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Summary: Ch 1, the Very Beginning, Columbus to Jamestown

A New World of Many Cultures (1491-1607)

Key Concepts:
1.1 - As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.
1.2 - Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

(1492) - Columbus's arrival
(1550-1551) - las Casas and Sepulveda debate

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marks first arrival of europeans in americas

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Las Casas vs Sepulveda Debate (1550-1551)

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Las Casas vs Sepulveda Debate (1550-1551)

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Bartolome de las Casas (priest) argued against encomienda system that subjugated indigenous people to forced labor underneath Spanish conquistadors BUT Sepulveda argued that the system benefited indigenous people because they were inferior.

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Summary: Ch 2-3, Building the Colonies, Jamestown to start of French and Indian War

The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empire (1607-1754), Colonial Society in the 18th Century

Key Concepts:
2.1 - Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.
2.2 - The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control.

Jamestown is founded (1607)
Sam de Champlain founds Quebec (1608)
Pueblo Revolt (1610)
Plymouth Plantation + Mayflower Compact (1620)
Massachusetts colony founded (1630)
Maryland colony founded (1632)
Pequot War (1637)
House of Burgesses (1642)
Rhode Island founded (1644)
The Carolinas founded (1663)
New York founded (1664)
New Jersey founded (1664)
Connecticut founded (1665)
Bacon's Rebellion (1675)
King Philip's War (1675-76)
New Hampshire founded (1679)
Pennsylvania founded (1681)
Delaware founded (1702)
The Great Awakening (1730s-40s)
Georgia founded (1732)
Stono rebellion (1739)

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Jamestown, in the Chesapeake area, becomes the first permanent English colony and is funded through a joint-stock company (the London Company, later renamed the Virginia Company). Its main interest was economic profit, i.e. mining for gold and silver (fail) and growing tobacco (success! thx john rolfe!) Earlier colonies like Jamestown were desperate for new settlers, leading to the establishment of the headright system, which promised new settlers 50-acre land grants.

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Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec (1608)

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Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec (1608)

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French colonist Champlain founds the first permanent French settlement and calls it Quebec. Its main interest was profiting off of the lucrative fish and fur trade with indigenous peoples.

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indigenous pueblo people (in new mexico/arizona region) revolted against Spanish conquistadors, who tried to force their conversion to Christianity

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Plymouth Plantation founded and Mayflower Compact signed (1620)

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Plymouth Plantation founded and Mayflower Compact signed (1620)

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The Mayflower Compact was a document formed and signed by the Pilgrims to agree to follow whatever government system that would be  established later. This set a precedent for democratic autonomous rule that is separate from the English government. Plymouth was founded by a group of English Puritans, led by William Bradford, seeking freedom of religion.

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John Winthrop, with a charter from Massachusetts Bay Co. and King Charles I, founded this New England colony as a haven for Puritans with the goal of establishing Massachusetts are a role model for holiness.

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A charter colony founded by Lord Baltimore II of the Calvert family, Maryland was a relatively tolerant Chesapeake colony. The colony allowed religious tolerance of Anglicans and Protestants with the Toleration Act of 1649, although Protestants were still in the majority.

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Conflict between English and Dutch settlers and their Native American allies versus the Pequot tribe in the Connecticut region. The Pequot people suffered a devastating loss; they were enslaved, massacred, and eventually wiped out.

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A democratic government system created in Virginia.

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Roger Williams combined his earlier settlement of Providence with Anne Hutchinson's settlement of Portsmouth with a charter from Parliament to form Rhode Island. This new colony served as a tolerant religious refuge for escapees from the strict Puritan Massachusetts Bay colony.

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Another royal colony carved from the original Virginia grant and gifted to a bunch of nobles by King Charles II. Later split into North and South Carolina in 1729.

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King Charles II gives this land to his bro, the Duke of York, overtaking the Dutch settlers who were originally there. However, the Dutch settlers were allowed to stay and were given religious and cultural freedom.

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A portion of land was cut off from the og NY colony and was called New Jersey :D

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Another combination of earlier settlements (Hartford led by Thomas Hooker and New Haven started by John Davenport), Connecticut also was established by a royal charter and was more religiously tolerant than Massachusetts.

