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Anjali
Class 9th G
Roll no. 2
The Indian Desert lies on the western edge of the hills of Aravali It is an undulating sandy plain surrounded by dunes of sand -Very low rainfall, below 150 mm per year, occurs in this area. With poor vegetation cover, it has an arid atmosphere. It is the world's 20th largest desert, and the world's 9th largest hot subtropical desert. About 85 percent of the thar desert is. In India, and about 15 percent is in Pakistan.
It was formed because of a catastrophe that struck around 100,000 years ago when rainfall declined sharply and the already sluggish river system began shifting westward strong winds lifted. Sand and silt. Particles from alluvial sediments and deposited them in the region, and the true desert began to form
Thank you

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The Himalayas

Rupam Ghosh
Class 9A
Roll no 26

The Himalayas, or Himalaya, are a mountain range in South and East Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has many of Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest, at the border between Nepal and China. The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7,200 m in elevation, including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia (Aconcagua, in the Andes) is 6,961 m tall.

Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate, the Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc 2,400 km long. Its western anchor, Nanga Parbat, lies just south of the northernmost bend of the Indus river. Its eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River (upper stream of the Brahmaputra River). The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges. To the north, the chain is separated from the Tibetan Plateau by a 50–60 km wide tectonic valley called the Indus-Tsangpo Suture. Towards the south, the arc of the Himalaya is ringed by the very low Indo-Gangetic Plain.[4] The range varies in width from 350 km in the west to 150 km in the east (Arunachal Pradesh, India)

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HIMANSHU SAINI
CLASS 9TH G
ROLL NO. 17
The name ‘Himalaya’ in Sanskrit stands for ‘ the abode or house of snow’. ‘Hima’ means; snow and ‘alaya’ means abode. The Himalayas stretch through 2,400 km. In India. They consist of the entire northeastern parts of India and pass through the countries of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and China. In India the Himalaya crosses 12 states and they are: Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Assam Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and West Bengal.
The Himalayas are the world’s largest young fold mountains. As the Continental Drift theory suggests, two huge land masses called Eurasia and India striked against each other. Then the sediments and remains collected by the Tethys sea got compressed and squeezed resulting in a series of folds one after another resulting in the creation of the fold mountains called the Himalayas.
The names of the series of mountain ranges of the Himalayas are: The Greater Himalayas known as the Himadri, the Trans Himalayan range , the Lesser Himalayas or Himachal and the Outer Himalayas or the Shivaliks. Studies show that the Himalayas are rising every year as India is moving northwards by 5cm. Fossil formation in the Shivaliks and frequent earthquakes are proof that the Himalayas are rising.
The Himalayas are of great benefit both economically as well as for its natural use. Economically it offers a variety of mountain based sports like skiing, water rafting , climbing and others. The scenic beauty provides a paradise to travellers. These help to boost the economy.

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The northern plains are the largest alluvial tract of the world. These plains extend approximately 3200 km from west to east. The average width of these plains varies between 150 and 300 km. In general, the width of the northern plains increases from east to west (90-100km in Assam to about 500km in Punjab).

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Name - Vinamra sharma
Class - 9A
Roll No. - 39
Adm. No. - 7033
The Himalayas are a mountain range in South and East Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has many of Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest, at the border between Nepal and China. The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 23,600 ft in elevation, including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia is 22,838 ft tall.
Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate, the Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc 2,400 km long. Its western anchor, Nanga Parbat, lies just south of the northernmost bend of the Indus river. Its eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. The Himalayan range is bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges. To the north, the chain is separated from the Tibetan Plateau by a 50–60 km wide tectonic valley called the Indus-Tsangpo Suture. Towards the south, the arc of the Himalaya is ringed by the very low Indo-Gangetic Plain. The range varies in width from 350 km in the west to 150 km in the east.
The Himalayas are inhabited by 52.7 million people, and are spread across five countries: Bhutan, China, India, Pakistan and Nepal.

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Name - Tejas Saini        Class - 9A                          Roll no - 37                                           Topic - The Himalayan Mountains                                                                       Himalayas, great mountain system of Asia forming a barrier between the Plateau of Tibet to the north and the alluvial plains of the Indian subcontinent to the south. The Himalayas include the highest mountains in the world, with more than 110 peaks rising to elevations of 24,000 feet (7,300 metres) or more above sea level. One of those peaks is Mount Everest (Tibetan: Chomolungma; Chinese: Qomolangma Feng; Nepali: Sagarmatha), the world’s highest, with an elevation of 29,032 feet (8,849 metres; see Researcher’s Note: Height of Mount Everest. The mountains’ high peaks rise into the zone of perpetual snow.                                  

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Name - Tejas Saini        Class - 9A                          Roll no - 37                                           Topic - The Himalayan Mountains                                                                       Himalayas, great mountain system of Asia forming a barrier between the Plateau of Tibet to the north and the alluvial plains of the Indian subcontinent to the south. The Himalayas include the highest mountains in the world, with more than 110 peaks rising to elevations of 24,000 feet (7,300 metres) or more above sea level. One of those peaks is Mount Everest (Tibetan: Chomolungma; Chinese: Qomolangma Feng; Nepali: Sagarmatha), the world’s highest, with an elevation of 29,032 feet (8,849 metres; see Researcher’s Note: Height of Mount Everest. The mountains’ high peaks rise into the zone of perpetual snow.                                  

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For thousands of years the Himalayas have held a profound significance for the peoples of South Asia, as their literature, mythologies, and religions reflect. Since ancient times the vast glaciated heights have attracted the attention of the pilgrim mountaineers of India, who coined the Sanskrit name Himalaya—from hima (“snow”) and alaya (“abode”)—for that great mountain system. In contemporary times the Himalayas have offered the greatest attraction and the greatest challenge to mountaineers throughout the world.

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Name -Ritik
Class- 9th G
Roll no - 25
The himalyas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7,200 m (23,600ft) in elevation ,including ten of the fourteen 8,000 m peaks lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian plate , the himalyan mountain range runs west -northwest to east -southeast in an arc 2,400m (1,500 mi ) long . The most characteristic features of the himalyas are their soaring heights , steep - sided jagged peaks , valley and alpine glaciers often to stupendous size , topography deeply cut by erosion.

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Name- Maanvi
Class- 9A
Roll number- 15
Admission number- 11100
The Indian desert lies on the western edge of the hills of Aravalli. -It is an undulating sandy plain surrounded by dunes of sand. -Very low rainfall, below 150 mm per year, occurs in this area. With poor vegetation cover, it has an arid atmosphere. It is the world's 20th-largest desert, and the world's 9th-largest hot subtropical desert. About 85% of the Thar Desert is in India, and about 15% is in Pakistan.
It was formed because of a catastrophe that struck around 100,000 years ago when rainfall declined sharply and the already sluggish river system began shifting westward. Strong winds lifted sand and silt particles from alluvial sediments and deposited them in the region, and the true desert began to form.
Thank you.

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name:Gaurav singh
class:9 G
The Himalayas are the highest mountain ranges in the world. They lie from Jammu and Kashmir in the north-west to Assam and Meghalaya in the east. A part of the Himalayas lies in Nepal, Bhutan and China. In Pakistan, they extend up to the Hindukush
Everest which is a part of the Himalayas is the highest mountain peak in the world. It lies in Nepal.
India has a great advantage of the Himalayas which lie to her north. For one thing, they protect the Indians plains from the austerity of intensely cold winds from China that would otherwise blow over them.
In the Himalayan peaks, caves and valleys there are a large number of shrines and health stations. Thus, the Himalayas are a boon to India granted by God.

