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Causes, Events and Results of First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46)

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The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company in 1845 and 1846 in and around the Ferozepur district of Punjab. The Sikh kingdom of Punjab was expanded and consolidated by Maharajah Ranjit Singh during the early years of the nineteenth century, about the same time as the British-controlled territories were advanced by conquest or annexation to the borders of the Punjab. Ranjit Singh maintained a policy of wary friendship with the British, ceding some territory south of the Sutlej River. After mutual demands and accusations between the Sikh Durbar and the East India Company, diplomatic relations were broken. An East India Company army began marching towards Ferozepur, where a division was already stationed.

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The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company in 1845 and 1846 in and around the Ferozepur district of Punjab. The Sikh kingdom of Punjab was expanded and consolidated by Maharajah Ranjit Singh during the early years of the nineteenth century, about the same time as the British-controlled territories were advanced by conquest or annexation to the borders of the Punjab. Ranjit Singh maintained a policy of wary friendship with the British, ceding some territory south of the Sutlej River. After mutual demands and accusations between the Sikh Durbar and the East India Company, diplomatic relations were broken. An East India Company army began marching towards Ferozepur, where a division was already stationed.

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In the Treaty of Lahore on 9 March 1846, the Sikhs were made to surrender the valuable region (the Jullundur Doab) between the Beas River and Sutlej River. The Sikh empire was until then one of the few remaining kingdoms in India after the rise of the company and the fall of the Mughal empire. Although the Sikh Army was weakened by the war, resentment at British interference in the government led to the Second Anglo-Sikh War within three years.

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The Third Anglo-Maratha War was the final and decisive conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India. 

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The Third Anglo-Maratha War was the final and decisive conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India. 

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Why it Started                                 It started due to the discontentment of Peshwa Baji Rao 2 due to his subordinate position under the British.

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Why it Started                                 It started due to the discontentment of Peshwa Baji Rao 2 due to his subordinate position under the British.

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Result                                                   He tried to wage a war but failed and was forced to surrender. Peshwa Baji Rao II was deposed and exiled to Bithur as a pensioner of the British. His territories were annexed. The descendant of Shivaji was placed on the throne at Satara. The war left the Company in control of most of India.The British also abolished the position of Peshwa and this was the end of the mighty Maratha power      

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Result                                                   He tried to wage a war but failed and was forced to surrender. Peshwa Baji Rao II was deposed and exiled to Bithur as a pensioner of the British. His territories were annexed. The descendant of Shivaji was placed on the throne at Satara. The war left the Company in control of most of India.The British also abolished the position of Peshwa and this was the end of the mighty Maratha power      

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Causes, Events and Results of Second Anglo - Sikh War (1848-49)

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It all began with the arrival of Vasco da Gama in India. He arrived at Calicut in 1498 and this was the beginning of the European Era in India.

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It all began with the arrival of Vasco da Gama in India. He arrived at Calicut in 1498 and this was the beginning of the European Era in India.

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As the time passes the European companies which were initially Trading Companies became major political powers. Gradaully, through a series of Carnatic wars, The British East India Company was firmly established in India.

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As the time passes the European companies which were initially Trading Companies became major political powers. Gradaully, through a series of Carnatic wars, The British East India Company was firmly established in India.

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Britishers also fought battle of "Plassey (1757)" and "Battle of Buxar (1764)" and they also won the Control of Bengal. They defeated Tipu Sultan in fourth Anglo Mysore war and annexed Mysore.

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Britishers also fought battle of "Plassey (1757)" and "Battle of Buxar (1764)" and they also won the Control of Bengal. They defeated Tipu Sultan in fourth Anglo Mysore war and annexed Mysore.

