They respire through their body surface.
-They have a well-developed circulatory and digestive system.
-Their body contains haemoglobin, which gives them a red color.
-Most of the Annelids are hermaphrodite, male and female organs are present in the same body. Others reproduce sexually.
-Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs.
-Has a true closed circulatory system.
-Feed a wide range of material.
-Has no true respiratory organs.

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Super Class: Agnatha (jawless fishes)

1. CLASS 1 Myxini

Order: Myxiniformes

Family: Myxinidae

Species:  Myxine glutinosa

2. CLASS 2:
Cephalaspidomorphi

Order :
Petromyzontiformes

Family:
Petromyzontidae

Species:
Petromyzon marinus

Geotriidae
Species: Geometrid Moth

3. CLASS Elasmobranchii

Order: Hexanchiformes

Famliy:
Hexanchidae
Species: Hexanchus griseus
Chlamydoselachidae
Species: Chlamydoselachus anguineus

ORDER: Orectolobiformes

Family:
Rhincodontidae
Species: rhincodontidae rhincodon

ORDER: Lamniformes

FAMILY:
Odontaspididae:
species: Carcharias taurus
Mitsukurinidae
species: Mitsukurina owstoni

ORDER: Carcharhiniformes

FAMILY
Pentanchidae  Scyliorhinidae

4. CLASS HOLOCEPHALI

ORDER: Chimaeriformes

FAMILY:
Callorhinchidae
species: Callorhinchus Lacépède

5. CLASS Actinopterygii

ORDER: Polypteriformes

FAMILY: Polypteridae

species: Erpetoichthys calabaricus

ORDER: Siluriformes

FAMILY:
Diplomystidae
scpecies: Diplomystus Cope

6. CLASS 6: Sarcopterygii

ORDER: Coelacanthiformes

FAMILY:
Latimeriidae

species: Latimeria chalumnae

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Mammals are warm-blooded animals with four-chambered hearts.
Class MAMMALIA, 4,500 species.

Subclass PROTOTHERIA

Subclass METATHERIA

Subclass EUTHERIA

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The have a four-chambered heart. They breathe through lungs.

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The class name refers to their creeping or crawling mode of locomotion.

1. ORDER CROCODILIA

FAMILIES
-Crocodylidae (Crocodiles)

species:
Crocodylus porosus and Crocodylus acutus

-Gavialidae (Gharials)
species: gavialis gangeticus

(Caimans and Alligators)

2. ORDER SPHENODONTIA

FAMILIES:
Tuataras (Sphenodons)
Species: sphenodon punctatus

3. ORDER SQUAMATA

Lizards, Snakes, and Amphisbaenids ("Worm-lizards")
species: Iguana iguana and Amblyrhynchus cristatus

4.ORDER TESTUDINES

species: Caretta caretta, Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata.

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As the name indicates, amphibians can live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats.
The amphibian skin is moist without scales.

1. Order Gymnophiona (Apoda): species of burrowing caecilians, elongated bodies.

species: Caeciliidae Rafinesque and Chikilidae Kamei.

2. Order Caudata (Urodela): salamanders, tailed amphibians, usually with two pairs of limbs.

Family: Cryptobranchidae
Species: Cryptobranchis alleganiensis

Family: Ambystomatidae
Species: Ambystoma laterale and Ambystoma jeffersonianum.

Family Amphiumidae -
Species: Amphiuma tridactylum

Family Plethodontidae
species: plethodontid salamanders

Family Necturidae
species: Necturus maculosus

Family Sirenidae
Species: Siren intermedia

Order Anura - frogs and toads

Family Ascaphidae - tailed frog

Family Leptodactylidae - narrow-toed toads
species: Leptodactylidae
grenouilles

4. Order Apoda (Gymnophiona) -
Caecilia thompsoni

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(The Jawed Vertebrates): Mouth has jaws hence it is named gnathostomata. Embryonic notochord is usually replaced in adult by a vertebral column.

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(The lawless Vertebrates): The mouth does not possess jaws hence named agnatha.

Class 1. Ostracodermi (Extinct): They are earliest known vertebrates which appeared in Ordovician period.

Class 2. Cyclostomata: Petromyzon (Lamprey), Myxine (Hagfish).

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Vertebrata are well developed chordates. They show distinct head.

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Cephalochordata are marine organisms. Their body is fish-like with notochord and nerve cord persisting throughout life .

Ex: Amphioxus, Asymmetron and Branchiostoma.

