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New psychology became an international movement but also freaked people out. People were trying to understand human behavior, and Freud was against the general ideas of the time-he thought that humans were irrational. They were driven by desires (id), rational (ego), and moral code (superego).

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People were building new forms of houses, the most prominent being the movement of functionalism. Buildings were starting to be more focused on functionality rather than decoration. Big movements in the US and Chicago that started it all. Steel, iron, glass, and modern looks. Bauhaus was an architecture school in Germany.

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Lower classes were watching movies all throughout the Great Depression to keep spirits up. It was a growing business, beginning with the silent Charlie Chaplin movies, and growing into Disney pictures (Mickey Mouse) and the modern glamour of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. The film industry was dominated by the United States. National broadcasting radio stations started cropping up in most countries. (BBC being one of the first), and almost all people had radios in their homes by the late 1930s. The radio was used for propaganda, film became a tool of the government. The beginning of mass media had its pitfalls as well as its successes.

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Modern philosophy became very depressing. Friedrich Nietzsche was an atheist who believed "God is dead" and that the modern ideas of morality were suffocating human creativity. After WWI, many were inspired by Nietzsche, and existentialism ran wild. It is the philosophy concept that nothing matters in life, but French philosopher Satre believed in human beings acting and taking control of their life. This cynical philosophy shows the terror evident in society- no one was sure what to think anymore.

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Physics was changing with a new scientific revolution. Marie Curie and Max Planck worked on subatomic particles (neutrons, protons, electrons) that changed the building block of life (atoms). These incredibly small and intangible ideas were scaring people- science was no longer trustworthy. And Albert Einstein came out with his Theory of Relativity which showed that time, space, and speed are only relative to your place in the universe. These concepts scared people because they were confusing and changing.

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In the 20th Century, as we have seen in other aspects of life, there was a lot of pessimism and alienation from all the rational, "sure" things that were believed before the Great War. In literature these feelings manifested in untrustworthy narrators and stream-of-consciousness writing. The narrators were now confused as in The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner. James Joyce's Ulysses was a novel full of seemingly unrelated facts, riddles, and thoughts of one man. These cynical, philosophical works showed the disappointment prominent in society.

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Expressionism was the reaction to Impressionism. Expressionists wanted to represent life by abstract paintings, as opposed to Impressionists lifelike paintings. One of the most famous paintings is Van Gogh's The Starry Night, where he painted the night sky as he saw and felt it, not as it might have been pictured in a photograph. Standards of art changed with expressionism, surrealism, cubism, and Dadaism, which all showed parts of life as abstract ideas. Van Gogh, Matisse, Picasso and other artists were reacting against the Classicalism and perfection of the past centuries. It was a time of turmoil and confusion, and art showed that.

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Before WWI, many theologians wanted to revamp religion so it didn't contradict science and was in line with more "reasonable" ideas about the world. Yet after WWI there was a resurgence of Christianity because of the sorry state of humanity. A few new ideas about religion were that 1) you needed to find a personal connection with God (Kierkegaard), 2) that you need to be devout and not question religion (Barth), and 3) that church is the answer to society's broken state (Marcel, Maritain). Religion became more meaningful to thinkers as well. Many found solace in it after the war.