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Name - Ramesh kumar
Class - 9 E
Roll no. - 34

The most characteristic features of the Himalayas are their soaring heights, steep-sided jagged peaks, valley and alpine glaciers often of stupendous size, topography deeply cut by erosion, seemingly unfathomable river gorges, complex geologic structure, and series of elevational belts (or zones) that display different ecological associations of flora, fauna, and climate. Viewed from the south, the Himalayas appear as a gigantic crescent with the main axis rising above the snow line, where snowfields, alpine glaciers, and avalanches all feed lower-valley glaciers that in turn constitute the sources of most of the Himalayan rivers. The greater part of the Himalayas, however, lies below the snow line. The mountain-building process that created the range is still active. As the bedrock is lifted, considerable stream erosion and gigantic landslides occur.

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The Himalayan Mountains

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Name: Aditi Singh
Class: 9A
Roll No: 3

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The Peninsular Plateau is a tableland composed of crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks. It was formed due to breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land. Thus, making it part of the oldest landmass. The plateau has broad and shallow valleys and hills. It has a black soil area known as the Deccan Trap. This is of volcanic origin and are responsible for the formation of black soil.
This plateau consists of two broad divisions. They are:

1) Central Highlands - The Central Highlands are covering a major area of the Malwa Plateau, lying to the north of the Narmada river. It has the Vindhyan range to the south and the Aravalis on the north-west. The Aravalis are highly eroded hills and are found as broken hills. The eastward extensions of the plateau are Baghelkhand, Bundelkhand and the Chhotnagpur plateau. The Chhotanagpur plateau is drained by the Damodar river. The Chambal, the Sind , the Betwa and the Ken also drain this region.

2) The Deccan Plateau - It is a triangular landmass lying to the south of the Narmada river. It has the Satpura range to the north and the Mahadev, the Kaimur and the Maikal ranges in the east. An extension of the Plateau is also visible in the northeast, known as Meghalaya, the Karbi- Anglong Plateau and the north of the Cachar Hills. Three important hill ranges are the Garo, Khasi and the Jaintia hills.

The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats mark the western and the eastern edges of the Deccan Plateau respectively.

The Western Ghats: They lie parallel to the western coast. They are continuous and can be crossed through passes only. Their elevation is 900-1600 metres. They cause orographic rainfall by facing the moisture bearing winds. Their heights progressively increase from north to south. The highest peaks is Anai Mudi.

The Eastern Ghats : They stretch from Mahanadi valley to the Nigiris. They are discontinuous and irregular and are dissected by rivers draining into the Bay of Bengal. Mahendragiri is the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats.

By: Riddhee Nigam
9th-A
Roll. No. 24
Adm. No. 12198

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Name: Saksham Uttam Bodhale
Class: 9A
Roll No: 27
Admission No: 10486

INDIAN DESERT/THAR

The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is a large arid region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent that covers an area of 200,000 km2 (77,000 sq mi) and forms a natural boundary between India and Pakistan. It is the world's 17th largest desert, and the world's 9th largest subtropical desert.

About 85% of the Thar Desert is located within India, with the remaining 15% in Pakistan. In India, it covers about 170,000 km2 (66,000 sq mi), and the remaining 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) of the desert is within Pakistan. The Thar desert forms approximately 5%(~4.56%) of the total geographic area of India. More than 60% of the desert lies in the state of Rajasthan, and extends into Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana. The desert comprises a very dry part, the Marusthali region in the west, and a semidesert region in the east with fewer sand dunes and slightly more precipitation.

Features Of Indian Desert

-The Indian desert lies on the western edge of the hills of Aravalli.
-It is an undulating sandy plain surrounded by dunes of sand.
-Very low rainfall, below 150 mm per year, occurs in this area. With poor vegetation cover, it has an arid atmosphere.
-During the rainy season, streams emerge. They vanish into the sand shortly after, as they do not have enough water.
-In this area, Luni is the only large river. Barchans (crescent-shaped dunes) cover larger areas, but along the Indo-Pakistan border, longitudinal dunes are becoming more prevalent.

Thank You.

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Name - Gaurav kumar
Roll no - 13
Class and section - 9 G

A coastal plain is a flat low-lying area of land, which is adjacent to the sea coast. Geographically speaking, a coastal plain is a low-relief landmass that is surrounded by the sea or an ocean on one side and the highlands on the other. Thus, they are bounded seaward because of the shoreline and landward because of the highlands. As one follows from the sea to the highlands, there is a gradual increase in the elevation of the land area rising gently in a series of flat-land terraces separated by scraps or hills with altitudes reaching 100m-300m.

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NAME - KRISHNA BHANDARI
CLASS - 9 E  ROLL NO -21

The Thar Desert is located to the north-west of the Aravallis, in western Rajasthan with certain parts in Punjab and Sindh. A concrete and arid land of mass, the desert came into existence in the Pleistocene age.

Moreover, known by names like Marustali (the dead land) and Bagar, the desert features:

Area coverage of 77,000 square km.

Comprises of aeolian wind deposits

Witnessed the run of Kachchh to its south

Indus River flows west to the desert

Dry climate and alluvial deposits

Low vegetation cover

Sand dunes with an elevation of 150 m

Composed of Metamorphic Rocks

Short seasonal streams originating from Aravallis

Oasis in its southern part

Originally a part of the Peninsular plateau, but it still looks like a dry piece of unprotected and unpopulated land.

During the ancient era, most of the desert area lay submerged under the sea. However, this region got uplifted due to heavy deposits of wood fossils some 180 million years back.

More to this, there was a time when this region was fertile for growing food and cash crops. The presence of a dry river bed, especially of the river Saraswati validates this fact.

LAND

Composed of sedimentary (2.5 billion 50 540 million years old) and metamorphic (4 billion to 2.5 million years old) rocks, the great Indian desert has aeolian sand deposits as old as 1.8 million years ago.

Having an undulated surface, the desert land witnesses sand dunes moving in considerable shapes and sizes. The average elevation of these dunes remains 150 cm over the surface area. These dunes are also referred to by the name of dhands spread widely throughout the region.

CLIMATE OF DESERT.

The Thar Desert experiences a subtropical desert climate and high pressure. However, the monsoon winds in the southwest bring rainfall in the summer seasons.

But still, this arid region receives a low annual rainfall (4-20 inches) as compared to the other parts of India. Also, July to September feature as the likely monsoon months for the Indian desert.

The coldest month of the year is January while May and June are the hottest.

In short, the average temperature in the desert ranges between 75-70 degrees Celsius in summers and 39-50 degrees Celsius in winters.

SOIL IN DESERT

The Thar Desert comprises of different divisions of soil such as:

Desert soil

Red desertic soil

Sierozems (brownish-gray soil)

Red and yellow soils

Saline soils

Lithosols (shallow weathered soils)

Regosols (soft loose soils)

Additionally, all the aforementioned soils are predominantly coarse, well-drained, and intense in calcium and lime. However, these soils are infertile and easily vulnerable to erosion due to overblown sands.

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The Great Indian Desert, also known as the Thar Desert, is a massive arid land in the northwestern portion of the Indian subcontinent. Lying party in the Rajasthan state of India and partially in the Punjab and Sindh provinces of Pakistan, the Great Indian Desert forms a perfect natural boundary between India and Pakistan.

