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Effects on Other Systems: The Nerve Cell

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Effects on Other Systems: The Nerve Cell

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Myasthenia Gravis is a muscle disorder in which the affected person experiences rapid muscle fatigue in voluntarily controlled muscles. So, a simple thing like lifting your arm up and holding it there for a few seconds could be pretty trying for someone with MG

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The nervous system is affected by myasthenia gravis in that it is the system that sends the signals to the muscles to get them to contract, and, due to the antibodies, the neuromuscular junctions (within which the signals are received by the muscle cells) are rendered somewhat useless due to there being no place for the acetylcholine to be received.
Another part of the body that is affected is the thymus gland. In most people, the thymus gland is large during childhood, and is gradually replaced with fat after puberty, its purpose of generating T-Lymphocytes having been completed. However, in people with MG, their thymus glad has not only refused not shrink, but has, in some cases, grown slightly.

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The cause of this disorder is that the afflicted person's immune system goes haywire, suddenly deciding that it really doesn't like the acetylcholine receptors in the sarcolemma. The body's immune system creates little antibodies that block up or even completely destroy the ach receptors, making it so that the brain is still trying to send the same amount of signals to the muscles to get them to contract, but the muscles just can't receive the signals.
Another potential cause of MG is that the antibodies will halt/block up the production of a protein that helps with building the neuromuscular junction. Without the junction, the ach has nowhere to come out from, meaning that the brain still sends the same amount of signaling, but the muscles yet again do not receive the brain's signals.

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A few symptoms of MG are a subtle to mildly strong sense of tiredness/muscle fatigue in various parts of the body. As time goes on, this fatigue will usually worsen, usually being the worst after a few years of its contraction.
The symptoms of this disorder usually occur once the symptoms have shouted their presence to the afflicted person's brain (meaning that a person with MG can usually fend off their fatigue to the point of appearing normal, at least for the first few months or so). The most common signs are a drooping of the eyelids, double vision, difficulty swallowing, somewhat warped speaking, etc. Just think of it like this: the person can do pretty much everything a healthy person can do, but they're in that constant state of recovery that happens after an overly thorough workout; with the workout having been applied to every muscle in their body.

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On a microscopic level, little antibodies that the body had made specifically for the purpose of blocking up the acetylcholine receptors wander into the muscle fiber and bond to the receptor in just the place where the ach would've bonded. With their receptors all blocked up, the ach just wanders around with nowhere to go.
Sometimes, there are slightly different antibodies that attack a protein called tyrosine kinase, which essentially destroys the receptor, if the other antibodies hadn't done that already.

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Effects on Other Systems: The Thymus Gland

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Effects on Other Systems: The Thymus Gland

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Overall, there isn't too drastic of a change on most people's lives; they just have to take it a little easier than the rest. You get tired more quickly because your body is only using a fraction of the muscles it was given to move your body, so you have to rest more.

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It can be somewhat difficult to diagnose MG directly off the bat, as many of the symptoms for MG also are symptoms of other diseases. One approach you can take to test for myasthenia gravis is to test your reflexes, muscle tone, sight, and balance, then see how you compare to the average results. You could also have a blood test performed, so that your doctor can see whether or not you have acetylcholine receptor antibodies (the ones that attach to the ach receptors and don't allow the ach to connect to them).
Or, you could perform a simple ice-test, where you just put ice over an affected muscle group, or you soak your muscles in a small ice-bath. This could even be done on such a small scale as putting an ice-cube over your eyelid for a minute or two. If your iced muscles become significantly weaker than normal, you likely have MG (or some other muscle-weakening disorder, as this particular test is not very accurate).

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There are a few treatments for MG, but these are only treatments, not cures. For the most part, there are just drugs that suppress the immune system, like Imuran, prednisone, and cyclosporine. Or, you could also have your thymus glad removed, or have your blood filtered of all the antibodies that are targeting your muscles.

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Microscopic Level Picture:
https://myastheniagravisbiol2095.wordpress.com/how-does-myasthenia-gravis-affect-the-body/
Thymus Gland Picture:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis#/media/File:Gray1178.png
Nerve Cell Picture:
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myasthenia-gravis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352036
Other:
https://www.webmd.com/brain/understanding-myasthenia-gravis-basics#1

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMyasthenia-gravis.webm

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myasthenia-gravis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352036

https://www.verywell.com/myasthenia-gravis-2860863

http://www.myastheniagravis.org/about-mg/diagnosis/

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Just because you live with MG, that doesn't mean that you can't live a full life. There is no cure for MG as of yet, and sometimes the muscle weakness can spread to the muscles that control breathing, leading to hospitalization. But, in general, the treatments are usually effective in minimalizing the fatigue to a point that could almost be considered normal.

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There is no real pattern that has been discovered about this disorder. In women, you're usually in your twenties or thirties, but in men, you're usually closer to your fifties or sixties. There doesn't seem to be any clear reason for this age difference. The disease is not inherited, nor is it contagious. However, babies who are born to mothers with myasthenia gravis often experience the symptoms of mg for the first few months or so of their lives.