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Salty farmers (both Black and white) led by Nathaniel Bacon fight with indigenous peoples (because they want more land for tobacco) before turning on Virginia governor William Berkeley, who ignored their complaints about skirmishes w/ Native Americans on colony boundaries. The uprising discouraged elite folks from using white indentured servants and led to an increase in African enslavement.

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Metacom's War/King Philip's War (1675-1676)

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Metacom's War/King Philip's War (1675-1676)

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A conflict between Metacom of the Wampanoags and New England settlers, who were encroaching on Wampanoag land. The settlers won.

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Another royal colony charter and an offshoot from the Massachusetts colony.

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Gifted to William Penn, a Quaker, by the royal family. This colony was known as "The Holy Experiment," because Penn sought to provide religious refuge to Quakers and other persecuted people and to establish a liberal government.

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An offshoot from the Pennsylvania colony

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A spiritual religious revival led by Calvinists (George Whitefield). The movement preached democratic ideals that influenced American Revolutionary rhetoric.

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The last of the 13 colonies to be chartered. Created as a buffer colony between the Spanish and South Carolina.

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Slave rebellion in South Carolina where enslaved people killed their enslavers. They faced brutal retaliation.

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Summary: All Things Revolution, Ch 4-6, French and Indian War to the Election/"Revolution" of 1800

Imperial Wars, Colonial Protest (1754-1774)
The American Revolution & Confederation (1774-1787)
Constitution & New Republic (1787-1800)

Key Concepts:
3.1 - British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.
3.2 - The American Revolution’s democratic and republican
ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government.
3.3 - Migration within North America and competition
over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples
and nations.

The French and Indian War (1754-63)
Albany Plan for Union (1754)
Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)
Proclamation of 1763 (1763)
Sugar Act (1764)
Currency Act (1764)
Stamp Act (1765)
Declaratory Act (1766)
Quartering Act (1765)
Townshend Acts (1767)
Boston Massacre (1770)
Tea Act (1773)
Boston Tea Party (1773)
Intolerable Acts (1774)
First Continental Congress (1774)
Lexington & Concord (1775)
Second Continental Congress (1775)
Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" (1776)
Declaration of Independence (1776)
Battle of Saratoga (1777)
Articles of Confederation (1777)
Yorktown (1781)
Treaty of Paris (1783)
Northwestern Ordinance (1787)
Philadelphia Convention (1787)
Shay's Rebellion (1787)
The Federalist Papers (1788)
Bill of Rights (1789)
Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
Citizen Genêt Affair (1793)
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
Jay's Treaty (1794)
Pinckney's Treaty (1795)
Election of 1796
XYZ Affair (1797-98)
Alien & Sedition Acts (1798)
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1799)
The Election/"Revolution" of 1800

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The portion of the Seven Year's War between England and France that was fought in North America (mainly the Ohio region). Fort Necessity was the first conflict, when English settlers (led by a young George Washington) built the fort to challenge French expansion onto English land, but failed. At first, the English struggled in the war due to a lack of troops, which led to the policy of impressment, or the forced enlistment of the colonists. The Iroquios people, who originally wanted to remain neutral, eventually sided with the English. The English won the war and they signed the "Peace of Paris" treaty with the French in 1763.
Impact:
- created animosity between colonists and England because of impressment and end of salutary neglect

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An attempt by British government and colonial governments to set up a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes in preparation for the French and Indian War. The system was never put into effect because each colony wanted to maintain its taxation power, but it did set a precedent for later revolutionary congresses.

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Native Americans in the Ohio Valley, led by Chief Pontiac, attacked colonial settlements on the western frontier in response to continued westward movement by European settlers. British troops put down the uprising.

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The British government prevented settlers from moving beyond the Appalachian Mountains in an effort to lessen conflicts between Native Americans and settlers and to give England more control over westward expansion. However, this proclamation was not enforced well.

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This eliminated illegal sugar trade w/ the French and Spanish West Indies in order to allow for greater British control over American goods.

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This act banned the issuing of paper money and sought to increase mercantilism in England.

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This act taxed all printed documents and was highly contested by the colonists because it applied to all of them. Its goal was to raise more money for England in order to pay of war debts from the Seven Years' War.

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Parliament repealed the Stamp Act after protests from the colonists, but subsequently passed the Declaratory Act which stated that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies.