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Name - Ishika saha, class - 9 G, roll no.- 18
The Indian desert lies on the western edge of the hills of Aravalli. -It is an undulating sandy plain surrounded by dunes of sand. -Very low rainfall, below 150 mm per year, occurs in this area. With poor vegetation cover, it has an arid atmosphere.
The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7,200 m (23,600 ft) in elevation, including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks. ... Lifted by the subduction of the Indian tectonic plate under the Eurasian Plate, the Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long.
The Peninsular plateau is formed due to the breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land and thus, making it a part of the oldest landmass. The plateau has broad and shallow valleys and rounded hills.

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Madhura
IX-A

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Andaman And Nicobar islands

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Andaman And Nicobar islands.
The islands are in the Indian Ocean, in the southern part of the Bay of Bengal. The capital of this territory is the Andamanese town of Port Blair
It is made of two island groups - the Anddaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands - separating the Andaman Sea to the east, from the Indian Ocean. These two groups are separated by the 10° N parallel, the Andamans lying to the north of this latitude, and the Nicobars to the south. The channel that separates ANI is the 10° degree channel. This islands have the only Active Volcano in India, Barren Island. These islands are also uninhabitated. It also has the lowest point in India, The Indira Point
The territorie's population in the last (2001) census of India was 356,152. Added together, the total land area of the territory is around 6,496 km square , it is larger than the Palestinian territories but smaller than Georgia territory of Abkhazia.

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Main Physical Features of India
The physical features of India can be divided into six broad categories according to their physiographic forms:
Himalayan Mountains

The northernmost landscape of the country highlights the fold mountains of the Himalayas. Though geologically young, the Himalayan Mountains are the loftiest and the most rugged of the world. Since they stretch across 2500 KM from Kashmir in the north, through Arunachal Pradesh in the North East, these mountains form an arc. This helps keep the cold arctic winds from reaching the tropical landmass.
One of the most significant of all the physical features of India, the Himalayas vary in width between 400 Km to 150 KM. Furthermore, the entire mountain belt is divided into three main sections-

The Greater Himalayas or the Himadri, with average peaks reaching up to 6000 meters above the sea-level.

The Lesser Himalayas with average peaks rising as high as 4000 meters

The Outer Himalayas or the Shiwalik Range

The Eastern Hills or the Purvanchal covering North Bengal, and northernmost parts of the North Eastern states.

Northern Plains

The three major river systems of India- Indus, Ganga and the Brahmaputra along with their tributaries have fed the foothills of the Himalayas. Since these river basins had a huge amount of alluvial deposits from these glacial rivers, these regions grew fertile over hundreds of years and led to the Northern Plains. Furthermore, the Northern Plains can again be divided into three significant parts-

The Punjab Plains- The Indus River and its tributaries lead to the formation of these vast plains, a major part of which now lies in Pakistan

The Ganga Plains- This spreads across the states of North India, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Delhi and West Bengal.

The Brahmaputra Plains- This covers major parts of Assam and the other North Eastern States

Peninsular Plateau

The oldest landmass of India, the Peninsular Plateau was the result of the tectonic shifts of the Gondwana Land. This massive plateau area is further divided as-

The Central Highlands – lying on the north of the Narmada River and covering a large part of the Malwa Plateau.

The Deccan Plateau- a triangular landmass lying on the south of the Narmada River. The Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats border the Deccan plateau on its eastern and western sides respectively. While the Satpura mountain ranges stand on its northern part, the Western Ghats have higher elevation with a maximum height of 1600 meters. On the other hand, the Eastern Ghats reach to a maximum of 600 meters in height.

Indian Desert

The undulating sandy plains covered with sand dunes on the western fringes of the Aravali Hills comprise the Indian Desert. With rainfall as low as 150 mm per annum, this region is the aridest in the country and thus, low on greenery. The states of Rajasthan and northwestern parts of Gujarat collectively form the desert region.

Coastal Plains

Right on the outer edges of the Indian peninsula, lies the narrow strips of the coastal plains. These sea fed regions cover the shores of the Bay of Bengal in the East and the Arabian Sea on the West. The western coast along the Arabian Sea can again be divided into three sections-

The Konkan Coast- covering coastal Maharashtra and Goa

The Kannada Plains- covering coasts of Karnataka

The Malabar Coast- covering Kerala

On the other hand, the Eastern coast has two broad sections-

The Northern Circar

The Coromandel Coast

Islands

Two groups of islands lie on the two oceans surrounding the main landmass of the subcontinent. These most likely complete the physical features of India. And, the island region is divided by the mainland as well as the seas. Thus forming two major island states-

The Lakshadweep, which lies closer to the Malabar Coast. And, these consist of clusters of coral islands collectively named Lakshadweep.

The Andaman & Nicobar Islands which are off the Bay of Bengal and lie on the Indian Ocean. These group of islands are larger in size than their western counterparts and have rich biodiversity. Because the Andaman & Nicobar islands are closer to the equator, the region also experiences equatorial climate.

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Kirtika Singh
9 A
The Himalayan mountain
The Himalayas stretch across the northeastern portion of India. They cover approximately 1,500 mi (2,400 km) and pass through the nations of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Bhutan and Nepal.
The Himalayas consist of three parallel ranges, the Greater Himalayas known as the Himadri, the Lesser Himalayas called the Himachal, and the Shivalik hills, which comprise the foothills.By virtue of its location and stupendous height, the Great Himalaya Range obstructs the passage of cold continental air from the north into India in winter and also forces the southwesterly monsoon (rain-bearing) winds to give up most of their moisture before crossing the range northward.

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RAHINI CHAUHAN
9 A
THE ISLANDS OF INDIA

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ADITYA YADAV,9A,ROLL NO - 3,ADMN NO -9576

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Name = Sakshi bisht
Class and sec = 9 D

Himalaya Mountains

The Himalayas included the highest mountain in the World and are know for their soaring heights , steep sided , jaggled peaks , valleys and alpine glaciers slip river gorges and a series of elevational  belts that display different ecological association of flora , fauna climate . Himalaya is a fold mountain common type of mountains in the world . The Himalayas stetch through the boarder of China , Bhutan , Nepal , India and Pakistan .

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Name: Himanshi Yadav , Class:9D, Roll no. 12

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Name: Himanshi Yadav , Class:9D, Roll no. 12

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The Islands

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: i) The Indian desert lies towards the Western margin of the Aravalli hills. ii) It is an undulating sandy plain covered with sand dunes. iii) This region receives very low rainfall, below 150 mm per year. iv) It has arid climate with low vegetation cover. v) Streams appear during the rainy season. Soon they disappear into the sand as they do nothave enough water to reach the sea. vi) Luni is the only large river in this region. vii) Barchan (Crescent shaped dunes) cover the larger areas but longitudinal dunes become more prominent near the Indo – Pakistan border. viii) The Indian desert is popularly known as the Thar desert.

NAME: SWETA RAI
CLASS: IX D
ROLL NO.:32

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Name - Harman Jit Singh
CLass - 9 sec D
Roll No . 11
The Himalayas, or Himalaya , is a mountains range is Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau .The range has many of Earth 's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest  Nepal  / China

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NAME: SAHAJPREET
CLASS:9TH D
ROLL NO: 27
ADM NO. 13113

The norther plains are an important physical division of India. it is also known as Indo - Gangetic plains. Location and Extent. The Northern plains are situated to the south of the Himalayas. it is formed by the silt deposited by the Himalayas and its tributaries .

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NAME-ARJUN RATHORE
CLASS-IX A
ROLL NO.-07
ADM NO.- 10975
The Thar Desert is located to the north-west of the Aravallis, in western Rajasthan with certain parts in Punjab and Sindh. A concrete and arid land of mass, the desert came into existence in the Pleistocene age.

Moreover, known by names like Marustali (the dead land) and Bagar, the desert features:

Area coverage of 77,000 square km.