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The urochordate animals belonging to this sub-phylum re called sea-squirts
It is also known as tunicate because the body of an adult is enclosed with a tunic amde up of cellulose.

ex: Olkopleura, A.scidian, Herdmania (Sea Squirt), Ascidia, Ciona, Doliolum, Salpa, Botryllus (colonial urochordate), Molgula, Pyrosom.

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Phylum Chordata beling to the Kingdom Animalia and includes all the vertebrates, animals with backbone, and several invertebrates, organims without a backbone.

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Examples: Dentalium, cadulus subfusiformis, Pulsellum.

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Class Cephalopoda (“head foot” animals) includes octopi, squids, cuttlefish, and nautilus.

Order 1. Decapoda
Examples: Epia officinalis and Loligo, Spirula spirula.

Order 2. Octopoda
Examples: Octopus Vulgaris and Argonauta hians.

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Animals in class Gastropoda (“stomach foot”) include well-known mollusks like snails, slugs, conchs, sea hares, and sea butterflies.

Order 1. Archaeogastropoda
Examples: Fissurella crassa(key-hole limpet), trochus niloticus (top shell).

Order 2.  Mesogastropoda (Pectinibranchia)
Examples: Crepidula Fornicata (slipper shell), Natica (star shell), Hydrobia Ulvae.

Order 3. Neogastropoda
Ex: Nassarius albus and Buccinum humphreysianum.

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Bivalvia is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs with laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell in two hinged parts.

Species:  Panopea generosa and Mercenaria mercenaria

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Animals in the class Polyplacophora are commonly known as “chitons” and bear an armor-like, eight-plated dorsal shell.

Order: Lepidopleurida

Species: Polyplacophora

Order Chitonida

Species:  Chiton magnificus.

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Includes worm-like animals primarily found in benthic marine habitats. These animals lack a calcareous shell, but possess aragonite spicules on their epidermis.

EX:
Neomenia Carinata, Nematomein, Chaetoderma Nitidulum.

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1. invertebrates with soft unsegmented bodies. A quarter of marine life falls in this category.  Mollusca are one of the organisms that have an exoskeleton, which is made of chitin, such as the shells of snails.

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1. Subclass OCTOCORALLIA

Polyp with 8 tentacles and 8 septa.

Ex. Tubipora; Alcyonium; Heliopora; Gorgonia; Corallium; Pennatula; Renilla.

Subclass HEXACORALLIA Solitary or colonial; polyp with 6 or multiple of 6 tentacles.
Ex. Zoanthus; Metridium; Adamsia; Antipathes; Fungia; Astraea; Madrepora; Meandrina.

ORDERS

1.ORDER ACTINARIA

FAMILY: ACTINIIDAE

Species: Bunodosoma cavernata and Bunodosoma granuliferum

2. ORDER GORGONACEA

FAMILY: Gorgoniidae

Species: Leptogorgia Virgulata and Leptogorgia Hebes.

3. ORDER: Scleractinia

FAMILY: Oculinidae

SPECIES: Oculina Varicosa and Oculina Diffusa

4. ORDER: TELESTACEA:

FAMILY: TELESTIDAE

SPECIES: Telesto riisei

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Similar to Scyphozoa but smaller and having strong nematocysts. Commonly known as sea wasps

Ex. Chironex, Tripedalia, Tamoya; Carybdea.

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Solitary marine animals, with medusa as dominant stage and without a velum.

ORDER: Rhizostomae

FAMILY: Cassiopeidae

SPECIES: Cassiopeia Xamachana

ORDER: Semaeostomae

FAMILY: Pelagidae

SPECIES: Chrysaora quinquecirrha

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Solitary or colonial, with polyp as the dominant stage.

ORDER: HYDROIDA

FAMILY: Eudendriidae

SPECIES: Eudendrium carneum.

FAMILY: Plumulariidae

SPECIES: Macrorhynchia phillipina

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Are all very different, but a few key traits lead to beleive that they have a common ancestor, and therefrore belong in a group together. mostly marine animals that include over 11,000 species.

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Ex: Echinus Melo and echinus esculentus

Class ECHINOIDEA: Arms absent. Pedicellariae 3-jawed. Ventral tube feet with suckers for locomotion and dorsal tube feet for respiration. Ex: Halocynthia roretzi and Clypeaster japonicus

Subclass Irregularia: Body circular and dorsoventrally flattened, adapted for sandy bottom.

Ex. Clypeaster Rosaceus, Mellita, Echinocardium Cordatum.

Class HOLOTHUROIDEA: Commonly known as sea cucumbers, found on the sea bottom and feeding on detritus.

Ex. Holothuria Floridana, Cucumaria Miniata, Euapta.