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Mutiny Act of 1765 (a.k.a. Quartering Act)

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Mutiny Act of 1765 (a.k.a. Quartering Act)

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This act required colonists to give supplies and to house British troops, who were sent over to protect the colonists from French and Native American forces.

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A series of acts formed by Charles Townshend of the Parliament. They taxed a variety of common household goods, such as lead, paint, and paper. These were so unpopular that they were eventually repealed in 1770, all except for a tax on tea.

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A skirmish between the British troops, who were protecting customs officials, and a crowd of colonists. British troops fired into the crowd, killing five people. One of the victims was Crispus Attucks, an African American. The event was used to incite a revolutionary spirit.

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This act monopolized tea trade in favor of Britain's East India Tea Company, which hurt local American merchants. As a result, this act was largely boycotted. It also led to the phrase, "No taxation without representation" and the Boston Tea Party.

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Organized by the Sons of Liberty in protest to the Tea Act, some men boarded English tea ships and threw overboard several crates of tea, costing the British tea companies thousands of dollars.

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This series of acts, which consists of the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act, was Parliament's retaliation to the Boston Tea Party. This form of retaliation only further angered the colonists.

Coercive Acts: targeted Massachusetts, particularly Boston by (1) closing Boston port and prohibiting trade until the tea was paid for, (2) reducing the power of the Massachusetts legislature, (3) allowing royal officials there to be tried in Britain instead of in Massachusetts, and (4) expanding the Quartering Act into private homes for all colonies.

Quebec Act: organized Canadian lands that were gained from France, established Roman Catholicism as the official religion of Quebec, established a government w/out representative assembly, and extended the territory // although widely accepted by French Canadians, American colonists resented this act.

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Representatives from colonies (except Georgia) met in Philadelphia, PA to discuss how to respond to Parliament's unfair taxes, which were perceived as infringements on their liberties. At this time, most Americans were not looking for independence, but simply wanted restoration of the rights that they had before the Seven Years' War. The delegates called for an immediate repeal of the Intolerable Acts and for colonists to boycott British goods and begin military preparations as a form of resistance. They also asked the king to restore colonial rights. Lastly, they promised to meet again the next year if their rights were not recognized. Key delegates were Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, and John Adams of the radical group, George Washington of the moderate group, and John Jay of the conservative group. Loyalist colonists, who refused to protest the king in anyway, were not represented.

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The American patriots fought for the independence of the 13 colonies against British groups and Loyalists, American colonists who sided with the British. The Patriots were led by General Washington. Although initially, the Patriots suffered great losses due to an inexperienced military and lack of resources, an alliance with the French after the Battle of Saratoga pushed the tide of war in their favor, leading to an American victory in 1783.

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The first battle of the Revolutionary War. General Thomas Gage led British forces to seize colonial military supplies in Concord, but Paul Revere and William Dawes warned the minutemen in Lexington of their arrival. Although some supplies were destroyed and the minutemen were forced to retreat initially, they dealt huge casualties to the British during their return to Boston.

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After the fighting broke out, the delegates were split on how to respond. Many New England delegates supported full independence, while middle colonies wanted to resolve the conflict and negotiate with Great Britain. A compromise was reached: they issued the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms, which asked colonies to provide troops, appointed Washington to lead and train the troops, and formed navy and marine forces. Meanwhile, they also sent an "Olive Branch Petition" to King George III, which assured their loyalty to the King and asked him to negotiate with Parliament for colonial rights. The king dismissed this attempt at peace, and Parliament issued the Prohibitory Act, which declared the colonies were in rebellion and forbade all trade and shipping between Britain and the colonies.

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A pamphlet which strongly urged the colonies to break free from Britain and to seize its independence, since it did not make sense for colonies to be ruled from a country so far away and one whose government was corrupt and unreasonable. This piece severely influenced public opinion in support of independence.

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Drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Second Continental Congress, the Declaration of Independence explained to King George III the causes and justification for the revolution, most famously stating "that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness."

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A surprising victory for the Americans in Saratoga New York, where General Horatio Gates and General Benedict Arnold succeeded in preventing British forces from cutting off New England from the rest of the colonies. This marked the turning point of the war, as it convinced France to openly declare its alliance with the colonists in 1778.

