# data[].attributes.body
This theory is a little bit different from the other two groups. This one looks at how we learn, especially as children, and why we often say things like "Do as I say, not do as I did". Group 3, please research and read up what this theory is about according to the same format:

1) Explanation:
2) Key scholars:
3) Examples/Evidence:

# data[].attributes.body
One of the fundamental theories to explain the influence and effects of mass communication is the Magic Bullet Theory or the Hypodermic Needle Theory.

Group 1, you are to research and read up on what this theory is about and summarise the important points about this theory according to the following:

1) Explanation:
2) Key scholars:
3) Examples/Evidence:

# data[].attributes.body
a) In your personal and social circles, who are the people that you would trust to share accurate, factual information with you? Rank them from 1 to 5, 1 being most trusted and 5 being the least.

b) For each groups of people that you ranked, share what kind of information that you would trust if shared by them.

# data[].attributes.body
Another important theory to explain the impact of mass media on society is this theory. Group 2, just like Group 1, please research and read up what this theory is about according to the same format:

1) Explanation:
2) Key scholars:
3) Examples/Evidence:

# data[].attributes.body
a) Reflecting on your own personal experience, how long did it take you to emulate/follow/learn/adopt a behaviour after being exposed to it in the media?

b) Share examples of information or things that you learnt from the media that you eventually believe as fact and reality. This can be anything from stereotypes about people, places and behaviour, advertisements on products and news stories.

# data[].attributes.headline
Video games the cause for violent behaviour?

# data[].attributes.subject
Video games the cause for violent behaviour?

# data[].attributes.body
A lot of research has gone into trying to explain why some people behave violently. Much of the evidence from research points to a common theme - exposure to violent imagery and acts in the media, especially in films, music videos and video games.

Discuss in your group about the Catharsis Theory and Stimulation Theory. Which ones would you believe to be more prevalent in your own experience? Does playing video games and watching violent scenes in films tend to make us less or make us more violent?

# data[].attributes.body
These two theories focuses more on how the news media affects our perception of issues that matter. Group 4, please read and research both these theories

1) Explanation:
2) Key scholars:
3) Examples/Evidence:

# data[].attributes.headline
What's important today? As told by the media...

# data[].attributes.subject
What's important today? As told by the media...

# data[].attributes.body
a) If you have been following the current events happening locally and in the world today, discuss as a group on what are the top 5 issues/topics that you all feel are important and should be discussed frequently in the media and list them down.

b) Now, look at some of the major local and international news outlets  and scan through some of the headlines. What are the major topics that they cover and how does it compare with the list your group had created? Is there a similarity or difference?

c) Why do you think the news media often doesn't talk about major important issues that should be discussed?

# data[].attributes.headline
Hypodermic Needle Theory/ Magic Bullet Theory.

# data[].attributes.subject
Hypodermic Needle Theory/ Magic Bullet Theory.

# data[].attributes.body
1. This theory is the belief that every message that is communicated to the audience through media is received and accepted by the audience a 100%.
2.Paul Lazarsfeld and Herta Herzog, 1940s
3. Examples include:
-The "Panic Broadcast" when an radio transmission was interrupted by sounds of war, said to have been Martians invading. It created mass panic
-Hitler's monopolisation of the mass media during WWII to unify the German people

# data[].attributes.body
a) 1- Family members ( small group )

exp : Father, Mother, Siblings.

2- Extended part of family members.

exp : Cousins, Uncles, Aunts

3 -Group of friends that you grew up with.

(childhood friends)

4- Friends at your alma mater.

5- Starngers you just met.

b) - Family members-Political issues

- Historical stories

- Scientific facts

- Their thoughts on movies

- The location of a place

Group:
Xiaer
Zaim
Rifa

# data[].attributes.headline
Group Member: Sirinda, Winnie, Grace, Ben, Theodore

# data[].attributes.subject
Group Member: Sirinda, Winnie, Grace, Ben, Theodore

# data[].attributes.body
Cumulative Effects Theory

Another important theory to explain the impact of mass media on society is this theory. Group 2, just like Group 1, please research and read up what this theory is about according to the same format:

1) Explanation:

this theory revolves around shaping our opinions by exposing us to different messages on the media. When one person doesn't have the same opinion as the public it is called 'spiral of silence'.

2) Key scholars:

1. Leonard Eron and his associates wrote (1972, p. 262), "the weight of evidence…supports the theory that during a critical period in a boy's development, regular viewing and liking of violent television lead to the formation of a more aggressive life style."

2. Observational learning theory, as originally developed by Albert Bandura and his colleagues (1963, 1986), proposes that children develop habitual modes of behavior through imitation and vicarious reinforcement

3. Rowell Huesmann (1998) extended the concept of observational learning to include the learning of social scripts, which are "programs" that children may employ automatically when they are faced with social problems

4. Television shapes schemas about how hostile the world is. Viewing television cultivates a sense of personal risk in the real world, according to George Gerbner and Larry Gross (1976)

3) Examples/Evidence:

As Huesmann and his associates (1986, 1997, 1999) have shown in two separate studies, children who grow up watching a steady diet of media violence are significantly more at risk to behave violently as young adults than are comparable children who watch less violence. In one study, the children (at eight years of age) who watched more violence behaved more violently ten years later (when they were eighteen years of age), and again twelve years after that (when they were thirty years of age). In a second study, the children (six to eleven years of age) who watched more violence behaved more violently fifteen years later (when they were between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-six).