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The main cause of the first Maratha war was the increased interference of the British in the affairs, both internal and external, of the Marathas The growing ambition of the English show the conflict of interest between the British and the Marathas during the period between 1775 to 1818

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The main cause of the first Maratha war was the increased interference of the British in the affairs, both internal and external, of the Marathas The growing ambition of the English show the conflict of interest between the British and the Marathas during the period between 1775 to 1818

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The conflict among Tara Bai and Shivaji's Grandson Shahu resulted in Internal Problems between them and divided the loyalty of Maratha Sardars. There were many more reasons that created Internal problems among them. Observing this weak situation of Marathas Britishers tried to capture their kingdom through the Three Anglo Maratha Wars.

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The conflict among Tara Bai and Shivaji's Grandson Shahu resulted in Internal Problems between them and divided the loyalty of Maratha Sardars. There were many more reasons that created Internal problems among them. Observing this weak situation of Marathas Britishers tried to capture their kingdom through the Three Anglo Maratha Wars.

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Causes                                                 The third Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao died in 1761 due to shock after his defeat at the Third Battle of Panipat.His son Madhavrao I succeeded him. Madhavrao I was able to recover some of the Maratha power and territories which they had lost in the Battle of Panipat.The English were aware of the growing Maratha power.When Madhavrao I died, there was a tussle for power in the Maratha camp.His brother Narayanrao became the Peshwa but his uncle Raghunathrao wanted to become the Peshwa. For this, he sought the help of the English  

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Causes                                                 The third Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao died in 1761 due to shock after his defeat at the Third Battle of Panipat.His son Madhavrao I succeeded him. Madhavrao I was able to recover some of the Maratha power and territories which they had lost in the Battle of Panipat.The English were aware of the growing Maratha power.When Madhavrao I died, there was a tussle for power in the Maratha camp.His brother Narayanrao became the Peshwa but his uncle Raghunathrao wanted to become the Peshwa. For this, he sought the help of the English  

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the Treaty of Surat in 1775 was signed according to which Raghunathrao ceded Salsette and Bassein to the English and in return he was given 2500 soldiers.The British and army of Raghunathrao attacked the Peshwa and won. Accordingly, Raghunathrao was given a pension only and Salsette was retained by the British.

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Causes                                       The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) was the second conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India which was won by The East India Company. This war was caused by the Peshwa Baji Rao II’s defeat by the Holkars (one of the leading Maratha clans) and his acceptance of British protection by the Treaty of Bassein in December 1802. The Sindhia and the Bhonsle families contested the agreement, but they were defeated respectively, at Laswari and Delhi by Lord Lake and at Assaye and Argaon by Sir Arthur Wellesley. 

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Causes                                       The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) was the second conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India which was won by The East India Company. This war was caused by the Peshwa Baji Rao II’s defeat by the Holkars (one of the leading Maratha clans) and his acceptance of British protection by the Treaty of Bassein in December 1802. The Sindhia and the Bhonsle families contested the agreement, but they were defeated respectively, at Laswari and Delhi by Lord Lake and at Assaye and Argaon by Sir Arthur Wellesley. 

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Result                                            This war resulted in The Scindias signing the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon in 1803 through which the British got the territories of Rohtak, Ganga-Yamuna Doab, Gurgaon, Delhi Agra region, Broach, some districts in Gujarat, parts of Bundelkhand and Ahmadnagar fort. The Bhonsles signed the Treaty of Deogaon in 1803 as per which the English acquired Cuttack, Balasore and area west of Wardha River. The Holkars signed the Treaty of Rajghat in 1805 according to which they gave up Tonk, Bundi and Rampura to the British.

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Result                                            This war resulted in The Scindias signing the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon in 1803 through which the British got the territories of Rohtak, Ganga-Yamuna Doab, Gurgaon, Delhi Agra region, Broach, some districts in Gujarat, parts of Bundelkhand and Ahmadnagar fort. The Bhonsles signed the Treaty of Deogaon in 1803 as per which the English acquired Cuttack, Balasore and area west of Wardha River. The Holkars signed the Treaty of Rajghat in 1805 according to which they gave up Tonk, Bundi and Rampura to the British.

