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Instrumental

Regulatory

Interactional

Personal

Heuristic

Imaginative

Representational

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Talking at the same time

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Adapt language to reduce difference between people, use similar to come together

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Speaker corrects error showing a feature of spontaneous speech

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Stress placed upon syllabells or words

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Distinctive grammar and vocab that is associated with a regional or social use of a language

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One topic of discussion keeps reoccurring throughout the conversation.

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Interactive features that demonstrates someone is talking to them

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Changing to a related topic

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Words- talking more, voice- interruptions ,topic change

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Polite talk to show social awareness, e.g. ‘how are you?’, ‘how’s this weather?’

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When multiple participants speak simultaneously

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when an element in speech is placed at the front of a statement for added effect

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A feature that disrupts the fluency of speech, e.g. ‘err’, ‘umm’

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this is when the speaker begins an utterance, then stops and either repeats or reformulates it.

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Language used to make a transaction, and which has a result.

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Grice proposed 4 basic conversational 'rules' [maxims] as criteria for successful conversation: quantity [don't say too much or too little]; relevance [keep to the point]; manner [speak in clear, coherent and orderly way]; quality [be truthful

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proposed 4 basic conversational 'rules' as criteria for successful conversation : quantity (don't say too much or too little), relevance (keep to the point), manner (speak in a orderly way), quality (be truthful).

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language in conversation used for interpersonal reasons and/or socialising

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Small talk and conversation, communication that serves the purpose of social interaction.

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words and phrases which are used to indicate that a conversation is about to be brought to a close.

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When the speaker begins an utterance and then stops and either repeats or reformulates.

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An individual’s style of speaking

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A letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word to form a new word or to change the grammatical function of the original word.

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False starts/self correction, e.g. I need to- I’ll talk to you later.

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Prefixes- a letter or a group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning.

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References that can’t be understood without context, e.g. ‘he’, ‘it’

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Positive and negative face (irving Goffman)

if I ask to borrow your pen I am potentially imposing on you and so threatening your negative face. Conversely, if I apologise to you I will be threatening my own positive face, in that I am acknowledging having imposed on you and asking for your acceptance of this

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Omission of sounds syllables or words

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Rhythm, pace and tone of speech

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Words of probability to make language seem politer. e.g. ‘perhaps’

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On the other hand

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"Um, er, ah" used to show that someone is taking time to speak or think, to hold their spot in conversation

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Interruptions or noises to show that you’re listening. e.g. ‘mmm’, ‘uh-huh’

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‘Uh-huh’ ‘I see’

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Basic form of question and answer.
A:  How are you?
B: Fine thank you.