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In today's world where rich will be able to afford basic necessities, it will be very difficult for the poor. Leading to situations for instance the civil wars sparking up between the rich and poor it seems totally hypothetical, if the inflation is not controlled between the civilians. As it will increase dramatically, it plays a crucial role shaping economic outcomes in the future.

Nonetheless, rising prices inevitably will impact the reduction on purchasing power of many consumers.

According to IMF, most economists now believe that low, stable and most importantly, predict inflation is good for the economy. If inflation is low and predictable, it is easier to capture it according to price adjustment contracts and interest rates and therefore reducing its distortionary impact.

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Heidi - Criminology & The Future of Cybercrime

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Heidi - Criminology & The Future of Cybercrime

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As we know, the digital world is constantly upgrading and expanding itself. Whilst these technological advancements may benefit us in many ways, it is also allowing cyber criminals to thrive.

It is reported that cybercrime enables offenders to leave no trace, making it almost impossible to apprehend the accused, or aid those who have been afflicted by cybercrime activities (Onwuadiamu, 2025).

This online method of crime is a recent challenge for the criminology discipline as it concerns multiple fronts of offences, with limited precedence to seize it.

Features as simple as phones having facial recognition, or expensive cars automatically recording it's surroundings are seemingly made for customer aid and satisfaction. But through a cybercrime lens, these digital tools can be used to infiltrate individuals privacy and surveillance.

We all love online shopping, yet this is just another loophole for cybercriminals to take credit card information for deception or theft (Onwuadiamu, 2025).

Or perhaps most concerningly, is the distribution of sexually explicit materials. Which predominately impacts minors as they are excessively exposed and exploited through they're prominent internet usage (Onwuadiamu, 2025).

All of which can lead to an overarching theme of cyber violence - impacting both mental and physical health (Onwuadiamu, 2025).

An array of crimes can be committed digitally, without leaving any fingerprints or clues of whose responsible. This is an uprising issue for law enforcement and criminologists as it is a difficult activity to track. According to Onwuadiamu's report (2025), more interdisciplinary research is required in order to educate policymakers and researchers who aim to intervene this genre of crime.

Onwuadiamu, G. (2025). Cybercrime in Criminology; A Systematic Review of criminological theories, methods, and concepts. Journal of Economic Criminology, 8, 100136. Science Direct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconc.2025.100136

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Kim Sutherland-The Impact of Psychology on Daily Life

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Kim Sutherland-The Impact of Psychology on Daily Life

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Every decision, interaction, and emotion that colors our daily lives is intricately woven into the tapestry of our minds, a fascinating realm explored through the lens of psychology. This captivating field of study delves deep into the human psyche, unraveling the mysteries of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It’s not just an academic pursuit; psychology is the very essence of our existence, shaping how we perceive the world and navigate through life’s twists and turns.

Imagine for a moment that you’re a detective, but instead of solving crimes, you’re decoding the enigma of the human mind. That’s what psychologists do every day, and their findings have profound implications for all of us. From the moment we wake up to the second we drift off to sleep, psychological principles are at play, influencing everything from our morning coffee routine to our bedtime self-reflection.

But why should we care about psychology in our everyday lives? Well, buckle up, because we’re about to embark on a mind-bending journey that will transform the way you see yourself and the world around you.

The Cognitive Carnival: How Our Minds Shape Reality

Let’s kick things off with a deep dive into cognitive psychology, the branch that explores mental processes like thinking, remembering, and problem-solving. It’s like the backstage pass to the grand theater of your mind, revealing the hidden mechanisms behind your daily experiences.

First up: memory. It’s not just about remembering where you left your keys (though that’s certainly helpful). Memory is the cornerstone of learning and decision-making. Every time you recall a past experience to inform a current choice, you’re flexing your memory muscles. But here’s the kicker – our memories aren’t perfect recordings. They’re more like impressionist paintings, capturing the essence of an experience but often blurring the details.

This imperfect nature of memory can lead to some interesting quirks in our daily lives. Ever had a heated argument with a friend about the details of a shared experience? You’re both probably right – and wrong. Our memories are shaped by our perceptions, emotions, and subsequent experiences, creating a unique narrative for each of us.

Speaking of perception, it’s the next stop on our cognitive tour. Perception is how we interpret the world around us, and it’s far from objective. Our tendency to make assumptions is a prime example of how our perceptions can sometimes lead us astray. We often fill in gaps in our knowledge with assumptions based on past experiences or biases, which can lead to misunderstandings or missed opportunities.

But don’t despair! Being aware of these cognitive quirks is the first step to navigating them more effectively. By questioning our assumptions and seeking additional information, we can make more informed decisions and avoid the pitfalls of hasty judgments.

Now, let’s talk about problem-solving and critical thinking – the dynamic duo of cognitive skills that help us tackle everyday challenges. Whether you’re figuring out the fastest route to work or deciding on a career change, these skills are your trusty sidekicks. The key is to approach problems systematically, breaking them down into manageable parts and considering multiple perspectives.

Last but not least in our cognitive carnival is attention. In a world full of distractions, the ability to focus is like a superpower. Understanding the mind’s automatic processes, or “autopilot,” can help us harness our attention more effectively. By recognizing when we’re operating on autopilot, we can consciously redirect our focus to the tasks that matter most.

Stress Management and Mental Health: Navigating Life’s Challenges

Life isn’t always smooth sailing, and that’s where stress management and mental health come into play. Understanding these aspects of psychology is crucial for maintaining our well-being in the face of life’s challenges.

First, let’s talk about identifying sources of stress in everyday life. Daily hassles, those small but persistent annoyances, can accumulate over time and have a significant impact on our stress levels. By recognizing these stressors, we can develop targeted strategies to address them.

Coping strategies and stress reduction techniques are the tools in our mental health toolkit. From mindfulness meditation to physical exercise, there’s a wide range of evidence-based approaches to managing stress. The key is finding what works for you and making it a regular part of your routine.