Comprises of aeolian wind deposits

Witnessed the run of Kachchh to its south

Indus River flows west to the desert

Dry climate and alluvial deposits

Low vegetation cover

Sand dunes with an elevation of 150 m

Composed of Metamorphic Rocks

Short seasonal streams originating from Aravallis

Oasis in its southern part

Originally a part of the Peninsular plateau, but it still looks like a dry piece of unprotected and unpopulated land.

During the ancient era, most of the desert area lay submerged under the sea. However, this region got uplifted due to heavy deposits of wood fossils some 180 million years back.

More to this, there was a time when this region was fertile for growing food and cash crops. The presence of a dry river bed, especially of the river Saraswati validates this fact.

Land

Composed of sedimentary (2.5 billion 50 540 million years old) and metamorphic (4 billion to 2.5 million years old) rocks, the great Indian desert has aeolian sand deposits as old as 1.8 million years ago.

Having an undulated surface, the desert land witnesses sand dunes moving in considerable shapes and sizes. The average elevation of these dunes remains 150 cm over the surface area. These dunes are also referred to by the name of dhands spread widely throughout the region.

Climate of Thar Desert

The Thar Desert experiences a subtropical desert climate and high pressure. However, the monsoon winds in the southwest bring rainfall in the summer seasons.

But still, this arid region receives a low annual rainfall (4-20 inches) as compared to the other parts of India. Also, July to September feature as the likely monsoon months for the Indian desert.

The coldest month of the year is January while May and June are the hottest.

In short, the average temperature in the desert ranges between 75-70 degrees Celsius in summers and 39-50 degrees Celsius in winters.

Soil in Thar Desert

The Thar Desert comprises of different divisions of soil such as:

Desert soil

Red desertic soil

Sierozems (brownish-gray soil)

Red and yellow soils

Saline soils

Lithosols (shallow weathered soils)

Regosols (soft loose soils)

Additionally, all the aforementioned soils are predominantly coarse, well-drained, and intense in calcium and lime. However, these soils are infertile and easily vulnerable to erosion due to overblown sands.

Biodiversity

Despite its concrete surface, the Indian Desert still constitutes decent biodiversity and vegetation. Some of its features pertaining to vegetation and biodiversity are hereby mentioned:

Drought-resistant scrub trees like khajri and proposis

Animals like blackbucks, gazelle, and partridges

Migratory birds such as ducks, geese, and grouse

Population and People

The Thar desert has a fairly high population density of 83 persons per square km. Overall, it has a total population of 16,600,000.

Most of the people residing in the desert area practice Islam and Hinduism. Besides, these people speak Sindhi, Marwari, and lahnda and Rajasthani as their primary languages.

Next, the population preoccupies itself in animal husbandry, trade, and crafts. Rajputs and Marwaris are the two most prominent groups in this area.

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There are 14 deserts in India . The largest desert in India is Thar desert in Rajesthan . It is also known as the Great Indian Desert, is a large, arid region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent that covers an area of 200,000 km² (77,000 sq mi) and forms a natural boundary between India and Pakistan. It is the world's 20th-largest desert, and the world's 9th-largest hot subtropical desert .
Name  -  Sakshi  Bohra
Class  -  IX         Section  -  E
Roll no.  -  37
Admission Number   -  10680

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Class 9 g
Roll no 16
a mountain range in South and East Asia that separate the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has many of Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest, at the border between Nepal and China. The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7,200 m (23,600 ft) in elevation, including ten of the fourteen 8,000-metre peaks. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia (Aconcagua, in the Andes) is 6,961 m (22,838 ft) tall.
the Himalayan mountain range runs west-northwest to east-southeast in an arc 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long. Its western anchor, Nanga Parbat, lies just south of the northernmost bend of the Indus river. Its eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River (upper stream of the Brahmaputra River).The range varies in width from 350 km (220 mi) in the west to 150 km (93 mi) in the east (Arunachal Pradesh, India)

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Name : Sameer Kumar
Class : 9G
Roll : 26
The Himalayan Mountains
The Himalayan Mountains are young fold mountains which run in the west to east direction. They run over about 2,400 km.

The width of the mountains varies from 2,400 km in Kashmir to 150 km in Arunachal Pradesh.

The Himalayas are divided into three parallel ranges. They are:

The Himadri: It is the northernmost range of the Himalayas. This range is also known as the Great or the Inner Himalayas. This range has some of the highest peaks with an average height of 6,000 metres.

The Himachal: It is also known as Himachal or the lesser Himalayas. All the famous hill stations such as Mussoorie, Shimla, Nainital and Manali are located in the Himachal range.

The Siwaliks: These are the outermost range of the Himalayas. The Siwaliks are formed as a result of depositions brought down by rivers from the northernmost Himalayan range.

The Himalayas spread in the eastern most parts of the country form the Purvanchal Range. It is mostly composed of sedimentary rocks. The Purvanchal Range comprises the Patkai Hills, Naga Hills, Manipur Hills and Mizo Hills.

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THE PENINSULAR PLATEAU
Name - Ankita Behera
Class - IX G
Roll no. - 05

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THE ISLANDS OF INDIA                              Name- Mohini Rathore                        Class IX G                                      

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THE ISLANDS OF INDIA                              Name- Mohini Rathore                        Class IX G                                      

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The islands are the most beautiful places to visit .
An island or isle is any piece of subcontinental land that is surrounded bye water . India has a total of 1,382 off shore identified islands . There are two main islands of India. Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar islands. Andaman and Nicobar Island is  union territory of India consisting of 572 islands , of which 38 ae inhabited , at the junction of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. So far , about 2,200  varieties of plants have been recorded, out of which 200 are endemic and 1,300 do not occur in mainland . About 50 varieties of forest mammles are found to occur in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Lakshadweep means "one lakh islands "in Malayalam . The islands of present  day Lakshadweep were first mentioned by a Greek sailor in 1st century as a source of tortoise shell.

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Name :- Deepanshi
Class :- IX A

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Name- Nandini Dinda
Class section- 9G
Admission no.- 13402
THE ISLANDS OF INDIA
Islands are the most beautiful places. They have the beauty of nature it has fresh air cool environment. Everywhere we see are plants and birds ,the blue colour of water looks great. You can visit it too.
These are so beautiful and the people's behaviour are also good . On the more developed Islands there are a dozens of mosques, aquarium, showcasing regional fish, sharks and coral species. Not all the Islands are inhabitants and only few are open to visitors.

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NAME- P.SASHANK
CLASS- 9 D
ADM NO - 11718

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**NAME - SWETA*
**ADMISSION NO.- 12638*
**CLASS - 9E*

**THE ISLAND**

**WHAT IS ISLAND?*

**An island is a body of land surrounded by water. Continents are also surrounded by water, but because they are so big, they are not considered islands. Australia, the smallest continent, is more than three times the size of Greenland, the largest island. ... These tiny islands are often called islets.*

**THERE ARE SIX MAJOR KINDS OF ISLAND:*

*Continental (1), tidal (2), barrier (3), oceanic (4), coral (5), and artificial (6). Continental islands (1) were once connected to a continent. They still sit on the continental shelf. Some formed as Earth's shifting continents broke apart.*

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**NAME - SWETA*
**ADMISSION NO.- 12638*
**CLASS - 9E*

**THE ISLAND**

**WHAT IS ISLAND?*

**An island is a body of land surrounded by water. Continents are also surrounded by water, but because they are so big, they are not considered islands. Australia, the smallest continent, is more than three times the size of Greenland, the largest island. ... These tiny islands are often called islets.*

**THERE ARE SIX MAJOR KINDS OF ISLAND:*

*Continental (1), tidal (2), barrier (3), oceanic (4), coral (5), and artificial (6). Continental islands (1) were once connected to a continent. They still sit on the continental shelf. Some formed as Earth's shifting continents broke apart.*

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9E
Island

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Granth
Class 9G
Roll no 37

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Khushibose
11908
9e

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Divyanshu Shekhar
Class 9G
Roll number 11

India is politically divided into 29 states and 7 Union Territories. National capital of India is Delhi. Among these 7 union territories, Two are the island groups of India. Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar island are the two island groups of India.