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Richard Wellesley was the person who institutionalised the policy of Subsidiary Alliance. Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces. How can they fight if someone attacks them ?According to the terms of this alliance rulers had to pay for the 'Subsidiary Forces'. They were protected by the company. (Company placed their army in kingdom). If the Indian rulers failed to make payment then part of their territory was taken as a penalty.Example : Nawab of Awadh was forced to give over half of his territory to the company in 1801.        

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Richard Wellesley was the person who institutionalised the policy of Subsidiary Alliance. Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces. How can they fight if someone attacks them ?According to the terms of this alliance rulers had to pay for the 'Subsidiary Forces'. They were protected by the company. (Company placed their army in kingdom). If the Indian rulers failed to make payment then part of their territory was taken as a penalty.Example : Nawab of Awadh was forced to give over half of his territory to the company in 1801.        

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The Anglo Maratha Wars -  British Conquest of Maratha

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The british had to fight many wars against Gurkhas. They began to recruit Gurkha soldiers because they wanted them to fight on their side.  Since that day, the Ghurkas have fought alongside British troops in every battle across the world. Hence the British signed peace treaties with them.

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The british had to fight many wars against Gurkhas. They began to recruit Gurkha soldiers because they wanted them to fight on their side.  Since that day, the Ghurkas have fought alongside British troops in every battle across the world. Hence the British signed peace treaties with them.

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Maharaja Ranjit Singh popularly known as Sher-e-Punjab or "Lion of Punjab", was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, which ruled the northwest Indian subcontinent in the early half of the 19th century. In the 1830s, Ranjit Singh suffered from numerous health complications as well as a stroke, which some historical records attribute to alcoholism and a failing liver. He died in his sleep on 27 June 1839

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Maharaja Ranjit Singh popularly known as Sher-e-Punjab or "Lion of Punjab", was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, which ruled the northwest Indian subcontinent in the early half of the 19th century. In the 1830s, Ranjit Singh suffered from numerous health complications as well as a stroke, which some historical records attribute to alcoholism and a failing liver. He died in his sleep on 27 June 1839

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The Second Anglo-Sikh War was a military conflict between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company that that took place berween 18 April 1848 and 30 March 1849 in the Ferozepur district of Punjab . The british wanted complete control over punjab by ending the sikh kingdom . The immediate cause of war was the exile of Lal Singh on charges of conspiracy . Lord Dalhousie , the greatest annexationist , attacked Punjab and made it a part of British India in 1849 . This war led to the complete control of Punjab by the British . For his services the Earl of Dalhousie received the thanks of the British parliament ..

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The Second Anglo-Sikh War was a military conflict between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company that that took place berween 18 April 1848 and 30 March 1849 in the Ferozepur district of Punjab . The british wanted complete control over punjab by ending the sikh kingdom . The immediate cause of war was the exile of Lal Singh on charges of conspiracy . Lord Dalhousie , the greatest annexationist , attacked Punjab and made it a part of British India in 1849 . This war led to the complete control of Punjab by the British . For his services the Earl of Dalhousie received the thanks of the British parliament ..

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But the British establishment at Bombay violated treaty of Surat and sheltered Raghunathrao.
There was a series of battles at the end of which the Treaty of Salbai was signed in 1782. This ended the first Anglo-Maratha war.The East India Company retained Salsette and Broach.It also obtained a guarantee from the Marathas that they would retake their possessions in the Deccan from Hyder Ali of Mysore.The Marathas also promised that they would not grant any more territories to the French.The English accepted Madhavrao II (son of Narayanrao) as the Peshwa.

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Lord William Bentinck was the first governor general of British-occupied India .Lord William Bentinck, was a British soldier and statesman. He served as Governor-General of India from 1828 to 1835. He has been credited for significant social and educational reforms in India, including abolishing sati, suppressing female infanticide and human sacrifice.

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Subsidiary Alliance | From Trade to Territory | Class 8 History