Self-care and work-life balance are essential components of stress management. In our fast-paced world, it’s easy to get caught up in the hustle and neglect our own needs. But taking time for ourselves isn’t selfish – it’s necessary for maintaining our mental and emotional well-being.

It’s also important to recognize and address common mental health issues. Depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions are more prevalent than many people realize. By understanding the signs and symptoms, we can seek help when needed and support others who may be struggling.

References

1.Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

2.Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. Random House.

3.Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. Bantam Books.

4.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper & Row.

5.Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being. Free Press.

6.Duckworth, A. (2016). Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance. Scribner.

7.Baumeister, R. F., & Tierney, J. (2011). Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength. Penguin Press.

8.Frankl, V. E. (1959). Man’s Search for Meaning. Beacon Press.

9.Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life. Hyperion.

10.Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. Harper & Brothers.

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As financial crimes grow in complexity, the future of risk management demands innovation, adaptability, and collaboration. Emerging technologies, evolving regulations, and global interconnectedness will shape how businesses detect and mitigate financial crime.

Emerging new trends are shaping the way organisations deal with financial crime risk management, including artificial intelligence, detecting potential threats, suspicious activity and dynamic models are starting to update risk profiles based on real-time inputs, minimising manual intervention.

Investing in advanced technologies such as AI, machine learning, and blockchain analytics is crucial for the future of financial crime prevention, as these tools enhance the ability to detect complex patterns, monitor transactions in real-time, and adapt to evolving threats. By leveraging these innovations, organisations can stay ahead of sophisticated criminal networks and improve the efficiency of compliance efforts.

(The future of Financial Crime Risk Management Predictions and Strategic Directions). March 1 2025.

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Will AI reshape/interfeer in how psychologists work?

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Will AI reshape/interfeer in how psychologists work?

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According to the study by Elaine Marcele AI will completely transformed or replicated by humans, there will be less opportunity for human beings, loss of jobs, cost of living pressure will impact on social and personal life.

Elaine Marcele Matos S Grasso - Psychology Degree

https://www.onecentralhealth.com.au/blog/therapy-why-a-psychologist-is-better-than-ai/?hl=en-AU

As we can observe a growth related to the use of AI in pretty much in all sectors of modern life, how can we, as future professional psychologists, adjust for this new technological scenario? This question has been brought and discussed for experts as we can see in many articles recently published.

Reading I few of them, I agree with the experts that believe that while there are an emerging fear that AI could replace psychologists, the general consensus is that AI will help increase psychological practice rather than replace it. Psychologists will increasintly be essential for a more complexing human understanding, for clinical judgement, ethical oversight and for the irreplaceble human connection.

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Bridie - Psychology/Self Image and Social Media

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Bridie - Psychology/Self Image and Social Media

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With technology now a social norm for familes and particularly children to own and use, the use of social media continues to increase. Social media platforms like Tiktok, Instagram etc. perpetuate high beauty standards, especially to young women and girls.

'This objectification of girls and pressure to fit into society’s narrow beauty standards can affect their psychological development and mental health.'

This will challenge the psychological field to adapt and keep up to date with how these platforms eveolve and what ways that affects young girls.

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Girls get many messages about how they should look and behave. These start when girls are very young and not all of them are healthy messages. The increasing numbers of sexualised images of girls in the media and on social media suggests to girls that their worth is judged on how they look or their sexual appeal.

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As discussed in the 2023 Intergenerational report (IGR) one of the major challenges which will impact Australia’s economy over the next 40 years is the rising demand for care and support services. It has been stated that government payments are projected to rise by 3.8 percentage points. One of those 5 main spending areas which will be attributed to the increase of government payments named is the NDIS. Whilst the NDIS does not specifically cover Psychologists alone, they are one of the many and vital services NDIS participants can access under the funding providing by the government.

So although it is acknowledged that funding for NDIS will increase the IGR also talks about repairing the budget. Namely stating “This includes the NDIS Financial Sustainability Framework and reforms to increase the fairness, integrity and sustainability.”(The treasury, 2023, p xvi) So what does this mean for psychologists who support our disability population via the NDIS? As published “The APS is alarmed by changes recommended in this year’s[2025] NDIA Annual Pricing Review, including cuts to hourly rates for psychologists in WA, SA, Tasmania and the NT, and reductions to travel caps; measures that fail to reflect participant need or the economic realities of delivering high-quality supports, and will ultimately limit access to vital therapy services.”(APS media release, 2025)

Considering we are only 2 years into the 40 year projection made in the 2023 IGR these new changes are concerning.  Future impacts to our countries psychologists and population could be greatly impacted by existing and any further changes made to the NDIS by government in a service that is of high demand for Australians.

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Psychology services under threat: APS urges clarity on NDIS reforms

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The APS promotes psychology and its positive impact in Australia. Expert members speak on key topics via media campaigns.

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Jake Bastick - The relationship between AOD and MH on First Nations people

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Jake Bastick - The relationship between AOD and MH on First Nations people

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The relationship between alcohol and other drugs (AOD) and mental health on First Nations people.

The access to and abuse of alcohol and other drugs (AOD) is having a direct impact on Indigenous Australians and their mental health. Trauma caused by colonisation, social disadvantage, and systemic racism plays a big role in the development of these co-occurring factors. people who experience mental health symptoms might turn to AOD use as a form of relief or a coping mechanism, but this often ends up making their symptoms worse. it can also work the other way around - those who already use AOD might begin to show signs of mental health issues. Either way, the cycle is similar. The two are strongly linked and often worsen each other. the 2018-19 NATSIHS suggests First Nations people who reported a mental health condition were more likely to have used substances in the last 12 months, compared with those without a mental conditions.

The relationship between AOD and mental health will continue to shape how services provide care. as this connection becomes better understood, services will need to adapt - not only to address issues together but also to ensure that care is culturally relevant. This means shifting approaches to support the unique needs of Indigenous communities, while also responding to the specific ways AOD and mental health interact.