Learning from the Media

a) Reflecting on your own personal experience, how long did it take you to emulate/follow/learn/adopt a behavior after being exposed to it in the media?

In my own personal experience, I started using the media at an early age like everyone else for watching television when I was younger. The more I became older, I discovered that there was endless possibilities and answers to a question. The media helped me with my research and even when I wanted to 🤬 boredom. The media plays a huge role in my life and I adopted my hobby of blogging after about a week or two after exposed to the media.

b) Share examples of information or things that you learnt from the media that you eventually believe as fact and reality. This can be anything from stereotypes about people, places and behaviour, advertisements on products and news stories.

One example of information that I learnt from the media that I eventually accepted as a fact is that the world is not set in black and white. I used to believe that there were distinct differences between good and evil, and right and wrong. But as I continued using the media, I came to find that it is not so. It is said that Adolf Hitler was the most evil man in the world. If this was so, how was he able to have a wife and children? Why did he spare a Jewish man, whose race he was persecuting, his life? I eventually accepted that although he has done many wrongs throughout his lifetime, Adolf Hitler was a misunderstood figure in history and he too was only human who made mistakes.

References:

https://masscommtheory.com/theory-overviews/cultivation-theory/

Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication

https://prezi.com/-mp2yvayemln/cultivation-theory-and-cumulative-effects-theory-media-and/

Cultivation Theory and Cumulative Effects Theory

https://www.encyclopedia.com/media/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cumulative-media-effects

https://www.biography.com/people/adolf-hitler-9340144

Adolf Hitler

# data[].attributes.body
Explanation:
The main thing we have to know in Agenda-setting Theory is a very powerful influence of the media which has the ability to tell us what issues are important. In the research in 1968 they focused on two elements which are awareness and information. Agenda-setting Theory is the creation of public awareness and concern of salient issues by the news media. The most research on agenda-setting theory is the press and the media do not reflect reality, they filter and shape it and the next is concentration on a few issues. Agenda-setting Theory seems quite appropriate to help us understand the pervasive role of the media, for example on political communication systems. One of the most critical aspect in the concept of an agenda-setting theory role of mass communication is the time frame for this phenomenon.

Key Scholars:
*McCombs,M.E.(1972).Mass Communication in Political Campaigns:Information,in Mass Communication Research.Beverly Hills,CA.:Sage.
*McCombs,M.E.,&Weaver,D.(1973).Voters’ Need for Orientation and Use of Mass Communication.Presented at the annual conference of the International Communication Association.Montreal,Canada.

Examples/Evidence:
McCombs and shaw focused on two elements which are awareness and information. By investigating the agenda-setting theory in the 1968,presidential campaign, they attempted the relationship between what voters in one community said were important issues and the actual content of media messages used during the campaign. McCombs and Shaw concluded that the mass media exerted a significant influence  on what voters considered  to be major issues of the campaign.

# data[].attributes.body
Explanation:
Framing refers to how we look at a given situation which influences the way we determine right from wrong. Usually, it is used in politics and it happens when a particular topic is sensualized. It is able to influence our thinking and makes us think otherwise, this is known as the framing effect. Framing happens when a situation or idea is being described better than it actually is. Sometimes, frames minimize or even omit the ethical aspects of a decision. As shown in records, when something happens and it has an economic benefit, the mass tends to forget about the ethical part of it.

Key Scholars:
Weaver, D. (2007). Thought on Agenda Setting, Framing and Priming. . Journal of Communication, 142 – 147.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAxG4rpYE2Y

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bv3dPd2iwB4

Examples/Evidence:
A stall would be selling 2 identical slices of pizza and he will promote them in 2 different ways. One would say “80% fat free” and the other would say “20% fat”. It was shown that more people ordered the pizza that was supposedly 80% fat free and even mentioned it tasted better than the other pizza even though they were made exactly the same.

People would not take ethical considerations when they have economic interest on something. For example, a consumer would buy a shoe without having second thoughts on the underpaid labourers who make them.

# data[].attributes.headline
What's important today? As told by the media..

# data[].attributes.subject
What's important today? As told by the media..

# data[].attributes.body
a)
1. Health

2. Social Media

3. Politics - Changes to law and    policies, enforce gun policy

4. Education, 2 - Incident which happen at Florida, the teachers teach social skills

5. Environment

b)
• Sheriff faces mounting criticism over Florida school massacre
• Metro Healthcare climbs to high of 33 cent on LEAP Market
• women found murdered in home at Alor serta.
• E-cigarettes leak toxic metals, study finds
• Black panther: twitter bans trolls who claimed white cinema-goers were being attacked at screenings
• Teacher accused of misgendering child was told by police that she committed a hate crimes
• Florida lawmaker calls debate to arm teachers ‘a distraction’
• Powerful quake hits central papa New Guinea, disrupts oil and gas operations

Similarity:
-They will update current news everyday
-Most of the headline will update the most serious news on that day.

c)
- News media is not dare to take their own decision especially about criticizing government because they scared it might risk them losing their operating licenses.

- Government practices a strict censorship on sensitive issues especially regarding politics.

- Certain issues are not allowed to publish in newspaper if the news against influential parties. The news is twisted in such a way it only tells a part of the truth.