4. Subphylum CRINOZOA: Echinoderms with radial symmetry and sedentary nature.
Ex: Sessile Echinoderms

Class CRINOIDEA: Sedentary or almost so, attached to substratum by aboral cirri.

Ex: Heterometra Savignii, Lamprometra Palmata, Decametra, Capilaster.

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Free living echinoderms with pentaradial arms. The group includes starfishes and brittle stars.
EX: Dermasterias imbricata and Pycnopodia helianthoides

Class ASTEROIDEA:
They are commonly called star fishes or sea stars because of the star-like pentamerous shape of the body.
Ex: Astropecten Armatus and Astropecten Aranciacus.

Class OPHIUROIDEA:
No pedicellariae, dermal branchiae, ambulacral grooves, intestine and anus

Ex. Ophiothrix Spiculata and Gorgonocephalus Chilensis.

Class CONCENTRICYCLOIDEA: Commonly known as sea daisies, they have disc-shaped bodies and are less than 1.0 cm in size.

Ex. Xyloplax Janetae and Xyloplax Turnerae

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The group existed in the Paleozoic period and is now extinct. They were bilaterally symmetrical ancestors of all extant echinoderms.

Ex: Stylophorans Mitrates, Homoiostelea solutes, Homostelea cinctans.

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All existing echinoderms are marine. They generally live at sea bottom borne are pelagic and a few are sessile.

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Massive frame sponges with sponging fibres and siliceous spicules.

Subclass TETRACTINELLIDA.
Ex. Oscarella lobularis and Plankina opus.

Subclass MONOAXONIDA.  Ex: Halichondria okadai and Spongilla alba.

Subclass KERATOSA.
Only sponging fibres.

Ex. Euspongia officinalis, Hippospongia Communis, Phyllospongia Lamellosa.

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Marine glass sponges with 6-rays spicules.

This class includes two orders

Order 1. Hexasterophora :

Ex: Euplectella Aspergillum

Order 2. Amphidiscophora  These sponges are attached to the substratum by root tufts.
Ex: Hyalonema Sieboldii and Hyalonema Campanula.

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Are exclusively marine animals, the can live solitary or colinial, their body shape is cylindrical, their boy is radially symmetry, and the exoskeleton is formaed with calcareous spliculus.

The class Calcarea is divided into the following two orders:

1. Homocoela: Asconoid sponges with small radialyy symmetrical cylindrical bodies, and thin body wall.

EXAMPLES: Clathrina clathrus and Leucosolenia lucasi

1. Heterocoela:
EXAMPLES: Spongia ciliata and Grantia, Gecinulus.

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Marine animals more commonly known as sponges and found in every ocean on earth.

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Subclass CESTODARIA
EX: Gyrocotyle rugosa and Amphilina  foliacea.

Subclass EUCESTODA
Ex: Phyllobothrium delphini and thaplomitrium mnioides.

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Subclass MONOGENEA
Ex:
Polystoma integerrimum, and Gyrodactylus salaris,

Subclass ASPIDOGASTREA
Ex:
Colaspis brunnea and Aspidogaster conchicola.

Subclass DIGENEA
Ex: Schistosoma mansoni and  Fasciolopsis buski.

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EX:
Dugesia Dorotocephala, Bipalium Bipalium Adventitium and Leptoplana.

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Parasitic flatworms. Lacking in any respiratory or circulatory systems, oxygen passes through their bodies in a process known as difusion.

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CLASS 1. INSECTA
Ex: Coleoptera scarabaeidae and Coleoptera Curculionidae.

Class 2: Enthognatha
Ex: Collembola Lubbock(springtails), Diplura (“two-tail”) and Protura (“first-tail”

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CLASS Remipedia:
EX:
Blind crustaceans and Xibalbanus tulumensis

CLASS Cephalocarida: (horseshoe shrimp)
Ex: Cephalocarida Chiltoniella,  Lightiella Floridana.

CLASS Branchiopoda
Ex: Brine shrimp, Artemia Salina, Branchinella Kugenumaensis

CLASS Maxillopoda
Ex: Barnacles Cirripedia and Balanomorpha

CLASS Malacostraca: lobsters, crabs, shrimp, Callinectes sapidus and Penaeus monodon

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CLASS ARACHNIDS
Ex: spiders, scorpions: brown recluse (Loxosceles reclusa).
comb-footed spiders (family Theridiidae)

CLASS Xiphosura:
Ex. horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus), and the Eastern horseshoe crabs, tri-spine horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus)

CLASS Pycnogonida:

Order: Pantopoda

Family: Nymphonidae

Species : Nymphon signatum

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CLASS CHILOPODA  (centipedes)
Scutigera coleoptrata and Scolopendridae

CLASS DIPLOPODA (millipedes) Pincushion millipedes and Julid millipede

CLASS PAUROPODA Pauropus amicus

CLASS SYMPHYLA Symphyla: symphyla member
Ex: Scolopendra subspinipes and scolopendra gigantea.