References

Julia Butt, Edward Wilkes, Emily Ripley, Jocelyn Jones and Annalee Stearne. Harmful use of alcohol and other drugs and its relationship with the mental health and wellbeing of First Nations people: a review of the key issues, policy and practice approaches. (published 06/12/2024)

National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey.

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Harmful use of alcohol and other drugs and its relationship with the mental health and wellbeing of First Nations people: a review of the key issues, policy and practice approaches

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Harmful use of alcohol and other drugs and its relationship with the mental health and wellbeing of First Nations people: a review of the key issues, policy and practice approaches

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Psychological Services for Our Ageing Population

It is clearly understood that Australia has an increasingly ageing population.  This fact is discussed multiple times in the ‘Executive Summary’ of The Treasury's 2023 Intergenerational Report, pp. vii-vxii, but the mental health care required by an ageing population is not explicitly identified.

Essentially, there are two primary methods for receiving support services for older people.  One option is home care, where support is provided for activities of daily living in the home, and the other is through relocating to a residential aged care facility.  Stargatt et al. (2016) identify that residents of an aged care facility have a greater likelihood of requiring support for mental health issues compared with older Australians who remain in their homes with support services.  Specifically, when examining residential aged care facilities, the three main barriers to psychological treatment presented by Stargatt et al. (2016) are firstly a lack of training, understanding and time for existing carers. Secondly, the fear of social prejudice by the residents, if thought to have a mental health issue. Finally, the availability of psychologists trained to treat older adults or funding for them.

Hopefully, with the Treasury's acknowledgement of the required increase in services for ‘care and support’, there will also be a greater recognition of the benefits that psychologists could bring to Australia’s ageing population and an increase in the level of funding for this service in aged care facilities.

Stargatt, J., Bhar, S. S., Davison, T. E., Pachana, N. A., Mitchell, L., Koder, D., … Helmes, E. (2017). The Availability of Psychological Services for Aged Care Residents in Australia: A Survey of Facility Staff. Australian Psychologist, 52(6), 406–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12244

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Culturally Aware Organisational Psychology - Aaron Ivan

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Culturally Aware Organisational Psychology - Aaron Ivan

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Australia is a very multicultural country, and many workplaces now include people from different cultural backgrounds. However, there are still challenges with communication and understanding each other. For example, in factories or hospitals, migrant workers may not fully understand safety rules if English is not their first language. This can lead to accidents and stress.

Here comes the opportunity for people who study psychology to use their knowledge to support diverse workplaces. Organisational psychologists can help by making sure that training and communication are clear, inclusive, and suitable for everyone.

In the end, the article says that when psychologists are more culturally aware, they can help make workplaces safer, fairer, and more successful, both in Australia and around the world.

Reference:

Dunnette, M. D., Hough, L., & Triandis, H. (Eds.) (1994). Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (2nd Edition), Volume 4. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

DuPraw, M., & Axner, N. (1997). Working on common cross-cultural communication challenges. Retrieved in May 2011 from www.pbs.org/ampu/crosscult.html

Purdie, N., Dudgeon, P., & Walker, R. (2010). Working Together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mental health and Wellbeing Principles and Practice. Barton ACT: Commonwealth of Australia.

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Dr Steven Kiely MAPS, consulting psychologist and Professor Alex Main, cultural psychologist

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InPsych is the member magazine for the Australian Psychological Society and provides the opportunity for members to feature and share their work and knowledge in psychology.

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Research pace vs technology pace.

The field of psychology is increasingly essential for ensuring the technologies being rapidly introduced are safe and therefore ethical (e.g. AI for children at school, psychadelic therapy, brain wave monitoring EEG, etc), and the arguments brought forward for/against them need to be strongly science and research backed to navigate current political and cultural movements.

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Cultural Competence and Psychology - Nicole Coombes

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Cultural Competence and Psychology - Nicole Coombes

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Indigenous people have been observed, measured, assessed and evaluated for more than 200 years, which has in turn created a suspicion and fear toward health professionals, even when there are the best of intentions. Indigenous people have reported that they feel health services, including mental health, are culturally unsafe and will only seek help once they are in critical need. For psychologists to ensure that they are culturally responsive, they need to be able to develop a genuine humility, stepping away from preconceived notions, values and opinions and consider ways in which the past negative events have impacted their indigenous clients. This is through a process called personal reflexivity.

References

Australian Psychological Society (2021, March) InPsych 2021, Volume 43 Cultural Safety https://psychology.org.au/for-members/publications/inpsych/2021/february-march-issue-1/by-peter-smith-maps

Cultural Safety

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InPsych is the member magazine for the Australian Psychological Society and provides the opportunity for members to feature and share their work and knowledge in psychology.

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The demand for psychologists and support for mental health has increased significantly in recent years. Is this something that is going to continue to grow or does it seem to be in more demand due to cost of living and people not seeking help because of the cost involved?

The government is increasing postgraduate psychology places at universities and removing other barriers for mental health workers. While this will increase the number psychologists in the future, this will not assist with funding for individuals to pay for this service.

References

Dominic Cansdale ABC Gold Coast(2023)

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-05/psychologists-call-for-mental-health-rebate-reform/102316814

The Hon Mark Butler MP (2024) https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-mark-butler-mp/media/government-invests-in-future-psychologists-fast-tracking-workforce-expansion

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A surging transient population and rising costs of living have widened mental health gaps across the Gold Coast, as psychologists warn inadequate Medicare rebates are restricting capacity to meet high demand.

Report shows 'psychology demand outstrips supply' on Gold Coast resulting in a loss of 'momentum' for help

Psychology body calls for increased rebates to help more people afford sessions

Queensland Health says efforts to improve community care are underway

According to industry body the Australian Association of Psychologists (AAPi), rising cost of living pressures are fuelling high demand for mental health support.

"People are really struggling to make ends meet," chief services officer Amanda Curran said.

"They're feeling increasingly stressed, they're feeling increasingly depressed and hopeless about their situation."

A report by the McKell Institute, commissioned by the AAPi, found demand for sessions climbed by an average of 70 per cent year-on-year since the pandemic began.