Lakshadweep

Lakshadweep islands are located in the Arabian sea. The island is located in off coast of the Kerala state. Lakshadweep is the island group of India that has coral origin. These are coral islands located off the coast of the God’s own country Kerala. They are considered as kind of coral reefs that are known as Atolls which is circular or horse-shoe shaped reefs.

Features

After Sikkim, Lakshadweep is the next smallest populated place in India

Lakshadweep is India’s smallest Union Territory.

The Kavaratti is the capital of the Union Territory Lakshadweep in India

Lakshadweep is an archipelago of 36 islands, scattered over approximately 78,000 square km of the Arabian Sea, 200-440 km off the south-western coast of India

The population in this island is approximately 65,000

Andaman and Nicobar Island

The Andaman and the Nicobar Islands lies to the southeast of the Indian mainland in the Bay of Bengal. Andaman and Nicobar has its own rich culture and traditions. The island has large number of beaches and tourists are attracted by these.

Features

Port Blair is the capital of Andaman Nicobar Islands.

Famous for the popular cellular jail

Port Blair has a tropical monsoon climate

Most common religion is Hinduism followed by Christianity and Islam

Bengali is the most common language. Hindi, Tamil and Telugu are other languages spoken by the people

Tourism is the main leading economy.

Indira Point In Andaman

The southernmost part of India is the Indira Point is located in the island of Andaman and Nicobar. It is a village in the Nicobar island and the exact location of the point is in the great Nicobar Tehsil. The place was named as Indira point after the Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi. The point was earlier known as Pygmalion Point and Parsons Point. The announcement was made by the local Member of Parliament when Indira Gandhi visited the local lighthouse. The official renaming ceremony happened on 10 October 1985. On April 30 1972 the lighthouse of Indira point was commenced. The village comes under the jurisdiction of Laxmi Nagar panchayat. The area is protected by Indian Coast Guard.

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Geography- The Physical Features of India

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Geography- The Physical Features of India

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Himalayan Mountains

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Prashasti Singh Taragi-9G
Himalayan Mountains

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[9D}
{ Roll. 37}
THE NOURTHEN PLAINS
these plains are spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq. km and these plains being about 2400 km long and 240 to 320 km broad, is a densely populated physiographic division.
1) The northern plains has been formed by the interplay of 3 major rivers systems namely the Indus and the Ganga and the Brahmaputra along  with the tributaries. and these plains is formed of alluvial soil.
2)The Northern Plains are one of the most fertile plains in India and are spread over an area of 7 lakh sq.
3)The northern plains are formed by the deposits brought by the three major rivers and their tributaries.
4)Northern plains are the world's most intensely farmed areas.
5)The Northern plains are also known as Great plains or Indo-Gangetic plains.
THE PLAIN MOSTLY COMPORISE OF FLAT LAND

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Class- 9A
Roll no. 1
The Himalayan mountains are divided into 3 divisions . They are as follows-
1) THE GREAT OR INNER HIMALAYAS : it is a continuous range consisting of the highest peaks with an average height of 6,000ft.
2) HIMACHAL OR LESSER HIMALAYAS: the range lying south to the south of the Himadri is knows as the Himachal or lesser Himalayas. it is composed of highly compressed and altered rocks. the altitude lies b/w 3,700 metres and 4,500 metres.
3) SHIWALIKS: the outer-most range of the Himalayas are called SHIWALIKS. these foothill ranges represent the southern most division of the Himalayas. average height is 900 and 1100 metres. they are composed in consolidated sediments.

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HIMALAYAS

The world Himalayas is derived from two words;  'him' which means snow and 'alay' which means home.
The Himalayas are mountain ranges in South and East Asia that separate the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. They are located in the North Eastern part of India and cover approximately 2400 km, passing through  India ,Pakistan ,Afghanistan ,China, Bhutan and Nepal .The Himalayas are classified into three distinct parts; the greater Himalayas known as the Himadri, the lesser Himalayas called the Himachal and the Shivalik Hills which comprise the foothills

The worlds highest peak Mount Everest as well as other famous peaks such as K2 , Kanchenjunga, Nanda Devi and Nanga Parbat are  part of Great Himalayan range
As we are talking about the Himalayas, let's also talk about the minerals and water bodies found on the Himalayas.
MINERALS and natural Resources
Nepal and Bhutan have extensive deposits of coal and graphite and ores of iron, copper, lead and zinc. Exploration is on for hydrocarbons and natural gas in the region making it one of most resource rich region in the world. The Himalayan rivers have a tremendous potential for hydroelectric generation.

WATER BODIES
Himalayan range is also the origin to some of the largest rivers that flow into indian subcontinent.
These are mainly -
The Ganga,Sutlej ,Jhelum ,chenab , Brahmaputra and indus

The Himalayan mountains are one of the newest geographical features since the origin of the Earth. So let us talk about how old are these mountains are. The Himalayan Ranges are 50 million years old. As I have mentioned before, the majestic ranges are the highest range on land and astonishingly it is hard to believe that once upon a time the Himalayas were underwater in an ocean called her Tethys ocean.

Today, the Himalayas are extensively being exploited for tourism, mountaineering, exploration and research. Moreover, pollution and global warming is rapidly melting the glaciers and destroy the flora and fauna of the region. It is high time that serious action is taken to protect the biodiversity of the Himalayas, which is a reserve of water and natural resources and home to rare and extinct species of plants and animals.

- Anagha Kekre
Class - 9 G
Roll no.- 35

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Name-Jyoti
Class-9E
Roll no.-18
Tittle:- The Himalayas Mountain
The Himalaya include the highest mountain in the world and are known for their soaring height, speep side , valley and alpine glacier, that deep rivers groceries.That display different of association of Flora Fauna and climate. The Himalayas also Himalaya are a mountain range in Asia separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan plateau by extension it is also the name of the massiv mountain system which include the Himalayas propper the Hindu Kush and a host of min Range Extender from the former Kaun the Himalaya sketch acros six Nation Bhutan ,China ,India ,Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan it is the source of three of the world major River system the Indus the Ganga Brahmaputra bussy and Jagat kari the Himalaya range Run for about  2400 km from Naga river in the west of the Parvat in the East the Himalaya range compress three parallel ranges of arranged by geologica age. The Himalayas play a very significant role in inflation the climate of India by virtue of their high altitude length and direction direction they affecting into the summer monsoon coming from the Bay of Bengal and Aryan see and cause precipitatio in the form of rain or snow. The Himalayan mountain is and Tibetan plateau have formed as a result of Collision between the Indian Plate and erosion plate which begin 50 million a year ago and continue today.

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Bhoomika tyagi . The northern plains

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Class - 9E
Roll No. - 17
The Northern Plains

Northern plains lie in the south of the Himalayas Mountains and north of the Deccan plateau. It is formed by the flooding of three major rivers- Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra. It is drained by many other rivers like Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak, etc. These are perennial rivers that flow throughout the year which helps plains maintain their fertility. It has the largest tract of 2400 km of alluvial soil in the world. The soil of these plains is very fertile. A large number of people live here who are dependent on agriculture for livelihood.
The northern plain has been formed by the interplay of the three major river systems, namely the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra along with their tributaries. This plain spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq. km. The plain being about 2400 Km long and 240 to 320 Km broad, is a densely populated physiographic division. With a rich soil cover combined with an adequate water supply and favorable climate, it is agriculturally a very productive part of India.

