# data[].attributes.body
Lung cancer is the formation of a tumour which is caused by the cells dividing uncontrollably. Lung cancer begins in the lungs and may spread to lymph nodes or other organs in the body, such as the brain. Cancer from other organs also may spread to the lungs. Which is known as metastasis.

There are two main types of lung cancer: non-small cell lung cancer (including lung adenocarcinoma) and small cell lung cancer (including squamous cell carcinoma). These two types of cancer grow differently and are treated differently.

Risk factors that have the possibility of developing lung cancer:

Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking

Secondhand smoke

Family history

HIV infection

Environmental risk factors (atomic bomb radiation, Imaging tests, radon)

Beta carotene supplements in heavy smokers

Some protective factors for lung cancer:

Not smoking

Quitting smoking

Lower exposure to workplace risk factors (Asbestos, Arsenic, Chromium, Nickel, Beryllium, Cadmium, Tar and soot)

Lower exposure to radon

Screening

Screening is a method for looking for a cancer before a person has any severe or minimal symptoms; it is easier to treat abnormal tissue when it is found early and has not metastasized.

spiral scan

Chest X-ray

Sputum cytology

LDCT scans

Treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Figure 1: Classification and structure of coronavirus.

# data[].attributes.body
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses. COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 caused a pandemic of respiratory illness. The structure of coronaviruses includes; "a genetic blueprint called RNA, similar to DNA. The single-stranded RNA acts as a molecular message that enables production of proteins needed for other elements of the virus. Encapsulating the RNA genome is the viral envelope, which protects the virus when it is outside of a host cell. This outer envelope is made from a layer of lipids, a waxy barrier containing fat molecules. As well as protecting the precious genetic cargo, this layer anchors the different structural proteins needed by the virus to infect cells. Envelope proteins embedded in this layer aid the assembly of new virus particles once it has infected a cell. Bound to this string of RNA are nucleoproteins—proteins that help give the virus its structure and enable it to replicate. The bulbous projections seen on the outside of the coronavirus are spike proteins . This fringe of proteins gives the virus its crown-like appearance under the microscope, from which the Latin name corona is derived. The spike proteins act as grappling hooks that allow the virus to latch onto host cells and crack them open for infection. Like all viruses, coronaviruses are unable to thrive and reproduce outside of a living host."

It is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome COVID-19. It is also caused by traveling from one individual to another through bodily fluids present in the nose and mouth.

Some consequences include:

Fatigue

Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing

Cough

Joint pain

Chest pain

Memory, concentration or sleep problems

Muscle pain or headache

Fast or pounding heartbeat

Loss of smell or taste

Depression or anxiety

Fever

Dizziness when you stand

Worsened symptoms after physical or mental activities

Some medical conditions that increase the risk of serious illness from COVID-19 include:

Serious heart diseases, such as heart failure, coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy

Cancer

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Type 1 or type 2 diabetes

Overweight, obesity or severe obesity

High blood pressure

Smoking

Chronic kidney disease

Sickle cell disease or thalassemia

Weakened immune system from solid organ transplants

Pregnancy

Asthma

Chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis or pulmonary fibrosis

Liver disease

Dementia

Down syndrome

Weakened immune system from bone marrow transplant, HIV or some medications

Brain and nervous system conditions

Substance use disorders

Treatment and Prevention options include:

Since the contraction of SARS-CoV-2 is through close contact with people with SARS-CoV-2 and their respiratory droplets, ways to prevent this include;

Social distancing.

Wearing masks covering the nose and mouth.

Avoiding being in areas with low or minimal ventilation.

Treatments include:

Some drugs that reduce or stop the virus from multiplying in human cells and drugs that treat the symptoms of COVID-19:

"Remdesivir

Bamlanivimab

Casirivimab and imdevimab

Sotrovimab"

Citation:

“What Is Coronavirus?” Johns Hopkins Medicine, https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus.

Mittal, Anshumali, et al. “Covid-19 Pandemic: Insights into Structure, Function, and hACE2 Receptor Recognition by SARS-COV-2.” PLOS Pathogens, Public Library of Science, https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1008762.

“What Are the Parts of a Coronavirus?” What Are the Parts of a Coronavirus? | Scripps Research, https://www.scripps.edu/covid-19/science-simplified/parts-of-a-coronavirus/.

“Covid-19 (Coronavirus): Long-Term Effects.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 22 Oct. 2021, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-long-term-effects/art-20490351#:~:text=In%20some%20people%2C%20lasting%20health,they%20have%20had%20COVID%2D19%20.

“Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19).” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 26 Oct. 2021, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963.

Jewell, Tim. “Everything You Should Know about the 2019 Coronavirus and Covid-19.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 17 Sept. 2021, https://www.healthline.com/health/coronavirus-covid-19#risk-factors.

Canada, Health. “Government of Canada.” COVID-19 Treatments - Canada.ca, / Gouvernement Du Canada, 22 Dec. 2020, https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/covid19-industry/drugs-vaccines-treatments/treatments.html.

# data[].attributes.body
Emphysema is also known as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a lung condition that is preventable and treatable and can cause things such as shortness of breath, cough, sputum. It is also the third most common cause of death in the US (below heart disease and cancer). It is also the second leading cause of disability. COPD affects the bronchus and the alveoli in a bad way. By obstructing the bronchus by making it a lot more narrow and obstructing the alveoli and making it lose a lot of surface area. This makes it so air cannot get out of the lung since this mostly happens in the upper lung. Due to the air not being able to get out the lung will actually increase in size.

The main causes it due:
Long-term exposure to airborne irritants, including:

Tobacco smoke

Marijuana smoke

Air pollution

Chemical fumes and dust

Although rarely, emphysema is also caused by an inherited deficiency of a protein that protects the elastic structures in the lungs. It's called alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency emphysema.

The main symptoms of it are:

You're so short of breath, you can't climb stairs

Your lips or fingernails turn blue or gray with exertion

You're not mentally alert

Wheezing

Long-term mucus production

Ongoing fatigue

Ongoing feeling of not being able to get enough air

Long-term cough or “smoker’s cough”

Treatments of it are:

Medications. Bronchodilator Medications.

Vaccines. Patients with emphysema should receive a flu shot annually and a pneumonia shot every five to seven years to prevent infections.

Oxygen Therapy.

Surgery or Lung Transplant.

Protein Therapy.

Pulmonary Rehabilitation.

Prevention:
To prevent emphysema, don't smoke and avoid breathing secondhand smoke. Wear a mask to protect your lungs if you work with chemical fumes or dust.

Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taPLOQIY8Vo

http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Emphysema

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9370-emphysema
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/symptoms-causes/syc-20355555
https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/emphysema/treatment