The organisation also found that 52 per cent of clients wait longer than 6 weeks while 27 per cent wait longer than two months for services.

Some 'can't afford the gap'

An assessment from Gold Coast Hospital and Health Services showed one in 12 people on the Gold Coast - about 53,000 people - reported a mental health condition in 2022, including depression and anxiety.

Registered psychologist Shelley Jacks, who manages a private practice on the Gold Coast, said many people seeking support do not receive it.

If you or anyone you know needs help:

Suicide Call Back Service on 1300 659 467

Lifeline on 13 11 14

Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander crisis support line 13YARN on 13 92 76

Kids Helpline on 1800 551 800

Beyond Blue on 1300 224 636

Headspace on 1800 650 890

ReachOut at au.reachout.com

MensLine Australia on 1300 789 978

"It takes a lot of courage to go and see a psychologist," she said.

"A lot of people get turned away because they can't afford it or the psychologist is booked up.

"You wouldn't want to break your leg, and then someone say, 'oh sorry you have to wait for six weeks before you can come in'."

As the cost of living has increased, so too have clinic costs for psychologists, pushing up consultation fees.

A Medicare rebate is available for psychology sessions but Ms Jacks said "there's a lot of people out there that cannot afford that gap".

A national survey by the AAPi found 77 per cent of psychologists reported an increase in the cost of practising, with about 80 per cent charging more than $151 per session.

"To manage a psychology practice, in order to make a profit to keep the company going, you need to charge I would say around $180 to $200 for your session," Ms Jacks said.

'Very competitive' pathway to psychology

While increasing Medicare rebates could help more people afford mental health support, the AAPi said increasing the supply of psychologists will take more reform.

According to the Psychology Board of Australia, there are about 36,000 practising psychologists in Australia and about 8,200 provisional psychologists - trainees who practice under supervision and are in the final stages of becoming fully registered.

The AAPi's Amanda Curran said all psychologists need to complete a four-year undergraduate degree.

Clients of clinical psychologists who go on to complete a two-year master's degree, receive a $131 Medicare rebate.

Clients of registered psychologists, who instead complete a one-year postgraduate degree followed by a year-long work placement, receive a $90 rebate.

But Ms Curran said, "there should be no differentiation," and the industry has lobbied the federal government to increase rebates for registered psychologists.

"All psychologists have the same requirements. We would expect the same quality of care from all psychologists," she said.

"Increasing that rebate to $150 would increase the amount of bulk-billed sessions that could be put through as well, so more people could get the help that they need."

On the Gold Coast, Ms Jacks said while "there's the potential for a lot of extra psychologists", the limited number of clinical masters placements at universities meant it was "very, very competitive and hard to get into".

"We shouldn't send people to a four-year degree if there's not an option for them to complete what they need to be doing," she said.

Another industry body, the Australian Psychology Society, has been contacted for comment.

A spokesperson for the federal Department of Health said Medicare rebates were "set at a rate considered reasonable by the government taking into account matters such as the practitioner's qualifications and the nature, time and complexity of the service".

"Clinical psychologists undertake additional study to obtain their area of practice endorsement."

'Transient' stresses on system

An assessment by the Gold Coast Health and Hospital Services stated that waiting times for mental health support "inevitably meant the momentum of the help-seeking decision was lost, reducing opportunity for successful outcomes".

Gold Coast Mental Health Services clinical director Sandeep Kumar Chand said "mental health on the Gold Coast is unique in a way".

"We have a transient population who come as visitors, and we see at any given point of time, patients who are not known to [the] service," Dr Chand said.

"When they get discharged, sometimes we feel that the Gold Coast [does] lack those kinds of services.

"People moving interstate, wanting to live on the Gold Coast and seeking mental health support.

"We've got to work from scratch, build up support networks around them."

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Psychologists call for rebate reform as cost of living crisis increases demand on services

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The Gold Coast faces "unique" challenges for mental health services, as psychologists warn they cannot meet demand unless training pathways are reformed and Medicare rebates are increased.

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As we all know psychologists are in high demand in Australia, in both rural and metro settings. This demand gives us fairly good job security and options once finalising our courses.

However, with the high demand of psychologists now, is it just going to continue getting worse before it gets better? With so many people unable to get the help they need at the moment, how are we going to be able to help those that will start needing help over the next 10 years?

With the rising usage of AI, although being able to give a broader approach to situations, it doesn't offer empathy, it can't establish a trusted relationship and has no lived or world experience which can largely be beneficial.

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The rapidly accelerating pace of AI adoption and reliance on technology is set to deliver both benefits and risks. On one hand technology may allow analysis of very large data sets and speed up research that might otherwise take years. On the other hand, greater reliance on technology and increased usage could detrimentally impact the mental health of the population due to people leading a more sedentary lifestyle, neurological changes caused by excessive device usage and job insecurity anxiety.

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AI powered therapy is easy to use and available to everyone, however it can be incredibly harmful, especially to those already in a vulnerable place. One significant issue is AI's inability to respond appropriately to situations. AI chatbots have been shown to unintentionally idealise harmful concepts such as suicidal thoughts and delusions, because of their severe lack of clinical judgment. Also, AI cannot have real empathy, experience, or ability to establish relationships, which are all found necessary in therapy and any sort of psychological support. These limits, along with the known risk to privacy and data security, raise ethical concerns about using AI as a form of therapy without sufficient monitoring and proper regulation.

Khawaja, Z., & Bélisle-Pipon, J.-C. (2023). Your robot therapist is not your therapist: understanding the role of AI-powered mental health chatbots. Frontiers in Digital Health, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2023.1278186

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‘There is a growing need within South Australia’s Criminal Justice System for an alternative method of the procession of mentally ill offenders through the system. Those with a mental illness issue being brought before the South Australian criminal justice courts is about 20% of the total offenders yearly brought through those very systems.