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Originally drafted by John Dickinson in 1777 but ratified in 1781, the Articles of Confederation were the first constitution for the nation. It established a single congress with one rep from each state. The congress had the power to wage war, make treaties, send diplomatic reps, and borrow money, but not to regulate commerce or collect taxes, which proved to be a severe detriment to the Articles, as the states generally were unwilling to provide funds for the nation as a whole. Due to its failure to pay back debt, many nations did not recognize this new U.S. government, leading to land encroachments by Britain and Spain. Furthermore, the new government angered many people with high taxes and an inability to pay war veterans.

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The last battle of the Revolutionary War, Washington's army forced the surrender of General Cornwallis and his British forces.

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The Treaty of Paris agreed to the following: (1) Britain would recognize the U.S. as an independent nation, (2) the Mississippi River was the western boundary of the nation,  (3) Americans had the right to fish of the coast of Canada, and (4) Americans had to pay back debts to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims to property

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The Northwest Ordinance created a single Northwestern territory without slavery. The land was later split into Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio.

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The Philadelphia Convention saw the establishment of the U.S. Constitution by the Founding Fathers. Although it restructured the government with a "balance and check system" with three branches of powers and two houses of congress, it left many things unanswered, such as the slavery controversy, the definition of citizenship, and a list of rights.

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Led by farmer and war veteran Daniel Shays, a bunch of angry farmers attacked debtors to protest high taxes, imprisonment for debt, and the lack of paper money. The rebellion was eventually put down by state militia. However, this event was a clear sign of the lack of power that the Articles of Confederation held.

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A series of essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay which sought to promote the ratification of the Constitution.

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Added 10 amendments to the Constitution which placed restrictions on government powers to protect its citizens. This convinced antifederalists to ratify the Constitution.

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Because the nation was not strong enough for another war, Washington stated that the U.S. would not support the French Revolution despite popular calls to do so.

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French minister Citizen Edmund Genêt ignored Washington's policies and actively tried to gain support for the French Revolution from the American people during a trip to the U.S. His disrespect of Washington and the American government caused him to be recalled by the French.

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A widely criticized treaty where Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on the U.S. western frontier, but did nothing to address the original issue of British impressment and raids on American merchant ships.

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In response to a high whiskey tariff that Hamilton implemented, a group of farmers attacked revenue collectors in rebellion. Washington promptly showed the power of the federal government by sending Hamilton and thousands of militiamen as a show of force to the rebels. No blood was shed, and while this showed the Constitution's efficacy compared to the Articles of Confederation in handling domestic problems, it also alienated many western farmers, who turned their support to Jefferson.

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Established the boundary of Florida between U.S. and Spain at the 31st parallel and granted Americans the right to transfer cargo in New Orleans without paying duties to the Spanish.

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Washington insisted on retiring and warned in his farewell address to not get involved in foreign affairs, not to form permanent alliances, to not form political parties, and to not fall into sectionalism. Washington's retirement also set the tradition of a two-term presidency, although this was not dictated in law until FDR broke the tradition with 3 terms. John Adams ran as the Federalist candidate, and Thomas Jefferson was the Dem-Rep candidate. Adams won the presidency, and Jefferson became his vice president.

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An attempt by French ministers to elicit bribes from the U.S. government in order to begin negotiations infuriated the American public. Adams chose not to go to war on France despite popular support for war.

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A Federalist attempt to weaken the Democratic-Republicans, these acts gave the president the power to deport dangerous aliens and to prohibit newspaper editors from criticizing the president and Congress.

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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1799)

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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1799)

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In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Jefferson and Madison sent the KY and VA resolutions declaring the acts as unconstitutional and a violation of the 1st amendment. These resolutions also nullified the A&S acts in the two states, a precedent for the nullifying controversy in the 1830s.

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Because of the unpopular acts in Adams' time, the Federalists lost popularity. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr contested the Dem-Rep candidacy; Jefferson won with Hamilton's support.

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Summary: Ch 7-10, Building the Nation, the "Revolution" / Election of 1800 to end of Mexican-American war

Age of Jefferson (1800-1816)
Nationalism, Economic Development (1816-1848)
Sectionalism (1820-1860)
Age of Jackson (1824-1844)
Society, Culture, and Reform (1820-1860)

Key Concepts:
4.1 - The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation's democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.
4.2 - Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.
4.3 - The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation's foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.

