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NHS. Obesity(2016) Online. (Accessed 05/12/2017)

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/

Toddlers at the Table: Avoiding Power Struggles. 2017. Toddlers at the Table: http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/toddler-meals.html. [Accessed 07 December 2017].

Verywell. 2017. Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory. https://www.verywell.com/social-learning-theory-2795074. [Accessed 07 December 2017].

The Ecological Systems Theory by Urie Bronfenbrenner. 2017. The Ecological Systems Theory by Urie Bronfenbrenner. https://explorable.com/ecological-systems-theory. [Accessed 07 December 2017].

Support with a child's attendance issues - Schools and education . 2017. Support with a child's attendance issues http://www3.northamptonshire.gov.uk/councilservices/children-families-education/schools-and-education/information-for-school-staff/pupil-support-and-inclusion/attendance-and-behaviour/Pages/support-with-a-child%27s-attendance-issues.aspx. [Accessed 07 December 2017].

Childhood Overweight - The Obesity Society . 2017. Childhood Overweight - The Obesity Society . http://www.obesity.org/obesity/resources/facts-about-obesity/childhood-overweight. [Accessed 07 December 2017].

Asthma UK. 2017. Understanding asthma. Asthma UK. https://www.asthma.org.uk/advice/understanding-asthma/. [Accessed 07 December 2017].

Diabetes UK. 2017. What is Type 2 diabetes? | Diabetes UK.

https://www.diabetes.org.uk/diabetes-the-basics/what-is-type-2-diabetes. [Accessed 07 December 2017].

National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders . [ONLINE] https://www.anad.org/get-information/about-eating-disorders/eating-disorders-statistics/. [Accessed 07 December 2017].

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The NHS in Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet(2017:pg 20/39) states that in Reception year "Over 1 in 5 were measured as obese or overweight in 2015/16. 9% of children were obese in 2015/16, compared to 10% in 2006/07. This shows that the amount of overweight children is dropping, rather than increasing but it still needs to be addressed further to make sure all families are getting the support they need to maintain a healthy life style.

"46% of 15 year old girls reported they were too fat compared to 23% of boys." This quote shows the difference in body image within boys and girls, it shows that girls are more body conscious and recognise that weight can be an issue. According to ANAD "Genetics, environmental factors, and personality traits all combine to create risk for an eating disorder." Meaning that the environment children grow up in can be a key factor for a potential eating disorder along with the personality of the child and their genetic back grounds.

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There are many health risks that come with obesity; these can be health issues such as Asthma which according to Asthma UK(2015) "Asthma is a condition affecting the airways - the small tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs" Asthma can affect a child's breathing and their ability to breathe correctly; a child who has Asthma will have to have an inhaler which may potentially prevent them from doing certain exercise. Another health issue that can come with obesity is Type Two Diabetes, according to Diabetes UK(2015) Â Type 2 diabetes is a serious, lifelong condition where your blood glucose level is too high. This is because your body doesn't make enough of a hormone called insulin, or the insulin doesn't work properly. This can prevent a child from doing certain activities or too much exercise in case their blood glucose level drops, this can put a child in a serious situation because it can cause potential death if it is not controlled properly.

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Physically Obesity can cause issues for children, this is because the excess pounds that a child is carrying can put significant pressure and strain on their bones meaning their body in the worst case scenario may not be able to carry the weight that they have on them. Because of this the children may not be able to participate in as much physical activity and may become breathless quickly, if a child is not participating in enough exercise they will continue to put on weight. Exercise is good for a child in all benefits because they are gaining more fine motor and gross motor skills, they are also getting access to the outdoors and fresh air which is good for their emotional wellbeing.  Not exercising can cause issues for the child as their muscles are not developing to the full extent they should be, their bones and muscles may become weak leading to broken bones.

