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–Warm-blooded (endothermic and homeothermic)

–Four-chambered heart

–Fur or hair (not feathers) to retain heat

–Mammary glands to produce milk for young
- Endothermy

- Live births

- Placenta: tissue developed to give nutrients to the embryo.

- Generally have larger craniums so more and complex behaviors.

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3. Distinction of how class are different

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3. Distinction of how class are different

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(whats in here anatomically should always be in 4) (what makes it different from others)

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6. Media about the groups (video, pictures, web sites)

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6. Media about the groups (video, pictures, web sites)

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a. About 1000 species

b. Skeleton of cartilage

c. Movable jaws with well-developed teeth

d. Placoid scales and paired fins

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a. Sharks
b. Skates
c. Rays
d. Ratfishes

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a. Cartilaginous skeleton
b. Placoid Scales
c. Gill slits

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a. Cartilaginous skeleton
b. Placoid Scales
c. Well developed teeth
d. Paired fins
e. Gill Slits

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a. Oviparous
b. Ovoviviparous

c. Viviparous

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a. Marine and fresh water
b. Possess a hard, strong - but lightweight -  skeleton made of calcium that supports them and is responsible for their success (and diversity) as a group

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a. Lobe-finned fishes: largely extinct, but include lungfishes and coelacanths
b. Ray-finned fishes: in contrast, are far more successful, and can be further divided into soft-rayed, (Cod, Trout, and Herring), and spiny-rayed bony fish, (Bass, Groupers, Reef fish).

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a. Bone Skeleton
b. Gills covered by operculum
c. Swim bladder

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a. Ctenoid scales or sometimes cycloid
b. Paired fins
c. Bone skeleton
d. Gills covered by operculum
e. Swim bladder

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Most Oviparous

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a. Keritin scales waterproof the skin.
b. Obtain all of their oxygen through lungs.

c. Lay shelled amniotic eggs.

d. Use behavior to regulate body temperature.- Ectothermic

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a. Testudines (turtles)

b. Squamata (lizards and snakes)

c. Crocodilia (alligators and crocodiles).

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a. Testudines (turtles): distinguished by a trunk more or less enclosed in a shell of bony dermal plates that is usually covered externally with horny shields and in nearly all cases firmly united with some of the vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and by jaws that are toothless and sheathed

b. Squamata (lizards and snakes): distinguished by their skins, which bear horny scales or shields

c. Crocodilia (alligators and crocodiles): have four sprawling legs that can be used to gallop; they replace their teeth throughout life; they have strong jaws and a powerful bite

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Reptiles have three chambered heart except alligators and crocodiles which have four chambered heart. They have two aortic blood vessels carrying blood from the heart to all other parts of the body. Well developed lungs that is folded into small sacs called alveoli helps the reptiles to breathe. All the reptiles breathe through their lungs throughout their lifetime. These alveoli greatly increase the internal surface area and increase the effectiveness of the lungs.

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Lay Eggs. Reptiles have kept a flexible leathery coat on the egg.

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Seals, sea lions, and the walrus (order Pinnipedia):
•Pinnipeds (“fin-footed”) evolved from a terrestrial carnivore

•They are predators, feeding mainly on fish and squid

•Streamlined bodies for swimming

•Thick layer of fat, or blubber for insulation, food reserves, and buoyancy

Sea otter and the polar bear (order Carnivora):
•Sea otters and polar bears are marine mammals belonging to order Carnivora

•The sea otter is the smallest marine mammal, which lacks a layer of blubber

•Instead, the sea otter has extremely dense fur, which traps air against the body for insulation

–Hunted extensively for fur nearly to extinction

Manatees and dugongs (order Sirenia):
•Sirenians (order Sirenia) include the manatees and dugong

•Sirenians, also known as sea cows, have a pair of front flippers, but no rear limbs

•Swim with up-and-down strokes of their paddle- (manatee) or V- (dugong) shaped tails

•Closest land relative is the elephant!
•The Stellar Sea Cow was a large, herbivorous marine mammal formerly abundant in the North Pacific

•Described by naturalist Wilheim Stellar in 1741; hunted to extinction within 27 years of discovery!

–8 meters long

–Fed on kelp

–Did otter hunting                                                            play a role?