The Pilot Magistrates Court Program aims to provide a significant diversion of mentally ill offenders away from potential incarceration or direct involvement with the South Australian criminal justice system. It will give these offenders the help they need to avoid reoffending and avoid in general the recidivism of these offenders over a long term period thereafter within society. The program’s primary goal is to avoid general incarceration of these offenders over long term periods and avoid these offenders in general from even having to enter the criminal justice system in the first place. (Burvill M. etal 2003 pp. 13-31), URL: https//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160252702002017

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The growing number of indivuals being diagnosed with borderline personality disorder will pose an issue on the psychology field in future given the limited research being undertaken to better understand this very complex mental health condition. There are some professionals actively studying this condition working towards more effective treatment plans for patient suffering with BPD. I believe psychologists will hit a point where being educated with borderline personality disorder is crucial to their ability to work within the psychology field.

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Continuing Education Activity

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) lists ten personality disorders that are divided into three clusters, clusters A, B, and C. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a cluster B disorder that is characterized by hypersensitivity to rejection and resulting instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect and behavior. Borderline personality disorder causes significant impairment and distress and is associated with multiple medical and psychiatric co-morbidities. Surveys have estimated the prevalence of borderline personality disorder to be 1.6% in the general population and 20% in the inpatient psychiatric population. This activity examines the presentation and evaluation of borderline personality disorder and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in its management.

Objectives:

Identify the epidemiology of borderline personality disorder.

Describe the presentation of a patient with a borderline personality disorder.

Outline the treatment options available for borderline personality disorder.

Explain interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance the management of borderline personality disorder and optimize patient outcomes.

Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.
Introduction

A personality disorder is a disorder involving a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking. Personality disorders are prevalent in the general population and more so in clinical populations. In the pediatric population, all personality disorders can be diagnosed, except antisocial personality disorder, as long as the pathologic behavior has been present for a year or more. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition(DSM-5) lists ten personality disorders divided into the 3 clusters (A, B, and C).[1] Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is 1 of 4 cluster-B disorders that include borderline, antisocial, narcissistic, and histrionic. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by hypersensitivity to rejection and resulting instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and behavior.[2] Borderline personality disorder causes significant impairment and distress and is associated with multiple medical and psychiatric co-morbidities. Surveys have estimated the prevalence of borderline personality disorder to be 1.6% in the general population and 20% of the psychiatric inpatient population.[3]

In contrast, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) appears to be the most prevalent personality disorder, with rates around 5% of the general population in some studies.[4] Patients with borderline personality disorder have been shown to utilize extensive treatment resources and are at increased morbidity and mortality compared with the general populations. This is perhaps the reason why borderline personality disorder has been studied more extensively than other personality disorders.

Etiology

Borderline personality disorder is multifactorial in etiology. There is a genetic predisposition. Twin studies show over 50% heritability (greater than that for major depression).[5] Twin studies performed in 2000 and 2008 both demonstrated higher concordance of the rate of borderline personality disorder for monozygotic versus dizygotic twins. Environmental factors that have been identified as contributing to the development of borderline personality disorder include primarily childhood maltreatment (physical, sexual, or neglect), found in up to 70% of people with BPD, as well as maternal separation, poor maternal attachment, inappropriate family boundaries, parental substance abuse, and serious parental psychopathology.

There are many theories about the development of borderline personality disorder. In the mentalizing model of Peter Fonagy and Anthony Bateman, borderline personality disorder is the result of a lack of resilience against psychological stressors. In this framework, Fonagy and Bateman define resilience as the ability to generate adaptive re-appraisal of negative events or stressors; patients with impaired re-appraisal accumulate negative experiences and fail to learn from good experiences.[6] In the biosocial model popularized by Dr. Marsha Linehan, genetic vulnerability interacts with a "chronically invalidating environment" to produce the constellation of borderline personality disorder symptoms. In another theory, borderline personality disorder arises from the inability to regulate effect and the lack of formation of appropriate coping mechanisms in response to stress.[7] Otto Kernberg theorized that lack of integration in the early material relationship led to borderline personality disorder.[8] Kernberg hypothesized that the infant experiences the maternal figure in a dichotomous framework, the loving and nurturing mother who provides for the child and the punishing, hateful mother who deprives the child. This contradiction causes intense anxiety and, if not integrated into a more moderate unitary concept, ultimately leads to the development of splitting. The term "splitting" refers to the defense mechanism in which the patient cannot form a realistic view of another person. At any given time, the other person is viewed as entirely good or entirely bad. This inability to view others as having both positive and negative attributes impairs personal relationships.

Neuroimaging studies have identified differences in the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial temporal lobes in patients with borderline personality disorder. Such studies also suggest that patients with borderline personality disorder misattribute negative emotions (fear, anger, disgust) to neutral faces more so than controls or other patients, despite having the perception of happy and upset faces equivalent to those groups. Neurobiological studies have suggested that impaired neuropeptide function, particularly serotonin, may be present in patients with a borderline personality disorder. On neuropsychological testing, a meta-analysis published in 2005 showed that patients with borderline personality disorder had lower performance on neurocognitive testing in the following domains: attention, cognitive flexibility, learning and memory, planning, speed processing, and visuospatial abilities.[9]

Epidemiology

Large, nationwide, epidemiologic studies published in 2007 and 2008, estimated the point prevalence of borderline personality disorder in the general population at 1.6% with a lifetime prevalence of 5.9%. No significant difference in rates of borderline personality disorder was found between females and males in the general population. In the clinical setting, however, the ratio of female to male has been reported as 3:1. These studies challenged previous reports that borderline personality disorder was more prevalent in women. The prevalence of borderline personality disorder in the psychiatric, outpatient population has been estimated at 11%, and in the psychiatric, inpatient population as high as 20%. Multiple studies examining the relationship between ethnicity and borderline personality disorder have not produced similar results.[10][11]

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of borderline personality disorder is likely a combination of genetic predisposition combined with early childhood environmental factors and neurobiological dysfunction. A greater understanding of neurobiology and specifically neurotransmitter dysfunction may lead to improved therapeutic options for treating borderline personality disorder. A recent study published in 2015 examined the role of oxytocin in the regulation of social reward and empathy networks as a contributing cause of borderline personality disorder and other personality disorders. Specifically, serotonin dysregulation reducing the sensitivity of the 5HT-1A receptor may contribute to borderline personality disorder. Increased rates of learning disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and neurocognitive deficits, as well as abnormal electroencephalographic findings, have also been reported in patients with borderline personality disorder.