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The government carries out statistics which measures a child's BMI using their weight and height ratio, this information is passed out to parents and states the child's status within weight such as obese or underweight. If this is shared with the child it can make them feel unhappy with themselves because of their weight, pushing them into potential isolation and may act as a barrier for a child to participate in activities.. If a child has a lack of friends it can result in severe isolation, it can potentially cause a child to not want to go into School which then falls down onto the child's education because if they are not attending they may not be consistently learning. According to Northamptonshire County Council(2017) It is essential for pupils to attend school regularly in order to maximise the opportunities available to them which backs up the argument about making sure a child stays the correct weight so they do not result in missing school because of their lack of confidence.

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There can be many different reasons as to why a child may become obese. Some factors that are prone to cause obesity may be self-esteem; this can happen at any age for a child or teenager because body image and how a child sees themselves can affect what they do and how they do activities. Some people use eating as a coping mechanism which can eventually cause obesity if it is of excessive amounts of unhealthy foods. In younger children it can become an issue from young ages as Socio-cultural factors that mean parents are using chocolate and other sugary treats as a bribe to get them to do what they are told.

The life style at home can affect a child as the choices that are made by the parents; such as the food that is being provided for the child may be unhealthy and not have enough nutritious energy in to help the child grow. Money problems can cause unhealthy meals being provided for children because parents may not have the skill or the money to spend on ingredients for healthy meals. The environment that the child is living in and the location in which the child is growing up could cause an issue if they are not able to go out and explore; years ago it was acceptable for children to go out and explore, but in recent years the amount of children who go out to explore with friends or family members has deteriorated. This may be for many different reasons but the biggest explanation is that in recent generations it has become easier to communicate over forms of social media or online games rather than leaving the house which essentially leaves a child who may be in taking a large amount of energy but not burning the calories off.

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Intellectually children can be affected by obesity, although there is not a direct link between obesity and intellectual and language skills the effects caused by obesity and lack of self-esteem the children can be affected indirectly. If a child is obese they may have a pre occupied mind on their own body image, so in class they may be in the lesson but not being an active member of the class because of their lack of confidence. The child may also begin to isolate themselves, which means intellectually they are not exposing themselves to opportunities to expand their knowledge and their language skills by speaking to new people.

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Emotional and social and language implications of obesity in children can be that if a child is recognising the fact they are obese it can affect their emotional resilience and the way they see themselves, if a child sees themselves as overweight it can go one or two ways, a child could make a change to their diet or they could begin to eat more. If a child is not happy with their body their self-esteem can drop causing them to not want to socialise with other people, As a result of not socialising the child may lack social skills. Social skills are key for children to make friends and if they are not being developed the child may regress and become withdrawn from activities and social events; even resulting into them not attending school. If a child is not attending school it will create gaps in their knowledge. According to Northamptonshire County Council(2017) "It is essential for pupils to attend school regularly in order to maximise the opportunities available to them which backs up the argument about making sure a child stays the correct weight so they do not result in missing school because of their lack of confidence. Bullying is also a factor when children are overweight or underweight, a child may be called names because of their size which brings down their confidence. Bullying can impact a child significantly within their social status and their emotional wellbeing.

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The parent's role within installing the importance of healthy food for young children is essential for children to maintain a balanced and healthy weight; this is because the foods that young children eat will help to change what a child likes to eat and what they will happily eat. According to Nemours in Toddlers at the Table: Power struggles (2017) "You don't have to serve macaroni and cheese daily. If you do, you miss an opportunity to introduce new foods and increase the number of those your child is willing to eat. Most of these "food jags" won't last long if parents don't give in to them. Which is an important for new parents, because if a child is refusing to eat food and will only eat a certain plate of food this can cause issues in the future, but if a parent is consistent with a child and does not continue to give into them they will eventually back down and begin to eat the food that is being provided for them from the parents. Toddlers often throw temper tantrums, which includes crying but for the parents it's important to stand the ground and not give into the child because they are crying, otherwise if the parent is giving into the child they will begin to recognise if they cry, the parent will then give in and let the child have what they would like for tea. Parents may chose quick foods such as McDonalds which can affect a child's wellbeing and health if their meals are consistently high in fat. A parent could look out for a child by mentioning their weight but if it is to a teenager they may be more likely to rebel against their parents by eating more foods or comfort eating.