Whales, dolphins, and porpoises (order Cetacea): widely distributed and diverse clade of aquatic mammals that today consists of the whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Cetaceans are carnivorous and finned. Most species live in the sea, some in rivers.
120 species altogether

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a. all live birth
b. all have hair
c. all feed milk to offspring
d. all are endothermic

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•Sea otters are found only in the Pacific Ocean, and have the densest fur of all animals

•Sea otters inhabit nearshore environments and dive to the sea floor to forage on mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms (sea stars and urchins)

–Must eat ~25-30% of their body weight per day

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lEndothermic for increased metabolism.

lFour chambered heart is efficient in blood circulation.

lOne way air flow in respiratory track.

lLarge Keel to anchor pectoral muscles.
lLack teeth and use a gizzard to grind food.

lSome lack organs (having one ovary)

lHollow bones decrease weight.

lFeathers made of keratin.

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Strisores — nightjars, frogmouths, and other nocturnal birds, along with diurnal swifts and hummingbirds.

Columbaves — turacos, bustards, cuckoos, pigeons, sandgrouse, and mesites.

Gruiformes — cranes, rails, crakes, Sungrebe, flufftails, and others.

Aequorlitornithes — shorebirds, flamingos, grebes, gulls, tropicbirds, penguins, and other waterbirds.

Inopinaves — all landbirds, including hawks, owls, toucans, falcons, parrots, and songbirds.

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a. Feathers!!!
b. The furcula, a fused clavicle (collarbone), serves as a brace during the flight stroke. Crucial for bird flight is a canal formed by the articulation of the humerus (forewing bone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the coracoid (bone connecting the sternum itself to the humerus). Through this canal, the foramen triosseum or triosseal canal, runs the tendon of the supracoracoideus muscle, which attaches to the sternum and the dorsal side of the humerus, and lifts the wing upwards in flight. The powerful downstroke of the wing is powered by the large pectoralis muscles, which also attach to the sternal keel.

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- Endothermic for increased metabolism.

- Four chambered heart is efficient in blood circulation.

- One way air flow in respiratory track.

- Large Keel to anchor pectoral muscles.
- Evolution to flight dominates Avian characteristics.

- Lack teeth and use a gizzard to grind food.

- Some lack organs (having one ovary)

- Hollow bones decrease weight.

- Feathers made of keratin.

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Lay eggs. Bird have added strength to the egg by using a calcareous shell.

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a. Oviparous: eggs laid outside of mother in thick mucus layer

b. Ovoviviparous: retention of the eggs within the uterus but only the eggs nourishes the embryo.

c. Viviparous: placental formation in the uterus.
d. Cycloid scales have a smooth outer edge
e. Ctenoid scales have a toothed outer edge

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•Polar bears are semi-aquatic mammals that spend a good deal of their life drifting on sea ice in the Arctic

•They feed primarily on seals, which they stalk at breathing holes

•World’s largest land carnivore

•Thick blubber; translucent fur, black skin!

•Threatened by the loss of Arctic sea ice!

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•Seals (earless pinnipeds; family Phocidae) have 19 representative species

–Rear flippers cannot be moved forward

–No external ear flap

–Claws (and fur) on flippers

–Short, robust neck

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•Sea lions and fur seals (eared pinnipeds; family Otariidae) have 15 representative species

–Rotatable hind flippers

–External ear flap

–Long, flexible neck

–No fur or claws on flippers

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•Walrus (family Odobenidae) are large pinnipeds with a distinctive pair of tusks

–Both male and female have tusks; can reach 1 meter in length!

–Used for defense, and anchoring onto ice

•Strictly Arctic!

•Benthic-feeder; feeds                                        primarily on clams

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All live birth

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Used in aquatic vertebrates. Tiny hair-like structures stick out of this canal. The shark can detect water movements created by turbulence, currents, or vibrations by displacing this hair-like structure. This line system detects low-frequency vibrations and helps mainly with distance perception.

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Dorsal fin. Lends stability in swimming.

Ventral fin. Serves to provide stability in swimming.

Caudal fin. In most fish, the Caudal or tail fin is the main propelling fin.

Anal fin. Also lends stability in swimming.

Pectoral fins. Locomotion and side to side movement.

Adipose fin. Stability.