The rivers coming from the northern mountains are involved in depositional work. In the lower course, due to the gentle slope, the velocity of the river decreases, which results in the formation of riverine islands. The rivers in their lower course split into numerous channels due to the deposition of silt. These channels are known as distributaries. The Northern Plain is broadly divided into

three sections. The Western part of the Northern Plain is referred to as the Punjab Plains. Formed by the Indus and its tributaries, the larger part of this plain lies in Pakistan. The Indus and its tributaries — the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Satluj originate in the Himalayas. This section of the plain is dominated by the doabs. the Northern plains can be divided into four regions. The rivers, after descending from the mountains deposit

pebbles in a narrow belt of about 8 to 16 km in width lying parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks. It is known as Bhabar. All the streams disappear in this Bhabar belt. South of this belt, the streams and rivers re-emerge

and create a wet, swampy, and marshy region known as terai. This was a thickly forested region full of wildlife. The forests have been cleared to create agricultural land and to settle migrants from Pakistan after the partition. The largest part of the northern plain is formed of older alluvium. It lies above the floodplains of the rivers and presents a terrace-like feature. This part is known as Bhangar. The soil in this region contains calcareous deposits, locally known as Kankar. The newer, younger deposits of the floodplains are called khadar. They are renewed almost every year and so are fertile, thus, ideal for intensive agriculture.

Facts

Fact no. 1 -> The Northern Plains can be divided into four parts:

The Rajasthan Plains

1.Indus Plain
2.Ganga Plain
3.Brahmaputra Plain
Fact no.2 -> The Northern Plains are important because :

1. They are the largest alluvial plains in the world formed by the deposition of silt by the major rivers of the plain.

2. The rivers are navigable and have water in them throughout the year.

3. Flatland helps in the construction of roads and railways.

4. Irrigation facilities have made the plains the largest wheat-growing area.

5.  A number of H.E.P. Projects have been constructed which have helped in irrigation and generation of power.
Fact no.3 -> The Indo-Gangetic Plain is divided into two drainage basins by the Delhi Ridge; the western part drains to the Indus, and the eastern part consists of the Ganga–Brahmaputra drainage systems. This divide is only 350 meters above sea level, causing the perception that the Indo-Gangetic Plain appears to be continuous from Sindh in the west to Bengal and Assam in the east.

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Name - Anjum Mullani
Class - 9G
Roll no - 03

Himalayan mountains are stretched over the northern borders of India. These mountain ranges run in a west-east direction from the Indus to the Brahmaputra. The Himalaya consists of 3 parallel ranges in its longitudinal extent.

1. The northern-most range is known as the Great or Inner Himalayas or the Himadri. It is the most continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6,000 metres.

2. The folds of the Great Himalayas are asymmetrical in nature. The core of this part of Himalayas is composed of granite.

3. The range lying to the south of the Himadri forms the most rugged mountain system and is known as Himachal or lesser Himalaya.

4. Pir Panjal range forms the longest and the most important range.

5. The outermost range of the Himalayas is called the Shiwaliks. These ranges are composed of unconsolidated sediments.

6. The longitudinal valley lying between lesser Himalaya and the Shiwaliks are known as Duns. DehraDun, Kotli Dun and Patli Dun are some of the well-known Duns.

The Himalayas have also been divided on the basis of regions from west to east.

1. The part of Himalayas lying between Indus and Satluj has been traditionally known as Punjab Himalaya but it is also known regionally as Kashmir and Himachal Himalaya from west to east, respectively.

2. The part of the Himalayas lying between Satluj and Kali rivers is known as Kumaon Himalayas.

3. The Kali and Teesta rivers divide the Nepal Himalayas and the part lying between Teesta and Dihang rivers is known as Assam Himalayas.

4. The Brahmaputra marks the eastern-most boundary of the Himalayas.

5. Beyond the Dihang gorge, the Himalayas bend sharply to the south and spread along the eastern boundary of India, which is known as the Purvachal or the Eastern hills and mountains. The Purvachal comprises the Patkai hills, the Naga hills, the Manipur hills and the Mizo hills.

Thank you

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★ The Himalayan Mountains-(i) mountain range in South and East Asia that separate the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has many of Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest, at the border between Nepal and China.
(ii) They run along the northern border of India and form an arc which is around 2,400 km long.
(iii) Their width is up to 150 km in Arunachal Pradesh and 400 km in Kashmir.
(iv) They are the loftiest and the most rugged mountains.

★The Northern Plains- The northern plains are an important physical division of India. It is also known as Indo - Gangetic plains. The Northern Plains are situated to the south of the himalayas.It is formed by the silt deposited by the Himalayas and its tributaries. These plains are the largest alluvial tract in the world.

★The Peninsular Plateau-The Peninsular Plateau is also known as Plateau of Peninsular India.It is roughly triangular in shape.It is composed of old crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks.It was formed due to the breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land and thus, making it a part of the oldest landmass.

★The Indian Desert- The Indian desest lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills. It is an undulating sandy plain covered with sand dunes. This region receives very low rainfall below 150 mm per year. It has arid climate with low vegetatin cover.

★The Coastal Plains- The Coastal Plains. A coastal plain is a flat, low-lying piece of land next to the ocean. To the east and west of the peninsular plateau, 2 narrow strips of plain lands are found, which are respectively called Eastern Coastal Plain and Western Coastal Plain. Eastern Coastal Plain.

★The Islands- The two major island groups in India are the Lakshadweep islands and the Andaman and Nicobar islands. The Andaman and Nicobar islands are present in the Bay of Bengal and are an India archipelago.

‡GAURI‡
†9E†
★13★
*12636*

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Class :-9th A
Admission no. :- 9557
Roll no. :- 32

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coastal plains of india  soumya subhashri sahoo 9th A 32

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Name: Nasha Chemjong
Class: 9 E
Roll no. 24
Admission no: 12654

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Class - 9A
Roll No. - 33
.The Himalayas, or Himalaya are a mountain range in South and East Asia that separate the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has many of Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest, at the border between Nepal and China.The Himalayas include over fifty mountains exceeding 7,200 m (23,600 ft) in elevation, including ten of the fourteen 8,000 metre peaks

.The Himalayan mountains are divided into 3 divisions -
1) THE GREAT OR INNER HIMALAYAS -
it is a continuous range consisting of the highest peaks with an average height of 6,000ft.

2) HIMACHAL OR LESSER HIMALAYAS-
the range lying south to the south of the Himadri is knows as the Himachal or lesser Himalayas. it is composed of highly compressed and altered rocks. the altitude lies b/w 3,700 metres and 4,500 metres.

3) SHIWALIKS-
the outer-most range of the Himalayas. these foothill ranges represent the southern most division of the Himalayas.

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Pari Kathiriya
Class 9E
https://youtu.be/0v6-fB-gftQ

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➣ India is a large landmass formed during different geological periods which has influenced her relief.

(3) Plate movements are classified into 3 types. i.e.,

(8) Convectional currents split the crust of the Earth into a number of pieces, thus leading to the drifting of the Indo-Australian plate towards North after being separated from Gondwana land.