Second Great Awakening (early 19th century)
Barbary Wars (1801-05)
Marbury v Madison (1803)
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
War of 1812 (1812-1815)
Hartford Convention (1814)
Florida acquired (1819)
McCulloch v Maryland (1819)
Panic of 1819 (1819)
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Market Revolution (1820s-30s)
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Election of 1824 (1824)
Henry Clay's American System (1824)
American Temperance Society (1826)
Tariff of Abominations (1828)
Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)
American Anti-Slavery Society (1833)
Trail of Tears (1838)
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

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Second Great Awakening (early 19th century)

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Second Great Awakening (early 19th century)

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Baptists, Presbyterians, Methodists, etc. organized camp meetings in woods for many days w/ each day featuring dozens of evangelical preachers preaching. Relatively egalitarian (white, black, etc.) Emphasize moral reformation of society, which sets stage for temperance.

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Under the Jefferson administration, the U.S. refused to pay tributes to the Barbary pirates, leading to war. In fighting the Barbary pirates, Jefferson had to expand the federal navy, which went against Jeffersonian ideals of a limited federal government.

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The Marshall court ruled that the Judicial Act that gave Marbury the right to become a justice was unconstitutional. This ruling expanded the power of the federal court (specifically the judicial branch) by establishing judicial review, the power to deem a law unconstitutional.

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Jefferson purchased Louisiana territory from France, doubling the size of American territory. This purchase was "anti-Jeffersonian" in the sense that it went against Democratic-Republicans' ideal of "strict constructionism," or strictly following the Constitution (buying land was not written as a federal power).

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The war, the second conflict between Britain and the U.S. in which Americans triumphed, was caused by the tensions created by British soldiers stationed in America post-revolution and Britain continuing the practice of impressment (forcing Americans to serve in British navy). Also, the British supposedly were helping/encouraging indigenous peoples raid settlers on the frontier. American victory led to a sharp rise of nationalism.

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Federalists strongly opposed the War of 1812 (unlike the War Hawks, a faction of the Dem-Reps) and met at Hartford, Connecticut to discuss secession. The ultimate U.S. victory made them seem like traitors, and the convention led to the death of the Federalist Party.

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After Andrew Jackson ended up attacking Spanish settlements in Florida even though President Monroe had only sent him down there to prevent Spanish people from crossing over to the U.S. border, Spain decided to sell the Florida territory to the U.S. to avoid war.

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Chief Justice Marshall ruled that a state could NOT tax a federal bank, thus making national law triumph over state law. This ruling further expanded federal power.

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Caused by irresponsible banking & decreased demand for exports, which caused working men to demand the right to vote.

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Missouri applied for statehood in 1819 and already had thousands of slaves, assumed to enter as slave state but James Tallmadge add amendment that prohibit slavery but congress want to keep slave/free state balance. Henry Clay propose compromising: Missouri comes in slave, Maine comes in free. 36° 30' line (southern Missouri border) solve for future additions: yes slave under, no slave above (band aid)

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cotton gin, commercial farming, steamboats, railroads, canals, factory system, interchangeable parts,
etc.

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The Monroe Doctrine stated that America had the right to the lands and nations of the western hemisphere, and there was no need for other European presence there.

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Four candidates: John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, Andrew Jackson
No majority b/c split four ways
Adams elected and immediately appoints Clay as Secretary of State, the two accused of "corrupt bargain"

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The American System proposed federally funded internal improvements, new federal tariffs, and the second bank of the U.S. It was made in response to the lack of national bank to raise funds and the weak infrastructure and transportation of America that the War of 1812 had revealed. The federally funded internal improvements was vetoed by Jefferson and Madison, who claimed it was an overstep of federal power.

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Founded by Protestant ministers & other concerned w/ drinking & effects: use moral exhortation
Opposed by German & Irish immigrants but they don't have political power

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Tariff of 1828 ("Tariff of Abominations")

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Tariff of 1828 ("Tariff of Abominations")

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Passed during Adams Administration, raised import duties up to 50% (liked by northern manufacturers & western farmers; hated by southerners)

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Black laborer organized slave revolt in Virginia, killing over 50 white people. Turner & 55 followers were hanged publicly. The incident created more worries among white southerners & harsher punishments.

