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First Maps Showing Water.

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Greeks use the term ocean.

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Pytheas voyages to Britain, links tides to movement of the moon.

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Columbus's first voyage.

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Benjamin Franklin publishes first chart showing an ocean current.

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John ross takes first deep water and sediment samples.

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Charles Darwin departs on five year voyage aboard HMS Beagle.

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Hans Christian Oersted observes plankton.

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Matthew Maury publishes Physical Geography of the seas.

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William Dittmar determines major salts in seawater.

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The U.S. Fisheries Commission Steamer Albatross — the first vessel built by any government from the keel up as an oceanographic research vessel — begins operations.

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Sir John Murray and Alphonse Renard classify marine sediments.

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Richard D. Oldham identifies P and S waves on seismograph.

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Prince Albert I of Monaco establishes the Musee Oceanographique.

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Alfred Wegener's Frankfurt discovers continental drift.

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The USS Stewart runs a line of soundings across the Atlantic Ocean using an acoustic echo sounder devised by Dr. Harvey Hayes, a U.S. Navy scientist.

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First echo sounder in operation.

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Woods hole Oceanographic institution founded.

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Edward Beebe is lowered in a tethered bathyscaph to a depth of 3,028 feet, marking the advent of manned exploration of the sea.

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Researchers at the Coast and Geodetic Survey invent an automatic telemetering radio sono-buoy.

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Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan invent the scuba regulator and tank combination, the "aqualung".

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During World War II, electronic navigation systems are developed for precision bombing, including the gee system, which Coast and Geodetic Survey hydrographers adapt and rename Shoran.

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The Electronic Position Indicator (EPI) navigation system is developed during this period by the Coast and Geodetic Survey to give accuracies of approximately 100 feet at distances out to 200 miles from shore-based stations.

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On February 15, the French research submersible FNRS-3 dives to 13,287 feet off the coast of Dakar, Africa, piloted by Georges Houot and Pierre Willm.

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U.S. nuclear submarine Nautilus makes first submerged transit of the Arctic ice pack, passes through North pole.

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Bathyscaphe Trieste carrying Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh reaches bottom of deepest trench of 10,915 meters (35,801 feet).

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The first operational multibeam sounding system is installed on the U.S. Naval Ship Compass Island. .

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The now-famous Alvin human occupied vehicle is launched and begins its career of unparalleled oceanic research and exploration.

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The Surveyor uses a sidecan sonar system to explore an offshore extension of the San Andreas Fault.

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NOAA, came into being and ushers in a new era of ocean exploration.

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Project FAMOUS (French American Mid Ocean Undersea Study) maps and samples the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a zone of seafloor spreading.

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Robert Ballard finds hydrothermal vents in the Galapagos rift.

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Seasat, the first satellite dedicated to ocean studies is launched.

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JOIDES Resolution replaces Glomar Challenger in Deep Sea Drilling Project.

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R.D. Ballard locates wreck of Titanic.

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JOI researchers bore to a depth of 2 kilometers (1.24) beneath the seafloor near the Galapagos islands.

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U.S. French TOPEX/Poseidon satellite launched.

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Keiko, a small remotely controlled Japanese submersible sets a new depth record: 10,978 meters (36,008 feet) in the Challenger Deep.

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Galileo spacecraft finds possible evidence of an ocean on Jupiters moon Europa.

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Mars Global Surveyor photographs channels perhaps carved by flowing water.