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Engler, M., & Engler, P. (2020). The Discipline. In This is an uprising: how nonviolent revolt is shaping the twenty-first century (pp. 233–257). essay, Nation Books.

Staggenborg, S. (2016). The Environmental Movement. In Social Movements (Second, pp. 111–135). essay, Oxford University Press.

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What's Weather Underground?
- a terrorist group that utilized violence and communist ideologies to protest issues

What is SDS?
- SDS, which stands for Students for a Democratic Society, consisted of a group of students in the '60s to bring about social change

Collaboration of Weather Underground & SDS
- After the falling of SDS in the late '60s, the Weather Underground took control and used violence to respond to social issues.
- the Weather Underground, thereafter, bombed about 25 locations, one of them including the U.S. Capitol

Where are they now?
- many of the members of Weather Underground were attested and Weather Underground no longer existed

-> Terrorists of the Weather Underground acted as 'agent provocateurs', disguising themselves as true members who want to bring about social change
- instead of taking nonviolent direct action, the terrorists produced violence and crime, which does not meet the goals of SDS and bringing about social change
- It is evident that this is a negative radical flank and it suggests that partnerships and alliances are sometimes problematic

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How the Weather Underground Failed at Revolution and Still Changed the World

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A new book by Arthur Eckstein considers the legacy of the Weathermen and how the organization shaped the 1960s and what came after

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Radical Flank
-> Positive vs. Negative
- Positive: through any means, such as tactics or campaigns, it can positively present and legitimize a movement - gaining popularity and mass participation for the movement

- Negative: through any means, such as disagreements or disruption, can discredit a movement, which can bring about more conflict within and outside the movement
-> this can be done through Agent Provocateurs, who can create conflict within a movement (Ex: Weather Underground & SDS)

-> EF!: Although Bari had good intentions about forming alliances with loggers, this action can create distrust between those in the movement.
- For example, a logger can form an alliance with an activist, however,
1) the activist will assume the logger is an agent provocateur, or
2) the logger can secretly be against the movement themselves and cause disruption & discredit the movement by disguising themselves as an activist of the movement

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Due to the efforts of EF!, Judi Bari & Darryl Cherney, logging activity became the center of attention.

The publicity they gained from Redwood Summer and their campaign for forest preservation contributed to the survival of Headwaters Forest.

By displaying nonviolent civil disobedience and engaging in direct action tactics, Redwood Summer was a success, in terms of seeking attention from the public around the issue of logging.

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Because Bari decided to reject tree-spiking, in support of loggers, activists became alienated because of her support for loggers.

Due to previous leadership under Dave Foreman, Bart Koehler, and Mike Roselle, environmental/EF! activists were under the impression that having an alliance with loggers was violating EF!'s standards.

"Bari also strove to build alliances

across the traditional blue–green divide that separated working-class communities and environmentalists" (Engler, Engler, 2020, p. 238).
- Bari wanted to focus the attention of the group on their real enemy: the logging executives
- loggers only worked for the company executives, whose motives were central around forest destruction
- her support of loggers shifts the original tactics of monkey-wrenching
- executing nonviolent direct action will create peace with loggers and thus, increase participation from local sympathizers to join EF!
- her support of loggers is evident in the fact that she reached out to George Alexander, of whom was let go of his job as a logger (Engler, Engler, 2020, p. 239)

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"But profound social changes don’t happen without mass movements" (Engler, Engler, 2020, p. 240).
- Foreman still favored monkey-wrenching tactics (had no long term effects & no mass participation)
- Because of Foreman's opposition, he parted ways with EF!
- Implies that 'there is strength in numbers' and how certain tactics (such as those in Redwood Summer) can bring about change

Redwood Summer drastically impacted environmental activism through blockades, rallies and tree sit-ins (similar to & inspired by SNCC's 1964 Freedom Summer).

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Under the leadership of Judi Bari, Earth First! was able to recover and introduce more of the female population into the group and increased labor (intersectionality).