(1) The Himalayan Mountains

(2) The Northern Plains

(3) The Peninsular Plateau

(4) The Indian Desert

(5) The Coastal Plains

(6) The Islands

(12) The core of this part of Himalayas is composed of granite.

(5) Punjab Himalayas - lie between Indus and Satluj rivers.

(6) Kumaon Himalayas - lie between Satluj and Kali rivers.

(7) Nepal Himalayas - lie between Kali and Tista rivers.

(8) Assam Himalayas - lie between Tista and Dihang rivers.

(9) There are some regional names also of the Himalayas.

(3) It spreads in an area of 7 lakh sq km.

(5) It is densely populated with a rich soil, adequate water supply and favourable climate. It is agriculturally a very productive part of India.

(6) The Northern plain is broadly divided into 3 sections. These are the Punjab plains, Ganga plains and Brahmaputra plains.

(3) The Indus and its tributaries, the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj originate in the Himalayas. This section of the plain is dominated by the Doabs.

(ii) This lies mostly in Asam.

The Northern plains also have diverse relief features. These are

The rivers, after coming down from the mountains, deposit pebbles in a narrow area which is lying parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks. It is known as Bhabar. All the streams disappear in the Bhabar belt.

(2) The Terai region is a thickly forested region full of wildlife.

(9) An extension of the plateau is also visible in the North-East locally known as Meghalaya Karbi-Anglong plateau and North Cachar hills.

(1) The Western Ghats lie parallel to the Western coast.

(3) The Western Ghats are higher than the Eastern Ghats.

(4) Their average elevation is metres as against 600 metres of the Eastern Ghats.

(6) The highest peaks include the Annai Mudi (2,695 metres and the Doda Betta (2,637 metres). The Western Ghats cause orographic rain by facing the rain bearing moist winds.

(6) The average height of the Eastern Ghats is 600 metres.

(2) It is an undulating sandy plain covered with sand dunes.

(4) It has arid climate with low vegetation cover.

(5) Streams appear during the rainy season.

(7) Luni is the only large river in this region.

(3) The northern part of the coast is called Goa). The central stretch is called the the southern stretch is referred to as the Konkan (Mumbai - Kannad plain while Malabar coast.

(4) The plains along the Bay of Bengal are wide and level. In the northern part it is referred to as the while the southern part is known as the Northern Circar, Coromandel coast.

(1) India has two groups of islands.

(3) This group of islands is composed of small coral islands.

(5) They coverts a small area of 32 sq km.

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Geography Chapter 2 Physical Features of India - Notes & Study Material | Class 9, Geography, Social Science

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➣ India is a vast country with varied landforms i.e. mountains, plains, deserts, plateaus and islands. ➣ India is a large landmass formed during different geological periods which has influenced her relief. Contents1 Theory of Tectonic Plates2 The Northern Plains3 Major Physiographic Divisions4 Shiwaliks 5 The Northern Plain6 The Punjab Plains7 The Ganga Plains8 The Brahmaputra [...]

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Name-Pari Kathiriya
Class-9E

The Himalayas are mountain barriers that stretch over the borders of northern India.
These are one of the most rugged and the loftiest mountains of the world and are one of the major landforms of earth. The Himalayas form an arc that covers a distance of 2,400 Km. The Himalayas primarily consists of three parallel ranges which are divided into:

Great or Inner Himalayas or the ‘Himadri’
Perennially snowbound, the Great Himalayas have the loftiest peaks. The Himadri has an average height of 6,000 meters and consists of all the major Himalayan Peaks. It is one of the most prominent physical features of India.
Himachal or Lesser Himalaya
The more rugged parts of the mountain range are often known as the lesser Himalaya or Himachal. Himachal is also widely known for its hill stations. These ranges have an average height of 3700 to 4500 meters. Pir Panjal is the longest range.
Outer Himalayan Range or Shiwaliks
These are comparatively lower ranges, with altitude varying from 900 to 1,100 meters. They comprise the unconsolidated sediments that get brought down by rivers from the Himadri ranges.
The longitudinal valley lying between lesser Himalaya and the Shiwaliks are known as Duns. Dehra Dun, Kotli Dun and Patli Dun are some of the well-known Duns.
The Himalaya are also divided on the basis regions of west to east:

The part of the Himalayas lying between Indus and Satluj has been traditionally known as Punjab Himalaya but it is also known regionally as Kashmir and Himachal Himalaya from west to east respectively.
. The part of the Himalayas lying between the Satluj and Kali rivers is known as Kumaon Himalayas.
The Kali and Tista rivers demarcate the Nepal Himalayas and the part lying between Tista and Dihang rivers is known as Assam Himalayas.
The Brahmaputra marks the easternmost boundary of the Himalayas.

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''2THE ISLAND''

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Name- Tanmay more
Class-9 E
Admn.no.-11856
Roll no.-23

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Name : Harsh Yadav
Class : 9 A
Roll no . 11
Features of the Peninsular Plateau

Roughly triangular in shape with its base coinciding with the southern edge of the great plain of North India. Apex of the triangular plateau is at Kanyakumari.

It covers a total area of about 16 lakh square km (India as a whole is 32 lakh square km).

The average height of the plateau is 600-900 m above sea level (varies from region to region).

Most of the peninsular rivers flow west to east indicating it’s general slope.

Narmada-Tapti are the exceptions which flow from east to west in a rift (rift is caused by divergent boundary (Go back to Interaction of plates).

The Peninsular Plateau is a one of the oldest landforms of earth.

It is a highly stable block composed mostly of the Archaean gneisses and schists {Rock System}.

It has been a stable shield which has gone through little structural changes since its formation.

Since few hundred million years, Peninsular block has been a land area and has never been submerged beneath the sea except in a few places.

Peninsular Plateau is an aggregation of several smaller plateaus, hill ranges interspersed with river basins and valleys.

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Name : Sonika Yadav
Class : 9th G

• The Himalayas geography young and structurally fold mountains.
• The mountain ranges run in a west to east direction from Indus to Brahmaputra.
• They covers a distance about 2,400 km.
• The width varies from 400 km in Kashmir to 150 km in Arunachal Pradesh.
• The average height of peaks is about 6,000 km.

Thank you

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NAME - MOHIT
CLASS - 9G
Roll no - 22

These are young fold mountains run in west-east direction from the Indus to the Brahmaputra. The cover a distance of 2,400 km. Their width varies from 400 km in Kashmir to 150 km in Aruranchal Pradesh.

Types of ranges

1. Himadri- The northern most range also name as Great or Inner Himalayas. Its peaks are of an average height of 6000 metres.
2. Himanchal- These are also known as lesser Himalaya varies between 3,700 and 4,500 metres and average width of 50 km. This region is well known for hill station.
3. Shiwaliks- The outer most range of himalaya. Have width of 10 to 50 km and altitude varies between 900 and 1100 metres.

The Himalaya is also divided on the basis of region from west to east.

Indus to Sutluj- Punjab Himalaya
Sutluj to Kali- Kumaon Himalaya
Kali to Tista- Nepal Himalaya
Tista to Dihang- Assam Himalaya

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Name - Hema Singh
Class - 9G

THE INDIAN DESERT 🏜
* The Indian Desert lies towards the western margin of the Aravali hills .
* This region receives very low rainfall, below 150 mm per year .
* It is an undulating sandy plain covered with sand  dunes .
* It has arid climate with low vegetation cover.
* Stream appear during the seasons .Soon they disappear into the sand as they do not have enough water to reach the sea.
* Barchan  (crescent shaped dunes) cover larger areas but longitudinal dunes become more promiment near the Indo-Pakistan boundary.
* Luni is the only large river in this region.
* The Indian Desert 🏜 is  popularly known as the Thar Desert 🏜

Thanks 😊

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Name:- Anvi Jain
Class:- 9D
1. Young fold mountains.
2. Run from west to east from river Indus to Brahmaputra.
3. Cover a distance of 2400 km.
4. Their width in Kashmir is 400 km and in Arunachal Pradesh it is 150 km.
Altitudinal difference is more in the Eastern half than in the Western half.