History and Physical

A careful history and physical examination should be performed before performing a comprehensive psychiatric assessment. There are structured diagnostic screening tools that are used to assess personality disorders and specifically borderline personality disorder, for example, the Zanarini Rating Scale for borderline personality disorder.

The DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder

A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, of self-image, and affects as well as marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts as indicated by five or more of the following:

1. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in criterion 5.

2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation.

3. Identity disturbance: Markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self.

4. Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging, for example, spending, substance abuse, reckless driving, sex, binge eating, etc. Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in criterion 5.

5. Affective instability caused by a marked reactivity of mood, for example, intense episodic dysphoria, anxiety, or irritability, usually lasting a few hours and rarely more than a few days.

6. Chronic feelings of emptiness.

7. Inappropriate, intense anger, or difficulty controlling anger, for example, frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights.

8. Transient paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms.

Evaluation

Several diagnostic instruments are available to aid in diagnosis, such as:

The McClean screening instrument for borderline personality disorder

Personality diagnostic questionnaire

Structured clinical interview for DSM-5 personality disorders

The Minnesota borderline personality disorder scale

The personality assessment inventory-borderline features scale

Diagnostic tools may be separated into the general categories of the self-report and structured interview.

Patients with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have high rates of comorbid disorders:

Treatment / Management

Treatment of borderline personality disorder relies on psychotherapy. Three evidence-based therapies are effective for patients with borderline personality disorder. First, mentalizing-based therapy (MBT) helps patients manage emotion dysregulation by feeling understood, allowing them to be more curious and make fewer assumptions about the intentions of the people around them. A second therapy, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) combines mindfulness practices with concrete interpersonal and emotion regulation skills. Third, transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP) focuses on using the patient-therapist relationship to develop the patient's awareness of problematic interpersonal dynamics. MBT and DBT each incorporate individual and group treatment over 12 to 18 months. For adolescents, family therapy may be an appropriate substitute for group therapy, though not always.

No medications are FDA-approved for the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Medications such as SSRIs, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics have shown limited effectiveness in trials aiming at control of symptoms such as anxiety, sleep disturbance, depression, or psychotic symptoms. Anxiety can be challenging to treat because patients may label their internal experiences with the word anxiety, even when they are not truly based on fear. Thus, "anxiety" may need to be accurately re-labeled, with treatment recommendations stemming from the patient's specific internal experience. The exception to the misleading use of the word anxiety is that patients with borderline personality disorder often have a fear of being alone; in other words, they have attachment-related anxiety. However, attachment-related anxiety is not necessarily similar in etiology or treatment to recognized anxiety disorders.

Self-injurious behavior, boundary issues, and frequent suicidal threats present therapeutic challenges specific to the treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder. High rates of comorbid substance abuse may also confound the treatment of borderline personality disorder patients. Patients with borderline personality disorder do not typically require hospitalization; however, inpatient care may be required in certain situations such as:

Imminent risk of high lethality behaviors due to overt suicidal ideation or impulsivity

Severe social stressors causing intense negative thoughts or transient psychosis

The rapid escalation in the severity of self-injurious behavior

Decompensation of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses or severe substance abuse

The traditional belief that prolonged (longer than one week) inpatient hospitalization is counterproductive or even deleterious for patients with borderline personality disorder was not supported in a recent study. The data showed equal improvement among inpatients with and without borderline personality disorder over several weeks of hospitalization.

Given high comorbidity with ADHD, all patients with borderline personality disorder should be screened for this condition. When dealing with adolescents, parents and teachers should be asked to fill out a standardized questionnaire (Conners, SNAP, Vanderbilt). For adults, no standard of care is established for self-report or observer-report of inattentive or hyperactive symptoms. A combination of 2 self-reports to guide clinical decision-making, the ADHD Symptom Rating Scale (World Health Organization), and the Wender-Utah ADHD Rating Scale (WURS-25) provide more than 80% sensitivity and specificity.

Differential Diagnosis

When considering a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, the differential diagnosis should always include other personality disorders, since overlap is common, especially within cluster B. Other diagnostic considerations include:

Non-suicidal self-injury disorder (a time-limited phenomenon in many patients)

Bipolar disorder (5-times less prevalent, but co-morbidity approaches 15%)

Autism spectrum disorder (patients with congenital deficits in theory of mind may also show severe mood dysregulation)

Prognosis

There is a good prognosis for patients with borderline personality disorder. A longitudinal study of 290 inpatients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and reassessed at 2-year intervals over 16 years yielded the following rates of remission:[12]

Unfortunately, the authors of this study noted that remission was associated with impoverished social relationships, leading them to suggest that patients may appear to remit because they avoid interpersonal relationships, rather than gradually developing better interpersonal skills. Once achieved, remission was nonetheless sustained for over eight years in 75% of patients. Several factors were associated with the faster onset of remission, including lack of co-morbid, axis-1 disorders, no history of childhood sexual abuse, no history of family substance abuse, high baseline functioning (demonstrated at school or in the workplace), and age less than 25 years. Sustained remission from borderline personality disorder has been demonstrated in several other studies as well.[13][14]

Complications

The complications of borderline personality disorder include:

Deterrence and Patient Education

Patients and their families should be educated about borderline personality disorder and be provided with the necessary literature to learn about the condition. The families should be advised that the patients may get angry and suicidal and told to seek help immediately. In addition, patients should be encouraged to seek and continue psychotherapy until they experience sustained benefit.