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In Primary schools often children are taking in chocolate bars for snack times, this is because it is often a cheaper option for the parents and some parents may believe that as long as the child is eating something then it does not matter what they are eating. This can be an issue because of the amount of chocolate a child may be consuming in one day, there are many schools who have taken action to prevent children eating unhealthy things when they are at school by taking off chocolate bars from children and only allowing snacks such as biscuits or fruit, meaning that for the hours in-between school times the children are eating nutritious healthy foods.

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Banduras theory was that of the social learning theory in which children and adults can learn through observation of other people; this links into obesity as a child who sees their parents or other people that are of a significant relation to the child eating unhealthy food, it will make the child want to do the same and eat the same things; which can be a downfall for the child because it may be unhealthy foods. According to Kerry C in 'What is the social learning theory' "Children can learn from a live model, which involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting out a behaviour. The child is seeing a person act out eating unhealthy foods which could then influence the child on the foods they want to eat, if this is an unhealthy option the child may show that they would prefer to eat foods like this, rather than healthy foods. It can also work on a positive note because the child may see an adult eating healthier foods such as fruit and may begin to eat fruit more often because they have seen somebody else eat it. This can work in peer groups too.

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Bronfenbrenner's Ecological theory is based on the individual child and the people who are around the child; this includes the child's families, friends and their community. It states that the child bases their learning on the environment they are living in, who they are living around and the habits of the people around them. There are 5 different parts to the Ecological system. One part of the ecological system is the Microsystem which refers to immediate families, anyone who has a direct impact on the child, this links into obesity because there is a likely hood is the direct people around the child are eating unhealthy foods the child is likely to be subjected to unhealthy foods also. The parents may not see the issue of unhealthy foods for the child. The second part of the theory is the Meso system, which refers to the relationship between the people who are involved in the child's Microsystem. The next according to Sincero S(2012) The Exosystem is the setting in which there is a link between the people who do not have an active role in the child's life. this can be people such as Politics which the child does not connect with directly but influences the child. This can link into obesity as the price for unhealthy food can affect what a child is eating significantly because it could be cheaper to buy unhealthy foods. The Macro system is the culture of the individual, what culture they are being brought into such as if they are of a religion such as Muslim, Christian or another religion. This can affect what a child can eat because in some religions they are not allowed to eat meats. The Chronosystem of the ecological theory is that if any way they cross over and change happens for a child such as divorce or house movement, this can affect what a child is eating and how much exercise they are doing in a day. If they are not eating healthily and not doing enough exercise the child can gain weight which may push them to obesity.

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Secondary Schools often do not do enough in regards to making sure all the teenagers in the school are eating healthily. Secondary schools will briefly touch on healthy eating and the amount of exercise that should be done but this is not followed up consistently. When a teenager begins secondary school they get a different amount of freedom, this is because they are all getting to the point where they are seen as responsible, which means they may be in charge of what they are eating. It is easily accessible for a teenager to get unhealthy foods such as take-aways and shops who sell unhealthy foods like chocolate at a lower price than fruits. This gives them the temptation to go into the shop to buy drinks or chocolate bars; if this opportunity is there most teenagers are going to take the offer up and use their money to buy unhealthy options for food. Teenagers would often prefer to spend their money in the shop on foods that are high in fat and sugar rather than get nutritious foods from the canteen, according to Elliot C "Teenagers stigmatize particular foods (such as broccoli) and valorize others (such as junk food), although their discussions equally reveal the need to consider questions beyond that of social positioning/social status This backs up the argument against unhealthy foods becoming too accessible for teenagers and children, because if large amounts of unhealthy foods are being consumed it can begin to cause issues with weight, especially if the child is not doing enough exercise. The food that is sold at many schools is high fat foods such as sausage rolls, pizza and cakes. This is because the teenagers are likely to eat these foods, and if there was the option of healthy snacks such as salads or bags of fruit against unhealthy foods like Sausage rolls and pizzas the teenagers would often go for the unhealthy option.

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In this Padlet I will be speaking about Childhood Obesity, I will go into depth about the different causes of Obesity in children alongside the effects that obesity has on children's health and wellbeing.