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NAME : ANJALI BORA
CLASS : 9E

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NAME : ANJALI BORA
CLASS: 9E
ROLL NO; 8
ADM NO: 11634

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CLASS- 9A
ROLL NO.- 19
ADM NO.- 10017
TOPIC- '' THE NORTHERN PLAINS''

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Priya Jaral
9th G

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Name : Priya Jaral
Class:9th G
Roll no: 24

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The Himalayan Mountains

The Himalayas geologically young and structurally fold mountains stretch over the northern borders of India. These mountain ranges run in a west - east direction from the Indus to Brahmaputra.
The Himalayas represent the loftiest and one of the most rugged mountain barriers of the world.
They form an Arc, which covers a distance of about 2,400 km. Their width varies from 400 Km in Kashmir to 150 km in Arunachal Pradesh.
The altitudinal variations are greater in the eastern half than those in the Western half.

The Himalaya consists of three parallel ranges in its longitudinal extent.

The northernmost range is known as the Great or Inner Himalayas or the Himadri. It is the most continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6,000 metres. It contains all prominent Himalayan peaks.

The range lying to the south of the Himadri forms the most rugged mountain system and is known as Himachal or lesser Himalaya. The ranges are mainly composed of highly compressed and altered rocks. The altitude varies between 3,704 and 4,500 metres and the average width is of 50 km. This range consists of the famous valley of Kashmir, the Kangra and Kullu Valley in Himachal Pradesh. This region is well known for its hill stations.

The outer-most range of the Himalayas is called as the shiwaliks. They extend over a width of 10 - 50 km and have an altitude varying between 900 and 1100 metres. These ranges are composed of an unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges located father north.

Besides the longitudinal divisions of the Himalayas have been divided on the basis of the regions from west to east.

These divisions have been demarcated  by river valleys. For example, the part of Himalayas lying between Indus and Satluj has been traditionally known as Punjab Himalayas.
The part of Himalayas lying between Satluj and Kali rivers is known as Kumaon Himalayas.
The Kali and Teesta rivers demarcate the Nepal Himalayas and the part lying between Teesta and the Dihang rivers is known as the Assam Himalayas.

Thank You..!

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Name - Varsha Poniya
Class - IX A
Roll No. - 38

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TANISH SINGH
9D
THE INDIAN DESERT
The Indian desert lies towards the western margins of the Aravali hills .it is an undulating sandy plain covered with sand dunes . This region receives very low rainfall below 150mm per year .It has arid climate with low vegetation cover . Streams appear during the rainy season . Soon after they disappear into the sand as they do not have enough water to reach the sea . The luni is the largest river in this region . If you visit jaisalmer ,you may go to see a group of barchans

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Tanvi kala
9A
10963
35

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1. Name: Shriya Parmar

2. Class: 9A

3. Admn No.: 12463

4. Roll No.: 29

India has two island groups:-
1. The Lakshadweep Islands:-
It lies close to the Malabar coast.It is composed of coral islands. Earlier, they were known as Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive. Then again in 1973 it was named as Lakshadweep which we study almost in every class after 5th. The total area they cover is 32 sq km. The capital and the administrative headquarters of Lakshadweep Islands is Kavaratti. In these Pitti island lie a bird sanctuary which is inhabited.

2. The Andaman And Nicobar Islands:-

They are 2 chains of densely forested islands. The Andamans are bigger in size. The entire Island group is divided into 2 broad categories: The Andaman in North and The Nicobars in South. This is believed that this islands are elevated portion of Submarine Mountains. The Southern most tip of these Islands(Indira Point) is more south than Indian mainland. India's only active volcano is found on Barren Island in The Andaman And Nicobar Islands.

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The Himalayan Mountains.                        The Himalayas geologically young and structurally fold mountains stretch over the northern borders of India. These mountain ranges run in a west - east direction from the Indus to Brahmaputra.The Himalayas represent the loftiest and one of the most rugged mountain barriers of the world.They form an Arc, which covers a distance of about 2,400 km. Their width varies from 400 Km in Kashmir to 150 km in Arunachal Pradesh.The altitudinal variations are greater in the eastern half than those in the Western half.The Himalaya consists of three parallel ranges in its longitudinal extent.The northernmost range is known as the Great or Inner Himalayas or the Himadri. It is the most continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6,000 metres. It contains all prominent Himalayan peaks.The range lying to the south of the Himadri forms the most rugged mountain system and is known as Himachal or lesser Himalaya. The ranges are mainly composed of highly compressed and altered rocks. The altitude varies between 3,704 and 4,500 metres and the average width is of 50 km. This range consists of the famous valley of Kashmir, the Kangra and Kullu Valley in Himachal Pradesh. This region is well known for its hill stations.The outer-most range of the Himalayas is called as the shiwaliks. They extend over a width of 10 - 50 km and have an altitude varying between 900 and 1100 metres. These ranges are composed of an unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges located father north.Besides the longitudinal divisions of the Himalayas have been divided on the basis of the regions from west to east.

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The Himalayan Mountains.                        The Himalayas geologically young and structurally fold mountains stretch over the northern borders of India. These mountain ranges run in a west - east direction from the Indus to Brahmaputra.The Himalayas represent the loftiest and one of the most rugged mountain barriers of the world.They form an Arc, which covers a distance of about 2,400 km. Their width varies from 400 Km in Kashmir to 150 km in Arunachal Pradesh.The altitudinal variations are greater in the eastern half than those in the Western half.The Himalaya consists of three parallel ranges in its longitudinal extent.The northernmost range is known as the Great or Inner Himalayas or the Himadri. It is the most continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6,000 metres. It contains all prominent Himalayan peaks.The range lying to the south of the Himadri forms the most rugged mountain system and is known as Himachal or lesser Himalaya. The ranges are mainly composed of highly compressed and altered rocks. The altitude varies between 3,704 and 4,500 metres and the average width is of 50 km. This range consists of the famous valley of Kashmir, the Kangra and Kullu Valley in Himachal Pradesh. This region is well known for its hill stations.The outer-most range of the Himalayas is called as the shiwaliks. They extend over a width of 10 - 50 km and have an altitude varying between 900 and 1100 metres. These ranges are composed of an unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges located father north.Besides the longitudinal divisions of the Himalayas have been divided on the basis of the regions from west to east.

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Name-Shreyansh Kumar Pradhan
Class- 9G
Thank You

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Name : SNEHA GUPTA
Class: 9E
________________________________
The Coastal Plains of India lie on either side of the Peninsular Plateau, along the western and eastern coasts of India. They extend for about 6,150 km from the Rann of Kutch in the west to West Bengal in the east. They are broadly divided into the Western Coastal Plains and the Eastern Coastal Plains.
Coastline of India | Coastal Plains of India
Kutch and Kathiawar region.
Gujarat Plain.
Konkan Plain.
Karnataka Coastal Plain.
Kerala Plain.
The coastal plains of India are divided into two: the Eastern Coastal Plains and the Western Coastal Plains. The Eastern Coastal Plains lie in between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal covering the states of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
Thank you ✨

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Muskan Sharma
9th d

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Name - Karthikeyan Nagendran
Class - 9A
Roll no. - 13