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Borderline personality disorder is one of the most difficult mental health disorders to manage; it is best managed with an interprofessional team, including psychiatrists, psychologists, pharmacists, mental health nurses, and social workers. Pharmacists review prescribed medications, check for drug-drug interactions, and provide patients education. Mental health nurses and social workers provide care, monitor patients, participate in the education of patients and their families, and provide follow-up to the team. Unfortunately, there are no medications that seem to help; psychotherapy may help some patients, but compliance with treatment is low. The outcomes for most patients are poor, with many running into legal, social, and personal problems. [Level 5]

References

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A personality disorder is a disorder involving a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking. Personality disorders are prevalent in the general population and more so in clinical populations. In the pediatric population, all personality disorders can be diagnosed, except antisocial personality disorder, as long as the pathologic behavior has been present for a year or more.

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Psychology and Social Media Use

The information in this article suggests that 90 % of adolescents use social media. It has become a factor in development and is integrated into daily life. From a clinical perspective, psychologists will need to consider the impact this has going forward on the development of adolescent brains, and also the impact on the social landscape. This article suggests that while there is some research into the impact of social media on psychological welfare, it can be contradictory, and there is not sufficient research to conclusively inform psychological practice. Psychologists will need to conder the role of social media in patients' lives, both as positive in regard to social connectedness, and the potential for negative psychological outcomes due to social comparison.

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Abstract

Social media use is almost ubiquitous among adolescents and emerging adults. Although much has been studied about the psychological implications of social media use, there is currently no integrative model in which multiple dimensions of social media are considered. The goal of this theoretical article is to introduce the Multidimensional Model of Social Media Use (MMSMU), which aims to provide a useful framework for researchers and practitioners to study and understand young people's social media use in relation to their psychological well-being. The model attends to three major dimensions: activities performed on social media, motives for social media use, and communication partners connected through social media. We present empirical evidence showing whether each dimension is associated with better or poorer well-being and identify or propose mechanisms explaining the associations. Before concluding the article, we discuss clinical implications and possible ways to further expand the proposed model.

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Notes

1. In computer-mediated research, self-presentation and self-disclosure can be used interchangeably because both concern self-expression (Kim & Dindia, 2011). We follow this convention and include studies of online self-disclosure in our discussion of self-presentation.

2. Jin ( 2014) found a positive relationship between escapism and well-being in the context of social network game use. However, as the author pointed out in the discussion, there were validity issues with the scale used. Investigating this further, the scale incorporated few references to escape, problems, worries, and other common characteristics of escapism. Generally, escapism should relate with poor well-being, although more studies with valid scales are needed.

3. The studies by Lin and Utz ( 2015) and Liu et al. ( 2016) are among the cornerstones of this conclusion, and thus it is important to make it clear that their samples were adults (including emerging adults and adults of other ages; M age  = 25 to 41.7). Although the samples were not strictly youth, given the prominence of these two studies in the research of relational closeness and social media browsing, we still include them in our review and model development.

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Authors and Affiliations

1. School of Educational Foundations, Leadership and Aviation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA

Chia-chen Yang & Jati Ariati

2. Office of Institutional Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, USA

Sean M. Holden

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chia-chen Yang.

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Yang, Cc., Holden, S.M. & Ariati, J. Social Media and Psychological Well-Being Among Youth: The Multidimensional Model of Social Media Use. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 24, 631-650 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-021-00359-z
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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Social Media and Psychological Well-Being Among Youth: The Multidimensional Model of Social Media Use - Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Social media use is almost ubiquitous among adolescents and emerging adults. Although much has been studied about the psychological implications of social media use, there is currently no integrative model in which multiple dimensions of social media are considered.

# data[].attributes.body
Hi everyone. I'm really looking forward to the challenges and opportunities that get posted here. It's a great resource for sharing ideas and discovery of information and can be useful for your report topic and report. Welcome everyone! Best regards, Phil.

# data[].attributes.body
Discipline- Criminology and Criminal Justice.

With the government's future commitment to disadvantaged groups you can expect an improvement in criminal activity. The government have plans to improve the safety and security of women, invest in services and payments for parents, increase affordable housing and better the quality of life for First Nations Australians (The Treasury, 2023, p. xvii). Improving social conditions and services is likely to have an impact on lowering crime rate.

# data[].attributes.body
The aging population, use of technology, climate change, increase in demand for care services all will influence future path and structure the economy. There is a shift towards services not production so there will be an increase in a wider range of services to provide that extra care (The Treasury)

# data[].attributes.headline
Kandice Schellen - South Australia's Social Work Registration Scheme

# data[].attributes.subject
Kandice Schellen - South Australia's Social Work Registration Scheme

# data[].attributes.body
The South Australian Government established the Social Work Registration Act 2021 with the Social Worker Registration Scheme commencing shortly after. Under this scheme, all social workers will need to be registered to work within the field by July 1 2025.

The scope of practice proposed by the registration scheme is very broad, leaving community service workers who have not completed a social work degree, concerned they will not be able to work past July 2025.

With the Department for Child Protection already under staffed and struggling to find workers, this scheme will place further strain on the Department and it's supporting agencies potentially placing children's live s at risk.

References:

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-03-07/concerns-social-workers-quit-under-sa-registration-scheme/105017230

https://gcyp.sa.gov.au/2024/10/10/new-scheme-for-social-work-registration-the-guardians-call-for-a-careful-and-considered-approach/

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Concerns ‘children could die’ under proposed details for social worker registration scheme

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Domestic violence and child protection workers could leave if South Australia pushes ahead with proposed guidelines for a national-first social worker registration scheme, advocates are warning.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Lived Experience workers use their own life experiences to support people living with mental health distress. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Tayla - Importance of integration of Lived Experience Workforce into the Mental Health Care sector

# data[].attributes.subject
Tayla - Importance of integration of Lived Experience Workforce into the Mental Health Care sector

# data[].attributes.body
There has been a huge movement towards and push for Lived Experience workers to be on the frontlines, working with people seeking support for mental health distress – being a first point of contact and ongoing advocate for consumers. Intentional Peer Support emphasizes person-centered, trauma-informed care, with an emphasis on culturally responsive practice implementation. There is increasing recognition that lived experience is a genuine and reputable form of knowledge in the sphere of mental health care. The legitimacy of advocacy that arises from a place of true understanding is hard to ignore, creating a relationship that exists outside of the preexisting hierarchy of the mental health care system.

