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1) Informed consent is a procedure through which a competent subject(educated and prepared one), after having received and understood all the research-related information, can voluntarily provide his or her willingness to participate in a trial.

2) In a practical sense, informed consent helps to avoid misunderstandings or confusion about what to expect when undergoing research. Informed consent allows test subjects to assess the risk versus benefits when making important decisions, so it is essential.

3) Main concerns of the consent process are:
- Excessively comprehensive, lengthy and complex.
- The informed consent process is sometimes treated as a "one-size fits all"
- Clinics don't always provide the ideal setting to engage in meaningful discussions with potential participants.
- A common misconception.

4)

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- Informed consent is when the researcher is asking permission from their participants before starting. It  means that participants are given enough information to make a fair assessment of the project.This is essential because it determines the quality of the information they receive about the research.
- Some of the challenges when it comes to consenting is that sometimes it can be excessively comprehensive and lengthy and complex containing scientific and legal jargon. If the consent process is not communicated in a language that is comprehensive to the participants this can discourage participation.
Another complication is sometimes the consent process is treated as a one size fits all. Different consent forms should be written differently according to the research they are conducting.
Thirdly, clinics don't always provide the ideal setting to engage in meaningful discussions with potential participants  There is a common misconception that you have to sell the study. The goal is not to get consent using a sales tactic. The goal is to provide them with the information they need to see if they would like or wouldn't like to participate.
How to tackle - Be prepared to explain the study to potential participants, develop an introductory verbal script, make sure its written in plain language, be familiar with clinical environment, be respectful of patients and family, participants are not customers.
- Coercion is the willingness of participants to volunteer may be unduly influenced by the expectation of benefits or
rewards. However when presented with too large a gift and participants may feel pressured into continuing participating in a research study they are unsure of/have changed their
mind about.
-  Involves withholding information from or giving
false information to participants about the hypothesis or methods of a research project. In some cases, researchers argue that it is necessary for them to be deceptive so they can effectively carry out their research. This is particularly the case in ‘covert participant
observation’.

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1. What is informed consent?

1)Informed consent is a means of getting potential participants to voluntarily participate in the provisions of a goal 2)Informed consent means that the purpose of the research is explained to them, including what their role would be and how the trial will work. A central part of the informed consent process is the informed consent document.
3） informed consent : participants are fully understanding the study purpose and voluntarily agree to join the investigation.As the same time people inform themselves is a participants.

2. Why is it essential?
1）Participants who understand their role in the study are more likely to complete the study, so informed consent forms can prevent withdrawal or misunderstanding of the study
2）The goal of the informed consent process is to provide sufficient information to a potential participant, in a language which is easily understood by him/her, so that he/she can make the voluntary decision regarding “to” or “not to” participate in the research study.

3.What are the main concerns of the consent process? What are the solutions?
making participants fully understand the study is the main concern. There are some solutions to tackle this problem. 1.do a lot prepare including reading materials careful and focus on more details,asking ownself some relevant questions  2. do a good verbal script including study purpose and further study

4.Using the lecture notes and other sources answer: Where is the line between an informed consent and coercion? Can you tell that

5. Using the lecture notes and other sources answer: Can you withhold information from your participant or give them false information in order to carry out your research? How far you can go? Search google for covert participant observation’.

Deception is when a researcher gives false information to subjects or intentionally misleads them about some key aspect of the research.Incomplete Disclosure is a type of deception that involves withholding some information about the real purpose of the study, or the nature of the research procedures

Covert participant observation is a method in social science research. Participant observation involves a researcher joining the group they are studying, and in the case of covert observation, the researcher's status is not made known to the group.

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Informed consent means a person voluntarily agreeing to participate in a research study after being informed of all aspects of the study and having a full understanding of study of what their participation entails and associates risks and benefits to participating.

how to recruit participants?
understand the ethical and scientific.
introductory verbal script
into plain language

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1. What is informed consent?

Informed consent is a communication process between you and your healthcare practitioner that frequently results in an agreement or authorization for care, treatment, or services. Before any surgery or treatment, the patient has the right to get information and ask questions. Treatment or procedure, risks and advantages.

2. Why is it essential?

In practice, informed consent helps to eliminate misconceptions or apprehensions about what to expect from medical treatment. When making crucial health decisions, informed consent helps individuals to weigh the risks and rewards.

3. What are the main concerns of the consent process? What are the solutions?

There are 4 components of informed consent including decision capacity, documentation of consent, disclosure, and competency. Doctors will give you information about a particular treatment or test in order for you to decide whether or not you wish to undergo a treatment or test.
Solutions:  Use common words and terms, not medical jargon to explain information to patients. Ask patients to summarize back what they have heard. Encourage patients to take notes and bring someone with them to appointments to help process the information.
A valid process of informed consent requires four things: voluntariness (the decision is free from coercion or undue influences), disclosure (the clinician’s sharing of information relevant to the patient’s decision), understanding (appreciating the risks, benefits, and nature of the procedure), and capacity (the ability to engage in reasoned deliberation, comparing the risks and benefits of the procedure with personal life goals)

4. What is the difference between consent and informed consent?

There is a difference between general consent and informed consent. No explanation of the contract is necessary, but consent to touch the patient is required. The patient's informed consent is required (generally) before an invasive procedure that carries a material risk of harm can be performed.
5. What is covert and overt participant observation?

Overt Observation – this is where the group being studied knows they are being observed.
Covert Observation – this where the group being studied does not know they are being observed, or where the research goes 'undercover.

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1.What is informed consent?
Informed consent is the process in which a health care provider educates a patient about the risks, benefits, and alternatives of a given procedure or intervention.
2.Why is it essential?
The right of informed consent consists of two closely related rights, the right to know and the right to consent. The right to know is the prerequisite and basis for the existence of the right of consent. The right of consent is also the value of the right to know. The patient’s right to informed consent is emphasized and the main purpose is to pass Give medical institutions and their medical staff corresponding notification obligations so that patients can freely make choices on the basis of knowing the risks they will face, the price they will pay, and the benefits they may obtain, thereby safeguarding the interests of patients and changing their relative disadvantaged status. So knowing is necessary.
3.What are the main issues with the consent procedure?
Privacy may be exposed. When you agree to a certain app review right in your mobile phone, then maybe your privacy will be exposed and your information may be disclosed. This is a very dangerous thing for individuals.
5。 Can you hide information from participants or provide them with false information to conduct your research?
Yes, for example, a secret agent can conduct a drug investigation on a drug suspect by becoming part of a drug suspect in order to catch the criminal under cover.