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Trilobites (EXTINCT)

ex: Brachiopoda and Graptolithina

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invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton and segmented bodies. Contain insects, crustaceans and arachnids.

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Order 1. Trichuroidea (Trichinelloidea)
Examples: Trichuris trichiura and Trichinella spiralis

Order 2. Dioctophymoidea
Examples: Dioctophyma renale and Hystrichis corvi.

Order 3. Rhabditoidea
Examples: Rhabditis nematodo, ,

Order 4. Rhabdiasoidea
Examples: Rhabdias bufonis and Strongyloides stercoralis .

Order 5. Oxyuroidea
Examples: Oxyuris Vermicularis, Enterobius Vermicularis.

Order 6. Ascaroidea:
Examples: Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaridia galli.

Order 7. Strongyloidea
Examples: Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale.

Order 8. Spiruroidea
Examples: Thelazia californiensis, Gnathostoma binucleatum, Spiroxys.

Order 9. Dracunculoidea:
Examples: Dracunculus medinensis and Philometra lateolabracis.

Order 10. Filarioidea:
Examples: Wuchereria bancrofti,  Loa loa and Microfilaria.

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Order 1. Enoploidea

Examples: enoplus nematode, Metonchdiamus.

Order 2. Dorylaimoidea

Examples: Dorylaimus stagnalis, Tylencholaimus helanensis.

Order 3. Mermithoidea
Examples: Mermis nigrescens and Paramermis contorta.

Order 4. Chromadoroidea

Examples: Halichoanolaimus brandtae and Halichoanolaimus dolichurus.

Order 5. Monohysteroidea

Examples: Monohystera, Plectus parvus, plectus acuminatus.

Order 6. Desmoscolecoidea

Examples: Desmoscolex minutus and Desmoscolex antarctico.

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are commonly referred to as non-segmented roundworm, threadworm or pinworm, as distinct from flatworm and higher segmented annelids. They are widely distributed, aquatic or terrestrial, parasitic or free-living.

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They are primitive marine worms, without distinct segmentation, parapodia and setae.
Ex. Protodrilus purpureus, and Dinophilus gyrociliatus.

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They are ectoparasites of vertebrates having definite number of segments and annuli on each segment and without parapodia.

Order 1. Acanthobdellida

Ex. Acanthobdella peledina, acanthobdella livanowi.

Order 2. Rhynchobdellida

Ex. Pontobdella muricata .
(Aquatic leeches)

Order 3. Gnathobdellia

Ex. Hirudo medicinalis, Hirudinaria hirudinaria granulosa. (Common cattle leeches)

Order 4. Pharyngobdellida
Ex. Erpobdella octoculata, (Terrestrial predatory leeches).

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They are worms without a distinct head and parapodia or suckers.

Order 1. Archioligochaeta: Freshwater forms with worm-like body and setae present in bundles. Generally live in muddy tubes.

Ex.
Lumbricus tubifex; Dero; Chaetogaster diastrophus; Aelosoma; Nais; Stylaria; Enchytraeus.

Order 2. Neooligochaeta: Commonly known as earthworms, they are terrestrial worms with well developed gizzard and without eye spots.

Ex. Pheretima Pheretima, Lumbricus Lumbricus terrestris, Moniligaster; megascolides.

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Polychaeta: mainly marine, some freshwater,.

Subclass 1. Errantia:
They are free swimming or crawling worms in which body possesses numerous, identical segments and well-developed parapodia and setae.

Ex. Nereis Succinea; Polynoe polynoe scolopendrina and Aphrodita aculeate.

Subclass 2. Sedentaraia: They are tube dwelling worms that display a high degree of segmental differentiation.

Ex. Arenicola, Terebella lapidaria, Amphitrite Serpula.

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These are segmented and symmetrical worms containing a nervous system, respiratory system, and sense organs. including earthworms, leeches, and marine worms.

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The animal kingdom is made up of complex multi-celled organisms that do not produce their own food. This kingdom contains all living and extinct animals.

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-Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms, and most animals have complex tissue structure differentiated and specialized tissue.

-Animals are heterotrophic, obtaining their energy by consuming energy-releasing food substances.

-Animals typically reproduce sexually.

-Animals are made up of cells that do not have cell walls.

-Animals are capable of motion in some stage of their lives.

Animals are able to respond quickly to external stimuli as a result of nerve cells, muscle or contractile tissue or both.