“Listening to shared life events can unsettle dominant ideologies and raise awareness of shared vulnerabilities and a common humanity (Bartelds et al., Citation2023; Loughhead et al., Citation2023; Parsell et al., Citation2024; Roennfeldt et al., Citation2024).”[1]

It is of course recognized that we all have our own lived experience, but Peer Support Work places an emphasis on the intentional use of lived experience within in a clinical setting. It is in fact stated ‘as an expectation within contemporary mental health policy’[2] that service users be included in the framework for mental health service delivery.

There are ongoing persistent challenges being faced regarding the smooth and effective integration of lived experience workers into the mental healthcare system. There are however some “recommendations for areas of learning and unlearning ingrained bias and assumptions which may be detrimental to integration of lived experience workforces and hinder movement toward greater adoption of recovery-orientated service delivery.”[3]

The role of allyship within the development and integration of the lived experience workforce is critical, who are needed to support and hold space. Particularly, leaders acting as allies to peer workers and the ongoing integration of their profession into the mental healthcare space is pivotal; leaders act at the level of funding and resource allocation. They also have the power to create roles and adjust hierarchies. There are various areas where service providers and participants at all levels need to learn and unlearn certain ideas and preconceptions. And allies who are genuine have key responsibilities if their allyship is to be genuine. Unlearning and relearning can be an extremely uncomfortable process but is essential if the lived experience workforce is going to be successfully integrated into the current framework.

At the level of organizational policy, allyship is also crucial: pushing for much needed structural change.

The lived experience workforce faces significant challenges in integrating into the current framework, from stigmas and biases, to insufficient support at various levels. It is extremely important that allyship increases on those various levels to reform policy and existing frameworks. Adequate support for people wishing to champion the cause is a necessity.

References:

[1] Gair, S. (2025). Honouring the Legitimacy and Power of Shared Lived Experience in Social Work. Australian Social Work, 78(2), pp.129–132. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407x.2025.2463136.

[2] Reeves, V., Loughhead, M., Teague, C., Matthew Anthony Halpin and Procter, N. (2024). Lived experience allyship in mental health services: Recommendations for improved uptake of allyship roles in support of peer workforces. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 33(5). doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13322.

[3] Reeves, V., Loughhead, M., Teague, C., Matthew Anthony Halpin and Procter, N. (2024). Lived experience allyship in mental health services: Recommendations for improved uptake of allyship roles in support of peer workforces. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 33(5). doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13322.

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With Covid in the past it's evident society and community is dealing with the ripple effect. This could and has been described as a mental health crisis where the demand for services far outweighs the resources available. This can lead to psychologist burnout potentially further reducing access to services as psychologists change the way they work in the name of self-preservation.

This article highlights the challenges psychologists face, the commitment needed but also the need for psychologists to self reflect for their own well being moving forward.

I believe in the current climate, moving forward the need for psychological services is only going to increase. As a result, psychologists need to work smarter to ensure their career is sustainable and the treatment/support clients need is of a high and effective standard.

References:

Australian Psychological Society (2023, January 21).

Dread, exhaustion and rising helplessness: inside the burnout among Australia’s psychologists.

https://psychology.org.au/about-us/news-and-media/aps-in-the-media/2023/dread-exhaustion-and-rising-helplessness-inside-t

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Dread, exhaustion and rising helplessness: inside the burnout among Australia's psychologists

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The APS works with the media and issues regular topical media releases, resulting in hundreds of stories across the year. Read some highlights of that coverage.

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This article calls attention to the need for care with Australia's ageing population. According to the National Institute of Ageing (2024), the elderly population are more at risk of experiencing loneliness and social isolation, which can in turn cause higher risks of anxiety and depression. Additionally, brain disorders such as Alzheimer's and Dementia are common in the elderly population (Mayo clinic, 2024). Consequently, the need for psychologists will increase. Furthermore, The Intergenerational Report considers the increasing need for support services as one force that will contribute to Australia's economic growth in the next 40 years.

References:

Mayo Clinic. (2024, September 25). Dementia - symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352013

National Institute on Aging. (2024, July 11). Loneliness and Social Isolation — Tips for Staying Connected. National Institute on Aging. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/loneliness-and-social-isolation/loneliness-and-social-isolation-tips-staying-connected

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Hi everyone, Please share your insights into the challenges and opportunities you see arising in the next few years for your chosen profession. Best regards, Phil (Online Tutor).

# data[].attributes.headline
Jennifer Devlin - Psychology and Artificial Intelligence (AI). 

# data[].attributes.subject
Jennifer Devlin - Psychology and Artificial Intelligence (AI). 

# data[].attributes.body
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is everywhere. The integration of AI into everyday life, increases our need to understand potential psychological implications.

AI platforms are becoming rapidly more accessible and incredibly efficient, as such, we are beginning to rely on AI to help us make daily decisions, making it increasingly easy not to have to make decisions for ourselves.

Although we can clearly see the positive opportunity AI is having, are we likely to see a shift in people’s confidence in making decisions for themselves.

Tasks that we would normally do ourselves, are being actioned quicker and with less mental strain. We feel excited about this, we can feel the adrenaline rush; we can see a positive shift in productivity but is it stopping us from thinking for ourselves.

Businesses are using AI to support decision making, systems with AI integration are helping us make better decisions based on data. Although we understand the benefits of this, we are becoming reliant on AI to make decisions for us, we are losing the ability to make independent decisions or critically evaluate situations without technological input.

Reference:

Psychology of AI: How AI impacts the way people feel, think, and behave.

Science Direct - Current Opinion in Psychology, Volume 58, August 2024, 101835.