“Unlike with monkey-wrenching tactics, which required secrecy, Earth First!ers were able to openly organize in the community, and they earned the active support of local sympathizers.” (Engler, Engler, 2020, p. 242).

- Bari supported the actions taken through monkey-wrenching, which she referred to as "courageous, but inadequate" (Engler, Engler, 2020, p. 238).
- Bari, however, believed that EF! could gain popularity and draw more participants in, especially women, to achieve the group's goals of disavowing tree-spiking through nonviolent direct action tactics
- Unlike monkey-wrenching tactics, which harmed front-line workers (loggers), Bari diverted the focus on the group's real enemies, which were the logging executives, who demand the disruption of forests. She also created a space for women to showcase their skills in leadership.

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Earth First! was a grassroots organization whose centralized focus was on forestry and logging.
- an underground group which protected them from threat until the incident about George Alexander
- logging companies tried to save their reputation by placing blame on Earth First!
- these hurtful and demonizing actions by logging executives towards Earth First! created a new headline that delegitimized Earth First! and their genuine intentions/goals

One of the group's founders, Dave Foreman, wrote his novel, Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching, which emphasized the concept of 'monkey wrenching'.

What is monkey wrenching?
- it involved Earth First! taking action in "pulling up surveyors’ stakes, downing billboards, and putting sand in the gas tanks of bulldozers" (Engler, Engler, 2020, p. 235).
- these actions were executed in order to prevent forest disruption, targeting logging companies so that they do not disrupt ecosystems and negatively affect the biodiversity that affects all people on Earth.

Who was Dave Foreman?
- one of the cofounders of Earth First!
- a self-proclaimed Republican redneck
- in contrast to 'the typical environmentalist/advocate', Dave Foreman did not fit the "hippie" appearance that other environmentalists do.
- Dave Foreman's outward appearance set apart Earth First! from other environmental groups, such as Big Green and the Sierra Club

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To steer clear of free-riders, participants continue to mobilize and make change through low-risk activities, as Staggenborg states in "Social Movements" (2016, p.119).

What are examples of low-risk activities?
- donating money
- signing petitions
- joining protests and rallies
- writing letters
- creating protest "camps"
- participating in sit-ins
- participating in blockades (ex: locking arms with others to create a blocking chain; Extinction Rebellion super-glueing themselves to buildings displaying nonviolent civil disobedience).
*all of which the environmental movement did to attract more participation in the movement

Through these low-risk activities, organizations and the overall environmental movement can have people engage in the movement and achieve the goals of the movement.

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There are many people who become concerned about public health safety and grow concerned about the environment.

However, what tends to occur is that those who are concerned about the environment want to make a change but are unaware of how to engage and produce change.

In addition, there are a number of people who will expect others to do the work towards this change that affects us all. Therefore, the free-rider problem comes into play.

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Common to every social movement, there are those who oppose the efforts of the environmental movement.

According to collective behavior theorists, "environmental degradation creates grievances, which help to motivate collective action" (Staggenborg, 2016, p.119).

Disruptions of the environmental movement, such as pollution or forest destruction, are enough grievances to push the participants in the environmental movement to continue mobilizing. These grievances are able to convert public concern into action. Action, for example, can be evident by demanding that the government take action.
- These type of actions are evident by Extinction Rebellion who demanded the government to address the environmental issues, take action on the issues, motivate its own members to take action, and prioritize underprivileged and underserved communities especially the BIPOC community.
- This relates to other movements, such as the Black Lives Matter movement, and how members of BLM continue to fight for all black lives the more that white supremacy and society silence them.
- These movements are motivated by the criticism and the hatred they receive, to work harder towards their goal of justice and change.
- Through direct action tactics, organizations such as Earth First!, are able to engage its participants and achieve better public policies and cultural changes.

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Essentially, the movement advocates for the protection of the environment.

Staggenborg briefly states that the roots to the modern day environmental movements stem from the late 1800s, stemming from conservation movements. ( 2016, p.111)

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Environmentalism focuses on issues such as climate change, species conservation, deforestation, pollution, etc.