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William Lloyd Garrison began publishing abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator in 1831 & created AAC in 1833 w/ others. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" & want immediate abolition in every state & territory w/o compensating slaveowners.

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Forced removal of Cherokee from Georgia. The outcome of Worcester v. Georgia stated that the Cherokee Nation was sovereign and Georgia did not have the right to impose state laws within their boundaries BUT an unauthorized group of Cherokee signed the Treaty of New Echota, which exchanged Cherokee land in Georgia for a reservation territory west of the Mississippi River. Cherokee who did not leave voluntarily were forced to move along the Trail of Tears.

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Seneca Falls Convention & Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (1848)

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Seneca Falls Convention & Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (1848)

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First women's rights conference in America. Drafted Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, which called for women's equality in education, legal rights, and voting.

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Summary: Ch 11-15, Civil War– pre-to-post, Texas' contested statehood to the end of Reconstruction

Territorial & Economic Expansion (1830-1860)
Union of Peril (1848-1861)
Civil War (1861-1865)
Reconstruction (1863-1877)

Key Concepts:
5.1 - The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.
5.2 - Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.
5.3 - The Union victory in the civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.

Election of 1844
Annexation of Texas (1845)
Slidell Mission (1845)
Annexation of Oregon (1846)
Mexican-American War (1845-1848)
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
California Gold Rush (1848-90s)
Compromise of 1850
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
"Bleeding Kansas" (1855-56)
Caning of Sumner (1856)
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Harper's Ferry (1859)
Election of 1860
The Civil War (1861-1865)
Trent Affair (1861)
Emancipation Proclamation (1862)
NYC Draft Riots (1863)
Battle of Vicksburg (1863)
Sherman's March (1864)
Reconstruction (1865-1867)
Freedmen's Bureau (1865)
Lincoln's Assassination (1865)
14th Amendment (1866)
15th Amendment (1869)
Panic of 1873
Compromise of 1877

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Van Buren doesn't want immediate Texas annexation b/c slavery & challenged by proslavery, proannexation Calhoun. Democratic party in deadlock & therefore nominate Polk (BIG on manifest destiny, pro annexation, Oregon, CA, etc.). Whig Clay run against but first say against then for annexation, which alienated NY voters and led to Polk's victory.

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Settled by Americans since 1820s but still belonged to Mexico (mostly protestant slavery sympathizers). Texas claimed independence after the Battle of San Jacinto but Mexico didn't recognize it (not within general's power). Annexation postponed by Jackson & Van Buren, denied by Senate under Tyler (1844) but then Tyler persuaded the houses to pass a joint resolution for annexation in 1845.

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Polk sent Slidell to persuade Mexico to sell CA & NM and settle Mexico-Texas border. Mexican government refused to sell CA & said border was on Nueces River (Polk & Slidell say border is along Rio Grande, further south).

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British/Americans fought over sovereignty: British had fur trade, Americans had more settlers. Settle by dividing at 49th parallel, with US getting the southern half.

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Polk tell Taylor to move army toward Rio Grande, which prompted Mexican army to capture & kill American army patrol (11 deaths), which Polk used to justify starting a war. After losing Mexico City, Meixcan government decided to agree to US terms.

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Forbid slavery in any new territories from Mexico; passed twice in House but defeated in Senate.

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1. Mexico recognize Rio Grande as southern border of Texas
2. US takes Mexican Cession (CA & NM), pay $15 million & responsible for American claims against Mexico
Whigs against cause immoral expansion of slavery; Democrats against b/c they want ALL of Mexico

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Discovery of gold in CA in 1848 ushered in the era of the gold rush, an event that led to a huge influx of settlers in the West Coast. Largely middle class who moved.

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1. Mexican Cession divided into Utah/NM & practice popular sovereignty
2. CA admitted as free state
3. Slave trade banned in Washington D.C.
4. Stricter Fugitive Slave Law

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Depict dehumanization & brutality of slavery in graphic detail. Northerners now see moral issue, Southerners try to ban.

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Pierce buy land from Mexico; present-day southern AZ & NM

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Divide Nebraska territory (about 36° 60' line) into Nebraska & Kansas and let slavery be decided through popular sovereignty. (Douglas came up with bill to earn Southern approval for Transcontinental railroad).